J. Edgar Hoover and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
image added
 
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{Infobox Officeholder
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
| name =John Edgar Hoover
{{Commonscat}}
| image =Hoover-JEdgar-LOC.jpg
| imagesize =210px
| smallimage =
| caption =J. Edgar Hoover, photographed September 28, 1961
| order =1st [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation#Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) directors (1936–present)|Director]] of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal<br>Bureau of Investigation]]
| term_start =[[March 22]], [[1935]]
| term_end =[[May 2]], [[1972]]
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| president =
| primeminister =
| predecessor =
| successor =[[L. Patrick Gray]]
| order2 =6th [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation#Bureau of Investigation (BOI) directors (1908–35)|Director]] of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation#History|Bureau of Investigation]]
| term_start2 =[[May 10]], [[1924]]
| term_end2 =[[March 22]], [[1935]]
| vicepresident2 =
| viceprimeminister2 =
| deputy2 =
| president2 =
| primeminister2 =
| predecessor2 =[[William J. Burns]]
| successor2 =
| order3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| vicepresident3 =
| viceprimeminister3 =
| deputy3 =
| president3 =
| primeminister3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| order4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| vicepresident4 =
| viceprimeminister4 =
| deputy4 =
| president4 =
| primeminister4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date =[[January 1]], [[1895]]
| birth_place =[[Image:Flag of Washington, D.C..svg|25px]] [[Washington, D.C.]]
| death_date ={{death date and age |1972|5|2|1895|1|1}}
| death_place =[[Image:Flag of Washington, D.C..svg|25px]] [[Washington, D.C.]]
| constituency =
| party =
| spouse =
| profession =
| religion =[[Presbyterianism]]
| signature =Hoover signature.png
| footnotes =
}}
'''John Edgar Hoover''' ([[January 1]], [[1895]] &ndash; [[May 2]], [[1972]]) was an influential but controversial [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|director of the]] [[United States]] [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). He was the founder of the present form of the agency, and remained director for 48 years until his death in 1972, at age 77. During his life he was highly regarded by the US public, but in the years since his death many allegations have tarnished his image.


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
Hoover's leadership spanned eight [[President of the United States|presidential]] [[Executive (government)|administrations]], encompassed [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], the [[Great Depression]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], the [[Cold War]], and the [[Vietnam War]]. During this time the United States moved from a [[rural]] nation with strong isolationist tendencies to an [[Urbanization|urbanized]] [[superpower|superpower]].


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Hoover has frequently been accused of exceeding and abusing his authority. He is known to have investigated individuals and groups because of their political beliefs rather than suspected criminal activity as well as using the FBI for other illegal activities such as burglaries and illegal [[Telephone tapping|wiretaps]].<ref>
Documented in {{cite book
| author = Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G.
| year = 1988
| title = The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
| publisher = Temple University Press
| id = ISBN 0-87722-532-X
}} and elsewhere.</ref> Hoover fired FBI agents randomly or frequently by singling out those who he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers" or he considered to be "pinheads."<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Schott
| first = Joseph L
| title = No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War
| publisher = Praeger
| date = 1975
| pages =
| id = ISBN 0-275-33630-1 }}</ref>
He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. [[Melvin Purvis]] was a prime example; he was one of the more effective agents in capturing and breaking up [[1930s]] gangs and received substantial public recognition, but a jealous Hoover maneuvered him out of the FBI.
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Purvis
| first = Alston
| coauthors = and Tresinowski, Alex
| title = The Vendetta: FBI Hero Melvin Purvis's War Against Crime and J. Edgar Hoover's War Against Him
| publisher = Public Affairs
| date = 2005
|pages = pp 183+
| id = ISBN 1-58648-301-3}}</ref> It is because of Hoover's long and controversial reign that FBI directors are now limited to ten-year terms.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
==Early life and education==
Hoover was born in [[Washington, D.C.]] to Anna Marie Scheitlin and Dickerson Naylor Hoover, Sr.,<ref>http://www.wargs.com/other/hoover.html</ref> and grew up in the Eastern Market section of the city. Few details are known of his early years; his [[birth certificate]] was not filed until 1938. What little is known about his upbringing generally can be traced back to a single 1937 profile by [[journalist]] Jack Alexander. Hoover was educated at [[George Washington University]], graduating in 1917 with a law degree. During his time there, he worked at the [[Library of Congress]]<ref>http://www.fbi.gov/libref/directors/hoover.htm</ref> and also became a member of [[Kappa Alpha Order]] (Alpha Nu 1914). While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of [[Anthony Comstock]], the [[New York City]] based U.S. Postal Inspector who waged prolonged campaigns against fraud and vice (as well as pornography and information on birth control) a generation earlier. He is thought to have studied Comstock's methods and modeled his early career on Comstock's reputation for relentless pursuit and occasional procedural violations in crime fighting.


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
==Career==
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
{{FBI}}
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
During [[World War I]], Hoover found work with the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. He soon proved himself capable and was promoted to head of the Enemy Aliens Registration Section. In 1919, he became head of the new General Intelligence Division of the Justice Department (see the [[Palmer Raids]]). From there, in 1921, he joined the Bureau of Investigation as deputy head, and in 1924, the Attorney General made him the acting director. On [[May 10]], [[1924]], Hoover was appointed by President [[Calvin Coolidge]] to be the sixth director of the Bureau of Investigation, following President Warren Harding's death and in response to allegations that the prior Director, [[William J. Burns]] was involved in the [[ teapot Dome|financial scandal(s) of the Harding administration.]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]
When Hoover took over the Bureau of Investigation, it had approximately 650 employees, including 441 Special Agents. Because of several highly-publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and bank robbers like [[John Dillinger]], [[Alvin Karpis]], and [[Machine Gun Kelly]], the Bureau's powers were broadened and it was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. In 1939, the FBI became pre-eminent in the field of domestic [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]]. Hoover made changes such as expanding and combining [[fingerprint]] files in the Identification Division to compile the largest collection of fingerprints ever made. Hoover also helped to greatly expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine evidence found by the FBI.


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
Hoover was noted for his concern about [[subversion (political)|subversion]], and under his leadership, the FBI spied upon tens of thousands of suspected subversives and [[Far left|radical]]s. Hoover tended to exaggerate the dangers of subversives, and many believe he overstepped his bounds in his pursuit of eliminating this perceived threat.<ref>
See, for example,
{{cite book
| author = Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G.
| year = 1988
| title = The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
| publisher = Temple University Press
| id = ISBN 0-87722-532-X
}}</ref>


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
The FBI had some successes against actual subversives and spies, however. For example, in the [[Ex parte Quirin|Quirin]] affair during World War II, German [[U-boat]]s set two small groups of [[Nazi]] agents ashore in Florida and Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country. The members of these teams were apprehended due in part to the increased vigilance and intelligence gathering efforts of the FBI, but chiefly because one of the would-be saboteurs, who had spent many years as an American resident, decided to surrender himself to the authorities, leading to the apprehension of the other saboteurs still at large. President [[Harry Truman]] wrote in his memoirs: "The country had reason to be proud of and have confidence in our security agencies. They had kept us almost totally free of sabotage and [[espionage]] during the World War II".{{NamedRef|Truman291|1}}


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Another example of Hoover's concern over subversion is his handling of the [[Venona Project]]. The FBI inherited a pre-WWII joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. Hoover kept the intercepts--America's greatest counterintelligence secret--in a locked safe in his office, choosing not to inform Truman, his Attorney General McGraith or two Secretaries of State&mdash;[[Dean Acheson]] and General [[George Marshall]]&mdash;while they held office. However, he informed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) of the Venona Project in 1952.


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute Communists. At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name [[COINTELPRO]].<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G.
| year = 1988
| title = The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
| publisher = Temple University Press
| pages = pg. 312
| id = ISBN 0-87722-532-X
}}</ref>
This program remained in place until it was revealed to the public in 1971, and was the cause of some of the harshest criticism of Hoover and the FBI. COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], and later such organizations such as the [[Black Panther Party]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|SCLC]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and others. Its methods included infiltration, burglaries, illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Kessler
| first = Ronald
| authorlink = Ronald Kessler
| coauthors =
| title = The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI
| publisher = St. Martin's Paperbacks
| date = 2002
| pages = pp 107, 174, 184, 215
| id = ISBN 0-312-98977-6 }}</ref>
Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders.<ref>
See for example {{cite book
| last = James
| first = Joy
| title = States of Confinement: Policing, Detention, and Prisons
| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
| date = 2000
| pages = pg. 335
| id = ISBN 0-312-21777-3 }},
{{cite book
| last = Williams
| first = Kristian
| title = Our Enemies In Blue: Police And Power In America
| publisher = Soft Skull Press
| date = 2004
| pages = pg. 183
| id = ISBN 1-887128-85-9 }} and
{{cite book
| author = Churchill, Ward and Wall, Jim Vander
| title = Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement
| publisher = South End Press
| date = 2001
| pages = pp 53+
| id = ISBN 0-89608-646-1 }}.</ref>
[[Image:Jedgarh.jpe|thumb|Hoover in 1935]]
In 1975, the activities of COINTELPRO were investigated by the [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[Church Committee]] and declared illegal and contrary to the Constitution.<ref>
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Intelligence Activities And The Rights Of Americans
| work =
| publisher =
| date = 1976
| url = http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIa.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-10-25 }}</ref>


==External links==
Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially [[politician]]s. According to [[Laurence Silberman]], appointed deputy [[Attorney General]] in early 1974, Director [[Clarence M. Kelley]] thought such files either did not exist or had been destroyed. After [[The Washington Post]] broke a story in January 1975, Kelley searched and found them in his outer office. The House Judiciary Committee then demanded that Silberman testify about them. An extensive investigation of Hoover's files by David Garrow showed that Hoover and next-in-command William Sullivan, as well as the FBI itself as an agency, was responsible. These actions reflected the biases and prejudices of the country at large, especially in the attempts to prevent Martin Luther King, Jr., from conducting more extensive voter education drives, economic boycotts, and even potentially running for President.


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with [[T.R.M. Howard]], a civil rights leader from Mound Bayou, Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to thoroughly investigate the racially-motivated murders of [[George W. Lee]], [[Lamar Smith]], and [[Emmett Till]]. Hoover not only wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible" but secretly enlisted the help of NAACP attorney [[Thurgood Marshall]] in a campaign to discredit Howard.
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
In the 1950s, [[evidence (law)|evidence]] of Hoover's unwillingness to focus FBI resources on the [[Mafia]] became grist for the [[News media (United States)|media]] and his many detractors, after famed [[muckraking|muckraker]] [[Jack Anderson]] exposed the immense scope of the Mafia's [[organized crime]] network, a threat Hoover had long downplayed. Hoover's retaliation and continual harassment of Anderson lasted into the 1970s. Hoover has also been accused of trying to undermine the reputations of members of the civil rights movement. His alleged treatment of actress [[Jean Seberg]] and Martin Luther King Jr. are two such examples.
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation into the [[assassination of President John F. Kennedy]]. The [[House Select Committee on Assassinations]] issued a report in 1979 critical of the performance by the FBI, the Warren Commission as well as other agencies. The report also criticized what it characterized as the FBI's reluctance to thoroughly investigate the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the president.<ref>
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
{{cite web
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
| last =
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
| first =
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
| title = Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
| work =
| publisher = The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
| date = 1979
| url = http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2006-10-25 }}</ref>

Presidents Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy and [[Lyndon Johnson]] each considered firing Hoover but concluded that the political cost of doing so would be too great. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Richard Nixon]] twice called in Hoover with the intent of firing him, but both times he changed his mind when meeting with Hoover. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Hoover maintained strong support in [[Congress]] until his death, whereupon operational command of the Bureau passed to Associate Director [[Clyde Tolson]]. Soon thereafter Nixon appointed [[L. Patrick Gray]], a Justice Department official with no FBI experience, as Acting Director with [[W. Mark Felt]] remaining as Associate Director. As a historical note, Felt was revealed in 2005 to have been the legendary "[[Deep Throat (Watergate)|Deep Throat]]" during the [[Watergate]] scandal. Some of the people whom Deep Throat's revelations helped put in prison&mdash;such as Nixon's chief counsel [[Chuck Colson]] and [[G. Gordon Liddy]]&mdash;contend that this was, at least in part, because Felt was passed over by Nixon as head of the FBI after Hoover's death in 1972.

In the latter part of his career and life, Hoover was a consultant to [[Warner Bros.]] on a 1959 theatrical film about the FBI, ''[[The FBI Story]]'', and in 1965 on Warner Brothers' long-running spin-off television series, ''[[The F.B.I.]]''. Hoover personally made sure Warner Bros. would portray the FBI more favorably than other crime dramas of the times.

The FBI Headquarters in [[Washington, D.C.]] is named after Hoover. Because of the controversial nature of Hoover's legacy, there have been periodic proposals to rename it.

==Personal life==
[[Image:Hoover_Tolson.jpg|thumb|300px|right|FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and Associate FBI Director Clyde Tolson.]]

For decades, there has been speculation and rumors that Hoover was a homosexual, but no concrete evidence of these claims has ever been presented. Such rumors have circulated since at least the early 1940s.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Terry
| first = Jennifer
| title = An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| date = 1999
| pages = pg. 350
| id = ISBN 0-226-79366-4 }}</ref>
It has also been suggested that his long association with [[Clyde Tolson]], an associate director of the FBI who was also Hoover's heir, was that of a gay couple. The two men were almost constantly together, working, vacationing, and having lunch and dinner together almost every weekday.<ref>
{{cite book
| author = Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G.
| year = 1988
| title = The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
| publisher = Temple University Press
| pages = pg. 108
| id = ISBN 0-87722-532-X
}}</ref>
Some authors have dismissed the rumors about Hoover's sexuality and his relationship with Tolson in particular as unlikely,<ref>
For example,<br>
{{cite book
| author = Felt, W. Mark and O'Connor, John D.
| title = A G-man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' And the Struggle for Honor in Washington
| publisher = Public Affairs
| date = 2006
| pages = pg. 167
| id = ISBN 1-58648-377-3 }},<br>
{{cite book
| last = Jeffreys-Jones
| first = Rhodri
| title = Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence
| publisher = Yale University Press
| date = 2003
| pages = pg. 93
| id = ISBN 0-300-10159-7 }},<br>
{{cite book
| author = Cox, John Stuart and Theoharis, Athan G.
| year = 1988
| title = The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition
| publisher = Temple University Press
| pages = pg. 108
| id = ISBN 0-87722-532-X
}} "The strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all."
</ref>
while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed",<ref>
For example, <br>
{{cite book
| author = Percy, William A. and Johansson , Warren
| title = Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence
| publisher = Haworth Press
| date = 1994
| pages = pp 85+
| id = ISBN 1-56024-419-4 }},<br>
{{cite book
| last = Summers
| first = Anthony
| authorlink = Anthony Summers
| title = Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover
| publisher = Pocket Books
| date = 1993
| pages =
| id = ISBN 0-671-88087-X }}
</ref>
and still others have reported them without stating an opinion.<ref>
For example,<br>
{{cite book
| author = Edited by [[Athan Theoharis|Theoharis, Athan G.]]
| title = The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
| publisher = Oryx Press
| date = 1998
| pages = pp 291, 301, 397
| id = ISBN 0-89774-991-X }},<br>
{{cite book
| last = Doherty
| first = Thomas
| title = Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| date = 2003
| pages = pp 254, 255
| id = ISBN 0-231-12952-1 }}
</ref>

In his 1993 biography ''Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover'', [[Anthony Summers]] quoted a witness who claimed to have seen Hoover engaging in cross-dressing and homosexual acts on two occasions in the 1950s.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Summers
| first = Anthony
| authorlink = Anthony Summers
| title = Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover
| publisher = Pocket Books
| date = 1993
| pages =
| id = ISBN 0-671-88087-X }}</ref>
Summers also claimed that the Mafia had blackmail material on Hoover, and that as a consequence Hoover had been reluctant to aggressively pursue organized crime. Although never corroborated, the allegation of cross-dressing has been widely repeated, and "J. Edna Hoover" has become the subject of humor on television, in movies and elsewhere. In the words of author Thomas Doherty, "For American popular culture, the image of the [[zaftig]] FBI director as a [[Christine Jorgensen]] wanna-be was too delicious not to savor."<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Doherty
| first = Thomas
| title = Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| date = 2003
| pages = pg. 255
| id = ISBN 0-231-12952-1 }}</ref>
Most biographers consider the story of Mafia blackmail to be unlikely in light of the FBI's actual investigations of the Mafia.<ref>
See for example {{cite book
| last = Kessler
| first = Ronald
| title = The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI
| publisher = St. Martin's Paperbacks
| date = 2002
| pages = pp 120+
| id = ISBN 0-312-98977-6 }}</ref>

Hoover has been described as becoming increasingly a caricature of himself towards the end of his life. The book, "No Left Turns," by former agent Joseph L. Schott, portrays a rigid, paranoid old man who terrified everyone. For example, Hoover liked to write on the margins of memos. According to Schott, when one memo had too narrow margins he wrote, "watch the borders!" No one had the nerve to ask him why, but they sent inquiries to the Border Patrol about any strange activities on the Canadian and Mexican frontiers. It took a week before an HQ staffer realized the message related to the borders of the memo paper.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Schott
| first = Joseph L
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War
| publisher = Praeger
| date = 1975
| pages =
| id = ISBN 0-275-33630-1 }}</ref>

[[African American]] author Millie McGhee claims in her 2000 book ''Secrets Uncovered'' to be related to J. Edgar Hoover.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = McGhee
| first =Millie L.
| title = Secrets Uncovered: J. Edgar Hoover--Passing for White?
| publisher = Inland Empire Services
| date = 2000
| id = ISBN 0-9701822-2-8}}</ref>
McGhee's oral family history holds that a branch of her Mississippi family, also named Hoover, is related to the Washington D.C. Hoovers, and that further, J. Edgar's father was not Dickerson Hoover as recorded, but rather Ivery Hoover of Mississippi. Genealogist George Ott investigated these claims and found some supporting circumstantial evidence, as well as unusual alterations of records pertaining to Hoover's officially recorded family in Washington, D.C., but found no conclusive proof. J. Edgar Hoover's birth certificate was not filed until 1938, when he was 43 years old.

==Honors==
*In 1950, the British government awarded Hoover the [[Order of the British Empire]].
*In 1955, Hoover received the [[National Security Medal]] from President [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]].<ref>
{{cite web
| title =Citation and Remarks at Presentation of the National Security Medal to J. Edgar Hoover
| url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=10244
| accessdate = }}</ref>
*In 1966, he received the [[Distinguished Service Award]] from President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] for his service as Director of the FBI.
*The FBI Building in Washington, DC is named the J. Edgar Hoover FBI Building after him.

==See also==
*[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
*[[McCarthyism]]
*[[Anti-communism]]
*[[G-Man (slang)]]

==Writings==
J. Edgar Hoover was the nominal author of a number of books and articles. Although it is widely believed that all of these were ghostwritten by FBI employees,<ref>
See, for example:<BR>
{{cite book
| last = Anderson
| first = Jack
| title = Peace, War, and Politics: An Eyewitness Account
| publisher = Forge Books
| date = 1999
| pages = pg. 174
| id = ISBN 0-312-87497-9 }},<BR>
{{cite book
| last = Powers
| first = Richard Gid
| title = Broken: the troubled past and uncertain future of the FBI
| publisher = Free Press
| date = 2004
| pages = pg. 238
| id = ISBN 0-684-83371-9 }},<BR>
{{cite book
| last = Theoharis
| first = Athan G. (editor)
| title = The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
| publisher = Oryx Press
| date = 1998
| pages = pg. 264
| id = ISBN 0-89774-991-X }}</ref>
Hoover received the credit and royalties.
<div class="references-small">
* {{cite book
| last = Hoover
| first = J. Edgar
| title = Persons In Hiding
| publisher = Gaunt Publishing
| date = 1938
| id = ISBN 1-56169-340-5 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Hoover
| first = J. Edgar
| title = Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It
| publisher = Kessinger Publishing
| date = 1958
| id = ISBN 1-4254-8258-9}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hoover
| first = J. Edgar
| title = A Study of Communism
| publisher = Holt Rinehart & Winston
| date = 1962
| id = ISBN 0-03-031190-X}}
</div>
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==References and further reading==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book
| last = Lowenthal
| first = Max
| title = The Federal Bureau of Investigation
| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
| date = 1950
| id = ISBN 0837157552}}
*{{cite book
| last = Schott
| first = Joseph L
| title = No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War
| publisher = Praeger
| date = 1975
| id = ISBN 0-275-33630-1}}
*{{cite book
| last = Garrow
| first = David J.
| title = The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr., From 'Solo' to Memphis
| publisher = W.W.Norton
| date = 1981
| id = ISBN 0-393-01509-2}}
*{{cite book
| last = Powers
| first = Richard Gid
| title = Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover
| publisher = Free Press
| date = 1986
| id = ISBN 0029250609}}
*{{cite book
| last = Gentry
| first = Curt
| title = J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets
| publisher = Plume
| date = 1991
| id = ISBN 0-452-26904-0}}
*{{cite book
| last = Theoharis
| first = Athan
| authorlink = Athan Theoharis
| title = From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover
| publisher = Ivan R. Dee
| date = 1993
| id = ISBN 1-56663-017-7}}
*{{cite book
| last = Beverly
| first = William
| title = On the Lam; Narratives of Flight in J. Edgar Hoover's America
| publisher = University Press of Mississippi
| date = 2003
| id = ISBN 1-57806-537-2}}
*{{cite book
| last = Stove
| first =Robert J.
| title = The Unsleeping Eye: Secret Police and Their Victims
| publisher = Encounter Books
| date = 2003
| id = ISBN 1-893554-66-X}}
*{{cite book
| last = Summers
| first = Anthony
| title = Official and Confidential:The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover
| publisher = Putnam Publishing Group
| date = 2003
| id = ISBN 0-399-13800-5}}
</div>

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/1993/vo09no16/vo09no16_hoover.htm TheNewAmerican.com] - '"Assassinating" J. Edgar Hoover'
* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021206.html StraightDope.com] - 'The Straight Dope: Was J. Edgar Hoover a crossdresser?'
*[http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110006987 Wall Street Journal] - 'Hoover's Institution', Laurence H. Silberman, July 20, 2005
*[http://www.fas.org/sgp/advisory/arrb98/index.html Assassination Records Review Board] - Final Report: 1998
*{{cite web
| last = Yardley
| first = Jonathan
| title = 'No Left Turns': The G-Man's Tour de Force
| work = A review of the book "No Left Turns"
| publisher = Washington Post
| date = 2004
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7055-2004Jun25.html
| accessdate = }}

{{start box}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[William J. Burns]] (Director of the BOI)
| title=[[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
| years=1924-1972
| after=[[L. Patrick Gray]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{DFBI}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Hoover, John Edgar
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=FBI director
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[January 1]], [[1895]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[May 2]], [[1977]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
}}

[[Category:Directors of the FBI|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:American anti-communists|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:McCarthyism|Hoover, J]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:1895 births|Hoover, J. Edgar]]
[[Category:1972 deaths|Hoover, J. Edgar]]

[[bg:Едгар Хувър]]
[[ca:John Edgar Hoover]]
[[da:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[de:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[et:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[es:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[eo:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[fr:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[it:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[he:ג'ון אדגר הובר]]
[[nl:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[ja:ジョン・エドガー・フーヴァー]]
[[no:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[pl:John Edgar Hoover]]
[[pt:John Edgar Hoover]]
[[fi:J. Edgar Hoover]]
[[sv:J. Edgar Hoover]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Edgar_Hoover&oldid=139104583"