Battle of Khaybar and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{otheruses2|Khaybar}}
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Commonscat}}
|conflict=Battle of Khaybar
|partof=Campaigns of Muhammad
|image=[[Image:Khaybar.gif|300px]]
|caption=Ruins of a Jewish fortress in Khaybar
|date=629
|place=[[Khaybar]]
|result=[[Muslim]] victory
|combatant1=Muslim army
|combatant2=Jews of Khaybar oasis
|commander1=[[Muhammad]]
|commander2=?
|strength1=1,600
|strength2=?
|casualties1=16
|casualties2=?
}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
The '''Battle of Khaybar''' was fought in the year 629 between [[Muhammad]] and his followers against the [[Jew]]s living in the oasis of [[Khaybar]], located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from [[Medina]] in the [[Hejaz|north-western part of the Arabian peninsula]], in modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. Contemporary scholars such as [[Norman Stillman]] and [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri]] believe that one reason for Muhammad's decision to attack Khaybar in order to raise his prestige among his followers, as well as to capture [[booty]] to sustain subsequent conquests.<ref name="EI">Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar", [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] </ref><ref>Stillman 18</ref> Furthermore, [[William Montgomery Watt]] notes the presence of the Banu Nadir in Khaybar, who were inciting hostilities along with neighboring Arab tribes against Muhammad.<ref name="EI"> The battle ended with Muhammad's victory, which allowed him to gain sufficient money, weapons, and support from local tribes to capture [[Mecca]] just 18 months after Khaybar.<ref name="st19">Stillman 19</ref>


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
The defeated Jews were reduced to serfdom. They surrendered on condition of paying tribute to Muhammad and giving up all their land to Muslims. According to Stillman, this agreement did not cover the [[Banu Nadir]] tribe, which had sought refuge in Khaybar after their expulsion from Medina, and the Muslims beheaded all the men of Banu Nadir, taking the surviving women and children as slaves, and sparing only the lives of the Khaybarian Jews.<ref>Stillman 14, 18</ref> Jews continued to live in the oasis for several more years until they were finally expelled by [[caliph]] [[Umar]]. The imposition of tribute upon the conquered Jews served as a precedent for provisions in the [[sharia|Islamic law]] requiring the exaction of tribute known as ''[[jizya]]'' from [[dhimmi|non-Muslims]] under Muslim rule, and confiscation of land belonging to non-Muslims into the collective property of the [[ummah|Muslim community]].<ref name="EI" /><ref>Stillman 18&ndash;19</ref><ref>Lewis 10</ref>


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
==Background==
===Khaybar in the 7th century===
In the 7th century, Khaybar was inhabited by the Jews, who pioneered the cultivation of the oasis and made their living growing date palm trees, as well as through commerce and craftsmanship, accumulating considerable wealth. Some objects found by the Muslims in a redoubt at Khaybar &mdash; a siege-engine, 20 [[bale]]s of [[Yemen]]ite cloth, and 500 cloaks &mdash; point out to an intense trade carried out by the Jews. While in the past some scholars attempted to explain the presence of a siege-engine, suggesting that it was used for settling quarrels among the families of the community, nowadays the common opinion among academics is that it was stored in a depôt for future sale, in the same way that swords, lances, shields, and other weaponry had been sold by the Jews to Arabs. Equally, the cloth and the cloaks must have been intended for sale, as it is not conceivable that such a quantity of luxury goods was kept for the exclusive use of the Jews.<ref name="EI"/>
The oasis was divided into three regions: al-Natat, al-Shikk, and al-Katiba, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, [[lava]] drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses or redoubts containing homes, storehouses and stables. Each fortress was occupied by a separate family and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm-groves. In order to improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or [[basalt]] rocks.<ref name="EI"/>


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
===Muhammad and the Jews of Medina===
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
{{main|Muhammad and the Jews}}
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
In 625, after the defeat in the [[Battle of Uhud]] at the hands of the [[Mecca]]n army, [[Muhammad]] besieged and expelled the Jewish tribe of [[Banu Nadir]] from Medina. Many of the Banu Nadir found refuge in Khaybar. In 627, [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], the chief of Banu Nadir, went with his son to join [[Quraysh]] and Ghatafan [[Bedouin]]s besieging the Muslims at Medina during the [[Battle of the Trench]]. After the battle proved unsuccessful, Muhammad and his followers besieged the [[Banu Qurayza]], the only major Jewish tribe remaining in Medina at that time. Both Akhtab and his son were there. Upon surrender, all the adult men of Banu Qurayza, as well as Akhtab and his son, were killed and the women and children of the tribe were enslaved.<ref name="EI" /><ref>Stillman 14&ndash;16-17</ref>
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
===Political situation===
Modern historians agree that one reason for Muhammad's decision to attack Khaybar was the need to raise his prestige among his followers, which had been eroded by the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyya]].<ref name="EI" /><ref name="st18">Stillman 18</ref><ref>Watt 188&ndash;189</ref><ref>Lewis ''Arabs in History'' 43</ref> In addition, the Hudaybiyya agreement gave Muhammad the assurance of not being attacked by the Meccans during the expedition.<ref name="EI" /> Watt sees the presence of the Banu Nadir in Khaybar as the primary motive for the attack. According to Watt, the Banu Nadir had paid Arab tribes to go to war against Muhammad, leaving him little choice but to attack Khaybar.<ref>Watt 189</ref><ref name="EI"/> Vaglieri concurs that the Jews were likely responsible for the coalition that besieged the Muslims in the [[Battle of the Trench]], but suggests that Muhammad's attacks against the Jews, first in Medina and then in Khaybar, had economic roots similar to those which have brought about persecutions and [[pogrom]]s in other countries in the course of history. The conquest of Khaybar, Vaglieri argues, would enable him to satisfy with ample booty his companions who hoped to capture Mecca and were discontented at the treaty with the Quraysh.<ref name="EI" /> Stillman adds that Muhammad needed the victory to show the Bedouins, who were not strongly tied to the rest of the Muslim community, that the alliance with him would pay off.<ref name="st18"/>


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
In his preparations for the attack, Muhammad took steps to eliminate some of the leaders of the Jews of Khaybar. His companions stole into Khaybar at night and assassinated [[Abu al-Rafi ibn Abi al-Huqayq]], one of the Khaybar chieftains. Seeing the willingness of the Jews to negotiate with him, Muhammad sent envoys to Khaybar inviting [[Usayr ibn Zarim]], the war chief of Banu Nadir, to come to Medina for talks. Unarmed, Umayr and thirty his companions set off to Medina with Muhammad's emissaries. On the way, the Muslims attacked the Jewish delegation, killing all but one of them, who managed to escape.<ref name="st17">Stillman 17</ref>


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
As war with Muhammad seemed imminent, the Jews of Khaybar entered into an alliance with the Jews of [[Fadak]] oasis, as well as with Bedouins of Ghatafan tribe. However, the lack of central authority at Khaybar prevented any further defensive preparations, and quarrels between different families left the Jews disorganized.<ref name="EI" />


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
==Course of battle==
Muhammad and his followers marched on Khaybar in May 629, [[7 AH]]. According to different sources, the strength of his army varied from 1,400 to 1,800 men and between 100 and 200 horses. Thanks to the speed and secrecy of the march, the Muslims caught the Jews by surprise; the Jews realized they were under attack only when they went out to work in the fields. As a result, the Jews failed to mount a centrally organized defense, leaving each family to defend its own fortified redoubt. In addition, Muhammad bribed the Bedouin allies of the Jews and prevented any further assistance from coming to Khaybar.<ref name="st18" /><ref name="EI" />


==External links==
Knowing the fate of Banu Qurayza, the Jews of Khaybar put up fierce resistance, and Muslims were forced to take fortresses one by one.<ref name="st18" /> The Jews, after a rather bloody skirmish in front of one of the fortresses, avoided combat in the open country, and Muhammad had to resort to besieging and storming the fortresses, hoping that the capitulation of the defenders should become inevitable through lack of water and food. However, the besieged Jews managed to organize, under the cover of darkness, a transfer of people and treasures from one fortress to another as needed to make their resistance more effective.<ref name="EI" />


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
The traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad report that in one of the fortresses, first [[Abu Bakr]], then [[Umar]], took up the standard in the hope of breaking down their resistance, by putting themselves at the head of the attacks, but both failed. According to this tradition, Muhammad then called to his standard-bearer [[Ali]], who killed a Jewish chieftain with a sword-stroke, which split in two the helmet, the head and the body of the victim. Having lost his shield, Ali is said to have lifted both of the doors of the fortress from its hinges, climbed into the moat and held them up to make a bridge whereby the attackers gained access to the redoubt. The door was so heavy that forty men were required to put it back in place. This story is one basis for the Muslim view, especially in [[Shi'a Islam]], of Ali as the prototype of heroes.<ref>Jafri_</ref><ref name="EI" />
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
Neither the Jews nor the Muslims were prepared for an extended siege, and both suffered from a lack of provisions. The Jews, initially over confident in their strength, failed to prepare their water supplies even for a short seige.<ref>Watt (1956), pg. 219</ref>On one occasion, Muslim soldier killed and cooked a score of donkeys, which escaped from a farm. The incident led Muhammad to forbid to Muslims the meat of horses, mules, and donkeys, unless consumption was forced by necessity. Muhammad ordered the felling of 400 palms around one fortress to force its defenders to capitulate. Finally, the Jews surrendered when after a month and a half of the siege, all but two fortresses were captured by the Muslims.<ref name="EI" />
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar|One single narration regarding temporary marriage]] (Arabic: ''[[Nikah Mut'ah]]'') that most, but not all [[Sunni]]s regard as [[sahih|authentic]] claim that Nikah Mut'ah was forbiden by Muhammad at this moment. [[Shi'a]] view that narration as fabricated.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
==Aftermath==
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
The Jews were able to negotiate an agreement under which they were to remain in the oasis, cultivating their land. Muhammad also ordered the restitution to the Jews of their holy scriptures.<ref name="EI"/> However, from now on they were required to hand over one-half of the produce to the Muslims. The pact didn't define the situation of the Jews, nor specify whether the Jews were to remain owners of the land.<ref name="EI"/> Modern historians suggest that the lack of precision was an ex-post justification for the subsequent expulsion of Jews from Khaybar. The agreement with the Jews of Khaybar served as an important precedent for Islamic Law in determining the status of [[dhimmi]]s, i.e. non-Muslims who fell under Muslim rule.<ref name="EI" /><ref>Stillman 18&ndash;19</ref><ref>Lewis 10</ref>
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
Among the Jewish women there was one who was chosen by Muhammad as wife. It was [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]], daughter of the killed Banu Nadir chief Huyayy ibn Akhtab and widow of [[Kinana ibn al-Rabi]], the treasurer of Banu Nadir. According to Ibn Ishaq, when Muhammad asked him to locate the tribe's treasure, al-Rabi denied knowing where it was. A Jew told Muhammad that he had seen Al-Rabi near a certain ruin every morning. When the ruin was excavated, it was found to contain some of the treasure. Muhammad ordered [[Al-Zubayr]] to torture al-Rabi until he revealed the location of the rest, then handed him to [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]], whose brother had died in the battle, to be beheaded.<ref>[[Ibn Hisham]]. ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya'' (''The Life of The Prophet''). English translation in Guillame (1955), pp. 145&ndash;146</ref><ref>[[Ibn Hisham]].''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya'' (''The Life of The Prophet''). English translation in Stillman (1979), pp. 145&ndash;146</ref>

Muslim biographers of Muhammad tell a story that a Jewish woman of Banu Nadir tribe attempted to poison Muhammad to avenge her slain relatives. She poisoned a piece of lamb that she cooked for Muhammad and his companion, putting especially much poison into the shoulder &mdash; Muhammad's favorite part of lamb. The attempt on Muhammad's life failed because he reportedly spit out the meat, feeling that it was poisoned, while his companion ate the meat and died. Muhammad's companions reported that, on his deathbed, Muhammad said that his illness was the result of that poisoning.<ref>Ibn Hisham. ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya'' (''The Life of The Prophet''). English translation in Stillman (1979), pp. 148&ndash;149</ref>

The victory in Khaybar greatly raised the status of Muhammad among his followers and, local Bedouin tribes, who, seeing his power, swore allegiance to Muhammad and converted to [[Islam]]. The captured booty and weapons strengthened his army, and he captured Mecca just 18 months after Khaybar.<ref name="EI" /><ref name="st18" />

==See also==
* [[Muhammad as a warrior]]
* [[Jihad]]
* [[Rules of war in Islam]]

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==References==
*''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Ed. P. Bearman et al., Leiden: Brill, 1960-2005.
*[[Alfred Guillaume|Guillaume, Alfred]]. ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah''. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0-1963-6033-1
*Jafri, S.H.M. ''The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam.'' Longman;1979 ISBN 0-582-78080-2
*[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis, Bernard]]. ''The Jews of Islam''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-691-00807-8
*Lewis, Bernard. ''The Arabs in History''. Oxford University Press, 1993 ed. (reissued 2002). ISBN 0-19-280310-7
*[[Norman Stillman|Stillman, Norman]]. ''The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book''. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0
*[[William Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt, W.]] (1956). ''Muhammad at Medina''. Oxford University Press.
*[[William Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt, W.]]. ''Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman''. Oxford University Press, 1964
* Hekmat, Anwar, ''Women and the Koran The Status of Women in Islam'', (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1997), ISBN 1-57392-162-9

[[Category:629]]
[[Category:Battles of Muhammad|Khaybar]]
[[Category:Muhammad and the Jews]]

[[ar:غزوة خيبر]]
[[de:Zug nach Chaibar]]
[[it:Conquista di Khaybar]]
[[he:קרב ח'ייבר]]
[[nl:Slag bij Khaybar]]
[[ur:غزوہ خیبر]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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