Juggling and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
'''Juggling''' is a form of skillful, often artful, object manipulation. The most recognizable form of juggling is [[toss juggling]], where the juggler throws objects through the air. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as ''props'', the most popular being [[balls (juggling)|ball]]s, [[beanbag]]s, [[Forms of juggling#Rings|rings]], [[clubs (juggling)|clubs]], or bouncing balls. Some performers use "dangerous" objects such as [[chainsaw]]s, [[knives (juggling)|knives]] and [[Torch (juggling)|fire torches]], although when done by a trained performer are far less dangerous than they appear. Juggling also includes most prop-based [[circus skills]] such as [[diabolo]], [[devil sticks]], [[Poi (juggling)|poi]], [[cigar box]] manipulation, [[fire-dancing]], [[contact juggling]], and [[hat manipulation]].
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
{{Commonscat}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
The word "juggling" derives from the [[Middle English]] ''jogelen'' to entertain by performing tricks, in turn from the French ''jongleur'' and the [[Old French]] ''jogler''. There is also the [[Late Latin]] form ''joculare'' of [[Latin]] ''joculari'', meaning to jest.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989: ''juggling'' entry</ref>


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
==Origins and history==
{{main|History of juggling}}


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
===Ancient to 20th century===
[[Image:Egypt.jpg|thumbnail|300px|This ancient wall painting (c. 1994-1781 B.C) appears to depict jugglers. It was found in the 15th tomb of the [[Beni Hassan]] area, [[Egypt]] According to Dr. Bianchi, associate curator of the [[Brooklyn Museum]] "In tomb 15, the prince is looking on to things he enjoyed in life that he wishes to take to the next world. The fact that jugglers are represented in a tomb suggests religious significance." ... "round things were used to represent solar objects, birth and death."]]
The earliest record of juggling, a panel from the 15th Beni Hassan tomb of an unknown prince, shows female dancers and acrobats throwing balls. Juggling has also been recorded in most other early civilizations including [[History of China|Chinese]], [[History of India|Indian]], [[History of Greece|Greek]], [[History of the Aztecs|Aztec]] (Mexico) and [[Polynesia]]n civilizations. <ref>http://www.juggling.org/museum/ethnography/</ref>


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
In Europe, juggling was an acceptable diversion until the [[decline of the Roman Empire]], after which it fell into disgrace. Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] most histories were written by religious clerics who frowned upon the type of performers who juggled, called '[[gleeman|gleemen]]', accusing them of base morals or even practicing [[witchcraft]]. Jugglers in this era would only perform in [[marketplace]]s, streets, fairs or drinking houses. They would perform short, humorous and bawdy acts and pass a hat or bag among the audience for tips. Some kings' and noblemen’s [[bard]]s, [[Court Jester|fools, or jesters]] would have been able to juggle or perform [[acrobatics]], though their main skills would have been oral ([[poetry]], [[music]], [[comedy]] and [[storytelling]]).
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
In 1768 [[Philip Astley]] opened the first modern [[circus]]. A few years later he employed jugglers to perform acts along with the horse and [[clown]] acts. From then until the modern day, jugglers have been associated with circuses.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
In the 19th century [[variety show|variety]] and [[music hall]] theatres became more popular, and jugglers were in demand to fill time between music acts, performing in front of the curtain while sets were changed. Performers started specializing in juggling, separating it from other kinds of performance such as [[sword swallowing]] and [[magic (illusion)|magic]]. The [[Forms of juggling#Classic Forms|Gentleman Juggler]] style was established by German jugglers such as ''[[Salerno]]'' and ''[[Kara]]''. [[Rubber]] processing developed, and jugglers started using rubber balls. Previously juggling balls were made from balls of [[twine]], stuffed leather bags, wooden spheres or various metals. Solid or inflatable rubber balls meant that bounce juggling was possible. Inflated rubber balls made [[ball spinning]] easier and more readily accessible. Soon in North America, [[vaudeville]] theatres employed jugglers, often hiring European performers.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
===20th Century - Birth of a hobby===


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
{{main|Modern Juggling Culture}}

In the early to mid-20th century, variety and vaudeville shows decreased in popularity due to competition from [[motion picture]] theatres, [[radio]] and [[television]], and juggling suffered as a result. Music and comedy transferred very easily to radio but juggling, being mostly physical, didn’t. In the early years of TV, when variety-style programming was very popular, jugglers were often featured, but developing a new act for each new show, week after week, was impossible. Comedians and musicians can pay others to write their material but jugglers can’t get other people to learn new material for them.

In the early 1950s, more people began juggling as a hobby. The [[International Jugglers' Association]] began as a club for performing jugglers, but soon non-performers joined and started attending the annual conventions, and in particular World Juggling Day (to teach people how to juggle, to promote juggling or for jugglers to get together and celebrate), traditionally held on a Saturday in June. The date for 2007 is June 16th.

Most cities and large towns now have juggling clubs, often based within or connected to universities and colleges. There are also community circus groups that teach young people and put on shows. The [http://www.jugglingdb.com/clubs/ Internet Juggling Database] maintains a searchable database of most juggling clubs.

Since the late 1980s a full juggling subculture has developed. The scene revolves around local clubs and organizations, special events, shows, magazines, Web sites, Internet forums and, possibly most importantly, [[juggling conventions]]. In recent years there has also been a growing focus on [[juggling competitions]].

{{main|Juggling convention}}
A '''juggling convention''' is the backbone of the juggling scene, the events that regularly bring jugglers from a wide area together to socialize. The focus of most juggling conventions is the main hall, a large space for open juggling. There will also be more formal workshops in which expert jugglers will work with small groups on specific skills and techniques. Most juggling conventions will also include a big show (open to the general public), competitions and juggling games. The [http://www.jugglingdb.com/events/ Internet Juggling Database] maintains a searchable database of all conventions in the past and future.

== Popular forms of juggling ==
{{main|Forms of juggling}}

Juggling can be categorised by a number of factors, such as:

'''Objects juggled.''' Hence, there is [[balls (juggling)|ball juggling]], [[clubs (juggling)|club juggling]] and [[rings]], as well as [[diabolo]], [[devil sticks]] and cigar box manipulation. Handkerchiefs are another popular object, as are chainsaws, knives and flaming torches. Really, almost anything can be juggled and hence this category in only limited by practical concerns about size in particular.

'''Method of juggling.''' Again this is a very open category. The classical and best known form, involving throwing and catching objects in the air without touching the ground, is [[toss juggling]]. Bounce juggling involves objects (usually balls) deliberately bounced off the ground. [[Contact juggling]] involves manipulating the object in constant contact with the body.

'''Performance style.''' This may include ''the gentleman juggler'' - using everyday objects such as hats, canes, plates, wine bottles and cigars; ''comedy Juggling'' - the juggling skill is secondary to the comic character and jokes of the performer; ''sport themed'' - the performers dress in sporting attire and juggle sports equipment such as tennis rackets, footballs, or even snooker balls; ''traditional circus style'' - presenting pure skill with precision, skill and panache. Cultural extensions of the traditional circus style include: ''Chinese circus'' - using mainly rings and badminton rackets, fantastic costumes, concentrating on numbers juggling; ''Russian folk'' - colourful costumes and characters, unique props with acrobatics.

'''Number of objects juggled.''' There is a common distinction made in juggling between ''trick juggling'' and ''numbers juggling''. In trick juggling, the main aim is to perform exceptionally skillful and impressive manipulations with the objects juggled. Numbers juggling, by contrast, has the single-minded goal of juggling as many objects as possible.

'''Number of jugglers.''' Juggling is most commonly performed by an individual. However, multiple-person juggling is also frequently performed by two or more people. The essence of this kind is that some method of passing between the jugglers is used - this can be through the air (as in toss juggling), bounced off the ground, simply handed over, or numerous other ways depending on the objects and the style of juggling. For example, two club jugglers may stand facing each other, each juggling a 3-club pattern themselves, but then simultaneously passing between each other at preset timings. back to back juggling is also possible, or various other combinations.

The object, method, style and number of jugglers can be quite fluid. For example, a single juggler could be juggling several different objects (say a ball, a club and an orange), could start by toss juggling them, then start bounding the ball as part of the routine, and finally start passing the objects between themselves and a second juggler.

== Juggling world records ==
[[Image:18balls.jpg|thumb|300px|Dave Critchfield & John Jones, The Bounce Dicks, bounce passing 18 balls.]]

{{main|Juggling World Records}}

Many juggling world records are tracked by the Juggling Information Service Committee on Numbers Juggling (JISCON). All the records listed on the JISCON page represent the longest runs with each number and prop that has been authenticated using video evidence. As of September 2006, the top records for each prop are:

* Rings/Plates: 13 rings for 13 catches by [[Albert Lucas]] in 2002.
* Balls/Beanbags: 12 beanbags for 12 catches, first done by [[Bruce Sarafian]] in 1996.
* Clubs/Sticks: 9 sticks for 9 catches, first done by [[Bruce Tiemann]] in 1996.

Each of these records is what is known as a "flash", meaning each prop is thrown and caught only once. Some jugglers, and some juggling competitions, do not consider a flash to be "real juggling" and use "qualifying juggle" (a term taken from the International Jugglers' Association's Numbers Competition) to denote a pattern where each prop is thrown and caught at least twice. The JISCON records for qualifying runs are:

* Rings: 10 rings for 64 catches by [[Anthony Gatto]] in 2005.
* Balls: 10 beanbags for 23 catches by [[Bruce Sarafian]] in 2001.
* Clubs: 8 clubs for 16 catches by [[Anthony Gatto]] in 2006.

There are jugglers who claim to have equalled or bettered these records, but have not submitted video evidence to the JISCON.

==Venues==

[[Image:Jugglers Circus Amok by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Juggling is often used in [[circus]] arts, such as in [[Jennifer Miller]]'s [[Circus Amok]]]]'''Circus'''. Wherever there are circuses, there are jugglers, though usually only one or two jugglers per circus. This means that only the best, most advanced jugglers perform in traditional and established circuses. Many circus jugglers are from [[Russia]] and other Soviet block states, products of very prestigious circus schools. Other traditions are represented, such as Chinese acrobatics schools, and traditional circus families that are often Latin American or European. Some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years are from Eastern Europe, including [[Sergei Ignatov]], [[Evgenij Biljauer]] and [[Viktor Kee]] (featured in [[Cirque du Soleil]] productions).
Clowns would often dress up and perform this art with several objects ranging from bouncy balls to scarves.

'''Variety Theatres''' still do business in Europe, particularly Germany. In North America the closest thing to variety shows are in [[casino]]s, in places like Las Vegas, where jugglers perform alongside singers, comedians and others. As with circuses, the demand for jugglers to perform in variety theatres and casinos is far lower than jugglers seeking work, meaning only the best, most dynamic performers find regular work in the top venues. [[Germany]] and the [[USA]] have also produced some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years, most notably [[Francis Brunn]] from Germany and [[Anthony Gatto]] from the United States.

'''Rennaisance and Medieval Fairs''' in North America and in Europe can also offer short-term performance venues for professional jugglers. With the increasing popularity of such venues (and with the continued success of Medieval/Rennaisance themed restaurants) the ancient art of juggling finds a home.

'''Street Performance''' Especially in tourist destinations (Spain, Cyprus, London) you can find entertainers on the street [[busking]]. Street performers often include juggling and comedy in their shows. The most famous locations for this kind of street performance include Covent Garden in London, and Faneuil Hall in Boston.

== Juggling notation systems ==

{{main|Juggling Notation}}

Juggling tricks and patterns can become very complex, and hence can be very difficult to communicate using everyday language. To get around this problem, various notation systems have been developed for communication of existing patterns, as well as for investigating and discovering new patterns.

Diagram-based notations are the clearest way to show juggling patterns on paper, but as they are based on images, their use is limited in text based communication (email and the internet). [[Ladder Diagrams]] track the path of all the props through time, where the less complicated [[Causal Diagrams]] only track the props that are in the air, and assumes that a juggle has a prop in each hand. Numeric based notation systems are more popular and standardized than diagram-based notations. They are used extensively in both a written form, and for those "fluent" in juggle-speak, in normal conversation.

[[Image:3-ball cascade movie.gif|right|thumb|Animation of [[Siteswap]] 3, also known as a [[Cascade (juggling)|3 ball cascade]]]]

[[Siteswap]] is by far the most common juggling notation. In its most basic form, [[Siteswap|Vanilla Siteswap]], it is very easy to use, as each pattern is reduced to a simple sequence of numbers, such as "3", "97531" or "744". However, vanilla siteswap can only notate the most basic alternating two-handed patterns, with no deviations from a very strict set of rules. If one of these rules is broken, say an extra hand is added, the same string of numbers will result in a wildly different pattern than first conceived. For slightly more complicated patterns, extra rules and syntax are added to create [[Siteswap|Synchronous Siteswap]], to notate patterns where both hands throw at the same time, and [[Siteswap|Multiplex Siteswap]], to notate patterns where one hand holds or throws two balls on the same beat. Other extensions to siteswap have been developed for specific purposes, including [[Passing Siteswap]], [[Multi-Hand Notation]] (MHN) and [[General Siteswap]] (GS).

[[Beatmap]] is a relatively new numeric notation which can notate any number of hands or juggling prop, and in any rhythm ,with no added complexity to its basic structure. Within beatmap it is also possible and easy to notate not only the balls in a pattern, but also the hands or arms of the juggler, as well as the position, location or orientation of the body of a juggler. Luke Burrage, the inventor of beatmap, claims that beatmap can more accurately describe more patterns than all ladder diagrams, causal diagrams, mills mess state transition diagrams, vanilla siteswap, synch siteswap, passing siteswap and multi-hand notation combined. So far use of beatmap is very limited, as most jugglers and all juggling software understand only variations of siteswap.

==Trivia==

Studies have shown that juggling may increase grey matter in the brain.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3417045.stm</ref>

==See also==
{{commons|Juggling|Juggling}}
{{wikibooks|Learning to juggle}}
*[[:Category:Jugglers]]
*[[Contact juggling]]
*[[Equilibristics]]
*[[Joggling]]
*[[Stick juggling]]
*[[Toss juggling]]

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
===Organizations===
*[http://www.juggle.org The International Jugglers' Association (IJA)] - worldwide community of jugglers united.
*[http://www.eja.net The European Jugglers' Association (EJA)] - European community of jugglers united.
*[http://www.thewjf.com/ The World Juggling Federation] - private company aimed at promoting competition-style juggling.


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
===Resources===
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================-->
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]
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* [http://www.jugglingdb.com/ The Internet Juggling Database] - very current; very exhaustive; active wiki community.
* [http://www.juggling.org/ Juggling Information Service] - dated but has a huge amount of information.
* [http://homepage.mac.com/abramr/juggling/tutorial/category/tricks/cascadelearning.html Learn the Cascade] - detailed instructions and videos which will teach you how to juggle 3 balls.
* [http://www.passingdb.com/ The Passing Database] - including many videos
* [http://www.juggl.org/ The Juggling Trick Database] - details and instructions for a large number of juggling tricks.
* [news:rec.juggling rec.juggling] - juggling newsgroup; very active community
* [http://www.JugglingWithJohn.com] - Juggling Fun For Everyone!


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
===References===
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
* [http://www.juggling.org/help/faqs/glossary.html A Glossary of Juggling Terms by the Juggling Information Service (JIS)]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
* [http://www.juggling.org/records/records.html JIS Numbers Juggling Records] - List of world juggling records.
[[Category:Juggling|*]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Busking]]
[[Category:Hobbies]]
[[Category:Recreation]]


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[[eo:Ĵonglado]]
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
[[fr:Jonglerie]]
[[it:Giocoleria]]
[[he:להטוטנות]]
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[[ja:ジャグリング]]
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[[pl:Żonglerka]]
[[pt:Malabarismo]]
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[[vi:Tung hứng]]
[[zh:雜技]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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