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The three main langauges of Lahnda are:[15] |
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A)Panjistani language |
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(older names: Mirpuri/Northern Lahndi/Northen Panjabi/Pahari-Potohari) |
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This is now considered a proper and standarised language of northen Punjab is spoken in north Pakistani Punjab. The area where panjistani is spoken extends in the north from Muzaffarabad to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan, Chakwal and Rawalpindi. [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi (Pindiwali), and east to Bhimber. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari' wetren panjistani, 'Potwari/eastern panjistani', and sometimes called 'Southern Hindko' in Mansehra, Muzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari. |
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modern Panjistani; formly a problematic group of northern dialects in need of a linguistic survey: Sawain (Sohain), Hindki of Hazara (Kagani), Tinauli, Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali and Punchhi. Recently this "North-Eastern Lahnda" cluster (including mirpur panjabi? /mirpuri lahnda) is part of "Greater Panjistani" lanaugage nowadays. |
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Hindko or Sarhadi langauge |
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(older names:chachi, ghebi, kohati, jandali, western Lahndi) |
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This language is spoken in north west Pakistani Punjab and North-West Frontier Province mainly Hindko is spoken in districts of Peshawar, Nowshera,Swabi, Kohat, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Harpur, Attock and the lower half of Neelum District. |
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Saraiki/multani langauge |
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(older names:Derwali, Multani , also Southern Lehndi by some) |
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this is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. It quite possibly differs more than any other dialect of eastren or jurgdha Punjabi. It becomes more and more different as you move down south, as the influence of Sindhi increases. Saraiki itself is Sindhi word and means northern.It is now considered as separate language, instead of merely a dialect of Punjabi.Riasati,Multani,Thalochri and Derawali are sub-dialects of Saraiki.It is mostly spoken in southern and western districts of Punjab,which comprises Multan, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Layyah, Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, southern and western parts of Khanewal,southern parts of Bahawalnagar and western parts of Khushab districts. It is also spoken by majority of population of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خیبر پښتونخوا) province, kachi plain of Balochistan, northern parts of Sindh, and cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. |
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all ascertained by MOHAMMAD AFZAL, LONDON, UK, 1990 |
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Revision as of 16:28, 7 August 2013
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