Rugby football and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
Girl with Shell
Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations

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+[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
-[[Image:Boston College Rugby Running With Ball.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A [[Boston College Rugby Football Club|BCRFC]] match at [[Boston College]]]]
+[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
-'''Rugby football''', often just "'''rugby'''", may refer to a number of sports descended from a common form of [[football]] developed at [[Rugby School]] in [[England]] [[United Kingdom]]. [[Rugby union]] and [[rugby league]], (and, to a lesser extent, [[American football]], [[Canadian football]] and [[Australian Rules Football]]) are modern sports that originated from rugby football, and are the only two sports likely to be referred to as "rugby" today.
+{{Commonscat}}
+'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
-==Rules==
+He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
-''Main Article: [[Comparison of rugby league and rugby union]]''
+== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
-Distinctive features common to both rugby codes (league and union) include the [[prolate spheroid]] ball and the ban on passing the ball forward, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it.
+* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
-Scoring in both games occurs by achieving either a [[try]] or a [[Goal (sport)|goal]]. A try ''(at goal)'' involves grounding the ball (touching the ball to the ground) over the goal line at the opponent's end of the field. A goal results from kicking the ball over the crossbar between the upright goal posts. Three different types of kick at goal can score points: the goal kick after a try has been awarded (which if successful becomes a [[Try#Conversion|conversion]]); the [[drop kick]]; and the [[Penalty (rugby)|penalty]] kick. The points awarded for each vary between the games.
+* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
+* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
+* Girl with Shell
+* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]
+==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
-The main differences between the two games, besides league having teams of 13 players and union of 15, involve the [[tackle (football move)|tackle]] and its aftermath:
+Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
-*Union players contest possession following the tackle: depending on the situation, either a [[Rugby union#Ruck|ruck]] or a [[Rugby union#Maul|maul]] occurs. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle: play is continued with a ''[[Playing rugby league#The play-the-ball|play-the-ball]]'' (AKA: "Scratch")
+Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
-*In league, if the team in possession fails to score before a "set of six" tackles, it surrenders possession. Union has no six-tackle rule; a team can keep the ball for an unlimited number of tackles before scoring as long as it maintains possession.
+Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition.  The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
-[[set piece (football)|Set pieces]] of the union code include the ''[[scrum (rugby)|scrum]]'', where packs of opposing players push against each other for possession, and the ''[[line-out|lineout]]'', where parallel lines of players from each team, arranged perpendicular to the [[touch-line]] (the side line) attempt to catch the ball thrown from [[touch (rugby)|touch]] (the area behind the touch-line).
+==External links==
-In the league code, the ''scrum'' still exists, but with greatly reduced importance. Set pieces are generally started from the play-the-ball situation which has meant that rugby league has evolved into what some perceive as a faster and more attacking game with a greater emphasis on running with the ball in hand, passing and scoring tries. Many of the [[rugby league positions]] have similar names and requirements to [[rugby union positions]] but there are no [[Rugby union positions#6. Blindside flanker .26 7. Openside flanker|flankers]] in rugby league. The result of these variations have led to rugby union being considered the more traditional form of rugby.
+*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
-== The status of the rugby codes in various countries ==
+*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
+*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]
+[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
-[[Rugby league]] is played both as a professional and amateur sport both domestically and internationally in [[Australia]],  [[France]], [[Great Britain]] and [[New Zealand]]. It is regarded as the [[national sport]] of [[Papua New Guinea]]. There are semi-professional and amateur competitions of rugby league which take place in [[Russia]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]],  [[Serbia]], [[Lebanon]], [[South Africa]], [[Japan]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Fiji]], [[Cook Islands]] and [[Tonga]]. (For further information see: [[list of international rugby league teams]].)
+[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
+[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
-[[Rugby union]], also a professional and amateur game, is dominated by ten tier one unions: [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[England]], [[France]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[New Zealand]], [[Scotland]], [[South Africa]] and [[Wales]]. Rugby union is a major sport played nationwide in each of these countries. Rugby union is the [[national sport]] in New Zealand,  and Fiji and the main sport in South Wales and amongst the white population in South Africa.  [[Italy]], which has also become increasingly competitive in recent decades, is also classed as Tier One by the IRB. Numerous "minor" unions include [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[Fiji]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Japan]], [[Namibia]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Samoa]], [[Spain]], [[Tonga]] and [[Uruguay]]. In [[Malaysia]], rugby union is played by campus students. (For further details see [[list of international rugby union teams]].) Rugby union ranks as the national sport of [[Pacific]] countries such as Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa. Fiji places special emphasis on [[rugby sevens]], a variant of union with only seven players a side instead of the standard 15; [[Fiji national rugby union team (sevens)|its national team]] is one of the world's most honoured in that variant. Samoa is also a consistently high finisher in international sevens events.
-==Culture==
-In the U.K, an old saying goes "[[football (soccer)|football]] is a [[gentlemen]]'s game played by [[hooligans]] , and rugby [union] is a hooligan's game played by gentlemen". In most rugby-playing countries, rugby union is widely regarded as an "establishment", historically [[Professional sports|amateur]] sport, played mostly by members of the [[middle class|middle]] and [[upper class]]es. For example, many students at [[private school]]s and [[grammar school]]s play rugby union. By contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a [[working class]], professional, pursuit. A contrast to this ideology is evident in the neighbouring unions of England and Wales. In England the sport is very much associated with the [[public school (England)|public schools system]] (i.e. independent/private schools). In Wales, rugby is associated with small village teams which consisted of [[coal]] [[mining|miners]] and other industrial workers playing on their [[vacation|days off]].
-Exceptions to the above include [[New Zealand]], [[Wales]], [[Cornwall]], [[Scottish Borders|the Borders region of Scotland]], [[County Limerick]] in Ireland, [[Roussillon]] in southern [[France]], and the [[Pacific Islands]], where rugby union is popular in [[working class]] communities. Nevertheless, rugby league retains great popularity among working class people in the [[Counties of England|English counties]] of [[Yorkshire]], [[Lancashire]] and [[Cumbria]], and in the [[Australian states]] of [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]]. In the United Kingdom, rugby union fans sometimes use the term "rugger" as an alternative name for the sport, (see [[Oxford '-er']]). Also the kick off is known to be called "Rug Off" in some regions. Those considered to be heavily involved with the rugby union lifestyle &mdash; including heavy [[alcoholic beverage|drinking]] and striped [[sweater|jumper]]s &mdash; sometimes identify as "rugger buggers". Retired rugby union players who still turn up to watch, drink and serve on committees rank as "alickadoos" or, less kindly, as "old farts".
-Because of the nature of the games (almost unlimited body contact with little or no [[padding]]), the rugby world frowns on [[sportsmanship|unsporting]] behaviour, since even a slight infringement of the rules may lead to serious injury or even death. Because of this, governing bodies enforce the rules strictly.
-Rugby league supporters sometimes call themselves "treizistes", reflecting the [[French language|French]] title of their sport (''rugby à treize''). The epithet occurs almost universally in France, but its use has also spread to English-speaking countries.
-Australia is unusual in that rugby league is the more popular of the two codes. Support for both codes is concentrated in [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]]. The same perceived [[social class|class]] barrier as exists between the two games in [[England]] also occurs in these two states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at elite private schools. Australian followers of rugby league usually refer to rugby league as "footy" or "football" and rugby union as "rugby" or "union". A popular television show dealing with rugby league, called ''[[The Footy Show#The NRL Footy Show|The Footy Show]]'' screens weekly during the NRL season. Followers of rugby union usually refer to rugby union as "rugby" and to rugby league simply as "league". In [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[South Australia]], [[Western Australia]] and [[Tasmania]], "football" usually means [[Australian rules football]], and there is no popular differentiation between the two kinds of "rugby". In areas where all three codes are popular, such as the [[Australian Capital Territory]], the [[Northern Territory]], and the [[Riverina]], people generally use the names "league", "union" and "Aussie rules" or "[[Australian Football League|AFL]]" to avoid confusion.
-New Zealanders generally refer to rugby union simply as either "football", "rugby" or "rugby union" and to rugby league as "rugby league", "football" or "league". In New Zealand, playing rugby football has a reputation as the epitome of manliness for both [[Māori]] and [[Pākehā]] (non-Māori), as symbolised by a [[Haka of the All Blacks|haka]] (war dance) at the start of important games. [[Kiwi (people)|Kiwi]]s see rugby as the accepted substitute for [[military]] heroism and an excellent training ground for soldiering. If (as [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|the Duke of Wellington]] allegedly said) Britain won the Battle of Waterloo on the playing-fields of [[Eton College|Eton]], New Zealand long saw its role in the [[British Empire]] as intimately connected with the football field. Popular Kiwi mythology sees the encouragement of New Zealand rugby in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the Imperial reaction to declining [[physical fitness|fitness]] in Britain's industrial slums.
-==See also==
-{{Portal}}
-*[[Comparison of rugby league and rugby union]]
-*[[Rugby league]]
-*[[History of rugby league]]
-*[[Rugby union]]
-*[[History of rugby union]]
-*[[Football]]
-*[[Medieval football]]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.uidaho.edu/clubs/womens_rugby/RugbyRoot/rugby/Rules/LawBook/contents.html Rules Of the Rugby (Union) game]
-*[http://www.richardlindon.com Richard Lindon inventor of the Rugby Ball]
-*[http://www.lomasac.com.ar Lomas Athletic Club].
-* [http://www.rugbyworld.exh.pl Rugby World - Polish Rugby Forum]
-[[Category:Rugby]]
-[[Category:Team sports]]
+[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
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