Tipu Sultan and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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'''Tippu (Tips) Sultan''' (full name '''Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu'''), also known as the '''Tiger of [[Mysore]]''' ([[November 20]], [[1750]], [[Devanahalli]] – [[May 4]], [[1799]], [[Srirangapattana]]), was the first son of [[Haidar Ali]] by his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-nissa. He was the ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] from the time of his father's death in 1782 until his own demise in 1799. Tippu Sultan was a learned man and an able soldier. He was reputed to be a good poet. He was a devout Muslim, but was also appreciative of other religions. At the request of the French, for instance, he built a church, the first in Mysore. He was proficient in the languages he spoke <ref name="Brittlebank">{{cite book |
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| last = Brittlebank |
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| first = Kate. |
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| authorlink = Kate Brittlebank |
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| title = Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain, Vol 5. Pp. 184 |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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}}</ref>. |
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He helped his father [[Haidar Ali]] defeat the British in the [[Second Mysore War]], and negotiated the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] with them. However, he was defeated in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] by the combined forces of Britain and of [[Travancore]]. Tippu Sultan died defending his capital [[Srirangapattana|Srirangapatnam]] (frequently anglicized to Seringapatam), on [[May 4]], [[1799]]. |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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Sir [[Walter Scott]], commenting on the abdication of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in 1814, wrote: "Although I never supposed that he (Napoleon) possessed, allowing for some difference of education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by old Haidar Ally, yet I did think he (Napoleon) might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of resolution which induced Tippoo Saib to die manfully upon the breach of his capital city with his sabre clenched in his hand."{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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==Early life== |
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[[Image:Daria-daulat-bagh.jpg|thumb|Tippu Sultan's summer palace at [[Srirangapatna]], [[Karnataka]]]] |
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Tippu Sultan was born at [[Devanahalli]], in present-day [[Kolar District]], some 45 miles east of [[Bangalore]]. The exact date of his birth is not known; various sources claim various dates between 1749 and 1753. According to one widely accepted dating, he was born on [[Nov 10]], [[1750]] (Friday, 10th [[Zil-Hijja]], 1163 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]). His father, [[Haidar Ali]], was the de-facto ruler of Mysore. His mother, Fakhr-un-nissa (also called Fatima), was a daughter of Muin-ud-din, governor of the fort of [[Cuddapah]]. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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==His rule == |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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During his rule, Tippu Sultan laid the foundation for a dam where the famous [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] Dam across the river [[Cauvery]] was later built.<ref name=cauvery1>{{cite web |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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| url = http://www.tipusultan.org/biog4c.htm |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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| title = Tippu Sultan - Step towards Economic development |
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* Girl with Shell |
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| accessdate = 2006-10-17 |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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| author = Prof. Sheik Ali |
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}}</ref><ref name=cauvery2>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.tipusultan.org/script1.htm |
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| title = Persian script of Tipu Sultan on the gateway to Krishnaraja Sagar Dam (KRS) |
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}}</ref> He also completed the project of [[Lal Bagh]] started by his father [[Haidar Ali]], and built roads, public buildings, and ports along the Kerala shoreline. His trade extended to countries which included Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, France, Turkey, and Iran. Under his leadership, the Mysore army proved to be a school of military science to Indian princes. The serious blows that Tippu Sultan inflicted on the British in the First and Second Mysore Wars affected their reputation as an invincible power. Dr. [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], the [[President of India]], in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore ([[30 November]] [[1991]]), called Tippu Sultan the innovator of the world’s first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, are displayed in the Woolwich Museum Artillery in London. Most of Tippu Sultan's campaigns resulted in remarkable successes. He managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He defeated the Marathas and the Nizams several times and was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies. |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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==Religious Policy == |
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As a [[Muslim]] ruler in a largely [[Hindu]] domain, Tippu Sultan faced particular problems in establishing the legitimacy of his rule, and in reconciling his desire to be seen as a devout Islamic ruler with the need to be pragmatic to avoid antagonising the majority of his subjects.<ref>Kate Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan’s Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu domain'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 1997</ref> His religious legacy has become a source of considerable controversy in the subcontinent, as in Pakistan some groups proclaim him a great warrior for the faith or ''Ghazi'', whilst in India some Hindu groups revile him as a bigot who massacred Hindus.<ref> Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan'' pp1-3; Phillip B. Wagoner “Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain by Kate Brittlebank (Review)” ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' Vol. 58, No. 2 (May, 1999) pp. 541-543</ref> In the first part of his reign in particular he appears to have been notably more aggressive and religiously doctrinaire than his father, [[Haidar Ali]].<ref>Lewin Bowring ''Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1893 </ref> There are several historians<ref name=rpersecutor1>{{cite book |
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| last = Valath |
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| first = V. V. K. |
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| title = Keralathile Sthacharithrangal - Thrissur Jilla |
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| accessyear = 2006 |
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| year = 1981 |
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| publisher = Kerala Sahithya Academy |
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| language = Malayalam |
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| pages = 74-79 |
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}}</ref> who claim that Tippu Sultan was a religious persecutor of Hindus and Christians. In 1780 CE he declared himself to be the ''[[Padishah]]'' or Emperor of Mysore, and struck coinage in his own name without reference to the reigning Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. H. D. Sharma writes that in his correspondence with other Islamic rulers such as Shah Zaman of [[Afghanistan]], Tippu Sultan used this title and declared that he intended to establish an Islamic Empire in the entire country, along the lines of the [[Mughal Empire]] which was at its nadir during the period in question.<ref name="Realtipu">{{cite book |
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| last = Sharma |
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| first = H.D |
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| authorlink = H.D Sharma |
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| title = The Real Tipu |
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| date = January 16, 1991 |
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| year =1991 |
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| month = January |
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| publisher = Rishi Publications, Varanasi |
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| language = English |
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}}</ref> His alliance with the French was supposedly aimed at achieving this goal by driving his main rivals, the British, out of the subcontinent. |
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Whilst no eminent scholar has denied that, in common with most rulers of his period, Tippu Sultan’s campaigns were often characterized by great brutality, some historians have said that the brutality was not exclusively motivated by religion, and it did not amount to a consistent anti-[[Kafir]] policy. Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib and Saletare, amongst others, argue that stories of Tippu Sultan's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely derived from the work of early British authors such as Kirkpatrick<ref>W. Kirkpatrick ''Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan'' (London) 1811</ref> and Wilks,<ref>M. Wilks ''Report on the Interior Administration, Resources and Expenditure of the Government of Mysore under the System prescribed by the Order of the Governor-General in Council dated 4 September 1799'' (Bangalore) 1864 & ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysore'' Ed. M. Hammick (Mysore) 1930 2 Vols.</ref> whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable.<ref>C.C. Davies "Review of ''The History of Tipu Sultan'' by Mohibbul Hasan" in ''The English Historical Review'' Vol.68 №.266 (Jan, 1953) pp144-5</ref> A. S. Chetty argues that Wilks’ account in particular cannot be trusted,<ref>A. Subbaraya Chetty “Tipu’s endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions” in Habib (Ed.) ''Confronting Colonialism'' p111 </ref> [[Irfan Habib]] and Mohibbul Hasan argues that these early British authors had a strong vested interest in presenting Tippu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had "liberated" Mysore.<ref>Irfan Habib "War and Peace. Tippu Sultan's Account of the last Phase of the Second War with the English, 1783-4" ''State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 2001 p5; Mohibbul Hasan writes "The reasons why Tipu was reviled are not far to seek. Englishmen were prejudiced against him because they regarded him as their most formidable rival and an inveterate enemy, and because, unlike other Indian rulers, he refused to become a tributary of the English Company. Many of the atrocities of which he has been accused were allegedly fabricated either by persons embittered and angry on account of the defeats which they had sustained at his hands, or by the prisoners of war who had suffered punishments which they thought they did not deserve. He was also misrepresented by those who were anxious to justify the wars of aggression which the Company's Government had waged against him. Moreover, his achievements were belittled and his character blackened in order that the people of Mysore might forget him and rally round the Raja, thus helping in the consolidation of the new regime" ''The History of Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 1971 p368</ref> This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work where she writes that Wilks and Kirkpatrick must be used with particular care as both authors had taken part in the wars against Tippu Sultan and were closely connected to the administrations of [[Lord Cornwallis]] and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]].<ref> Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan’s search for legitimacy'' p10-12. On p2 she writes “it is perhaps ironic that the aggressive Hinduism of some members of the Indian Community in the 1990s should draw upon an image of Tippu which, as we shall see, was initially constructed by the Subcontinent’s colonisers.” </ref> |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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Mohibbul Hasan casts some doubt on the scale of the deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular, and says that the English versions of what happened were intended to malign Tippu Sultan, and to be used as propaganda against him. He argues that little reliance can be placed in Muslim accounts such as Kirmani’s "Nishan-e Haidari"; in their anxiety to represent the Sultan as a champion of Islam, they had a tendency to exaggerate and distort the facts: Kirmani claims that 70,000 Coorgis were converted, when forty years later the entire population of Coorg was still less than that number. According to Ramchandra Rao "Punganuri" the true number of converts was about 500.<ref> Mohibbul Hasan ''The History of Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 1971 pp362-3</ref> |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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The portrayal of Tippu Sultan as a religious bigot is disputed, and some sources suggest that he in fact often embraced religious pluralism.<ref name=controversy1>{{cite news |
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|first = Vikram |
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|last = Sampath |
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|title = He stuck to his dream of a united Mysore |
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|url = http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct42006/panorama152482006103.asp |
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|work = Panorama |
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|publisher = Deccan Herald |
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|date = [[2006-10-04]] |
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}}</ref> Tippu Sultan's treasurer was Krishna Rao, [[Shamaiya Iyengar]] was his Minister of Post and Police, and Purnaiya held the very important post of "Mir Asaf". Moolchand and Sujan Rai were his chief agents at the Mughal court, and his chief "Peshkar", Suba Rao, was also a Hindu.<ref>Mohibbul Hasan ''History of Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 1971 pp357-8 </ref> There is such evidence as grant deeds, and correspondence between his court and temples, and his having donated jewelry and deeded land grants to several temples, which some claim he was compelled to do in order to make alliances with Hindu rulers. Between 1782 and 1799 Tippu Sultan issued 34 "Sanads" (deeds) of endowment to temples in his domain, while also presenting many of them with gifts of silver and gold plate. The Srikanteswara Temple in Nanjangud still possesses a jewelled cup presented by the Sultan.<ref> A. Subbaraya Chetty “Tipu’s endowments to Hindus” pp111-115.</ref> |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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In 1791 some Maratha horsemen under Raghunath Rao Patwardhan raided the temple and monastery of [[Sringeri]] [[Shankaracharya]], killing and wounding many, and plundering the monastery of all its valuable possessions. The incumbent [[Shankaracharya]] petitioned Tippu Sultan for help. A bunch of about 30 letters written in [[Kannada]], which were exchanged between Tippu Sultan's court and the [[Sringeri]] [[Shankaracharya]] were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in [[Mysore]]. The Shankacharya had asked Tippu Sultan for help in consecrating a new idol of the deity [[Sharada]] to replace the idol which had been taken by the Marathas. Tippu Sultan replied expressing his indignation and grief at the news of the raid, and wrote: |
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<blockquote>"People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: "Hasadbhih kriyate karma ruladbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying)."<ref>''Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department'' 1916 pp10-11, 73-6</ref> </blockquote> |
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He immediately ordered his "Asaf" of [[Bednur]] to supply the Swami with 200 "rahatis" ([[fanam]]s) in cash and other gifts and articles required for the consecration of the new idol of the deity. Tippu Sultan's interest in the temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s CE.<ref>Hasan ''Tipu Sultan'' p359</ref> In light of this and other events, B.A. Saletare has described Tippu Sultan as a defender of the Hindu Dharma, who also patronized other temples including one at Melkote, for which he issued a Kannada decree that the Shrivaishnava invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form. The temple at Melkote still has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented by the Sultan. Tippu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale.<ref>B.A. Saletare “Tipu Sultan as Defender of the Hindu Dharma” in Habib (Ed.) ''Confronting Colonialism'' pp116-8 </ref> Tippu Sultan does seem to have repossessed unauthorised grants of land made to [[Brahmin]]s and temples, but those which had proper "sanads" were not. It was a normal practice for any ruler, Muslim or Hindu, to do on his accession or on the conquest of new territory. |
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It is hard to reconcile these two very different profiles of Tippu Sultan, but the truth, it seems, lies somewhere between the two. It seems that when corresponding with other Islamic rulers such as the Amir of Afghanistan or the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan, Tippu Sultan presented himself as an archetypal Islamic ruler, converting the infidel by the sword, and this was also the external image he presented to the British.<ref>Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy'' pp1-15; Phillip B. Wagoner “Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain by Kate Brittlebank (Review)” ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' Vol. 58, No. 2 (May, 1999) pp. 541-543</ref> The late 18th century CE was a turbulent period in South India, and it seems that, in common with the Marathas, the Nizam, the British, and the French, Tippu Sultan also sometimes instructed his army to loot, pillage and kill civilians for real or suspected disloyalty.<ref>Aniruddha Ray "France and Mysore" in Irfan Habib (Ed.) ''State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan'' (Delhi) 2001 pp120-133</ref> He carried out forced conversions of Hindus and Christians.<ref>Brittlebank ''Tipu Sultan’s Search For legitimacy'' p107</ref> Nonetheless, in his internal policies, he was conciliatory and tolerant, patronizing Hindu temples and relying heavily on Hindu subordinates. For his royal emblem he chose the tiger, which was religiously neutral and could appeal to both Hindus and Muslims.<ref> Kate Brittlebank “Sakti and Barakat: The Power of Tipu's Tiger. An Examination of the Tiger Emblem of Tipu Sultan of Mysore” ''Modern Asian Studies'' Vol. 29, No. 2 (May, 1995) pp. 257-269 </ref> Some historians including [[Surendranath Sen]] and [[H. H. Dodwell]] say that Tippu Sultan was neither a benevolent pioneer of religious tolerance nor a religious ideologue and Islamic fanatic, but a wily, ruthless, but above all, a pragmatic ruler operating in a time of great political instability and of constant threats to his rule coming from all sides.<ref>Surendranath Sen ''Studies in Indian History'' (Calcutta) 1930 pp166-7; H. Dodwell "Tipu Sultan" in L.F. Rushbrook Williams ''Great Men of India'' p217</ref> |
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==Description== |
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[[Alexander Beatson]], who published a volume entitled "View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with the late Tippoo Sultaun" on the [[Fourth Mysore War]], described Tippu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity".{{fact|date=May 2007}} |
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[[Image:tippu_summer.jpg|thumb|Daria Daulat Bagh]]He was called the Tiger of Mysore. It is said that Tippu Sultan was hunting in the forest with a French friend. He came face to face with a tiger. His gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the Tiger of Mysore". He had the image of a tiger on his flag. Tippu Sultan was also very fond of innovations. [[Alexander Beatson]] has mentioned that Tippu Sultan was "passionately fond of new inventions. In his palace was found a great variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers' heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses". [[Tipu's Tiger]], an automaton representing a tiger attacking a European soldier, made for Tippu Sultan, is on display in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref>{{cite news |
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| url = http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/Tippoo's_tiger/index.html |
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| title = Tippoo's Tiger |
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| accessdate = 2006-12-10 |
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| publisher = Victoria & Albert Museum |
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| date = 2004-04-11 |
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}}</ref> During Tippu Sultan's reign, a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, were introduced as well as innovations in the use of rocket artillery. |
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==Proclamations== |
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The following proclamations were issued by Tippu Sultan: |
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* "Agriculture is the life blood of the nation…" (1788 CE) |
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* "There can be no glory or achievement if the foundation of our palaces, roads and dams are mingled with the tears and blood of humanity…" (1789 CE) |
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He is quoted as having said: "It is far better to live like a lion for a day than to live like a jackal for a hundred years". |
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==Early Military Career== |
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Tippu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by [[France|French]] officers in the employment of his father, [[Hyder Ali]] (also spelled as "Haidar Ali"). At age 15, he accompanied his father Haidar Ali against the British in the [[First Mysore War]] in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of [[Carnatic]] in 1767 at age 16. He also distinguished himself in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1775–1779. |
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==Second Mysore War== |
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Tippu Sultan led a large body of troops in the [[Second Mysore War]], in February 1782, and defeated [[Braithwaite]] on the banks of the [[Kollidam]]. Although the British were defeated this time, Tippu Sultan realized that the British were a new kind of threat in India. Upon becoming the [[Sultan]] after his father's death later that year, he worked to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the [[Marathas]] and the [[List of Mughal emperors|Mughals]]. |
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Tippu Sultan had defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Tanjore on [[18 February]] [[1782]]. The British army, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 [[Sepoy|sepoys]] and 10 field pieces, was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tippu Sultan had seized all the guns and taken the entire detachment prisoners. In December 1781 Tippu Sultan had successfully seized Chittur from the British. Tippu Sultan had thus gained sufficient military experience by the time Haidar Ali died in December 1782. |
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The Second Mysore War came to an end with the Treaty of Mangalore. It was the last occasion when an Indian king had dictated terms to the mighty British, and the treaty is a prestigious document in the history of India. |
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[<ref>http://www.tipusultan.org/wars3.htm</ref>] |
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==Battle of Pollilur== |
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[[Image:Battle of pollilur.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mural]] of the Battle of Pollilur on the walls of Tippu's summer palace, painted to celebrate his triumph over the British.]] |
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The [[Battle of Pollilur]] took place in 1780 at Pollilur near the city of Kanchipuram. It was a part of the second Anglo-Mysore war. Tippu Sultan was dispatched by Haidar Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel Baillie who was on his way to join Sir Hector Munro. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Sir Hector Munro, the victor of the [[Battle of Buxar]], who had earlier defeated three Indian rulers (the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam]], the Nawab of Oudh [[Shuja-ud-daula]], and the Nawab of Bengal [[Mir Qasim]]) in a single battle, was forced to retreat to [[Madras]], abandoning his artillery in the tank of [[Kanchipuram]]. [<ref>http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm</ref>] |
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==Fourth Mysore War== |
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[[Image:Tipu death.jpg|thumb|250px|The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun by Henry Singleton c 1800. According to the [[BBC]], "This is a propagandist painting by a British artist."<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/tiger_of_mysore_gallery_11.shtml</ref>]] |
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After [[Horatio Nelson]] had defeated [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in Egypt in 1798 CE, three armies, one from [[Bombay]], and two British (one of which included [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the future first [[Duke of Wellington]]), marched into Mysore in 1799 and [[siege|besieged]] the capital [[Srirangapatnam]] in the [[Fourth Mysore War]]. |
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There were over 26,000 soldiers of the British East India Company comprising about 4000 Europeans and the rest Indians. A column was supplied by the Nizam of Hyderabad consisting of ten battalions and over 16,000 cavalry, and many soldiers were sent by the Marathas. Thus the soldiers in the British force numbered over 50,000 soldiers whereas Tippu Sultan had only about 30,000 soldiers. The British [[Battle of Seringapatam|broke through]] the city walls, and Tippu Sultan died defending his capital on [[May 4]],The Britishers could not succeded to win the Mysore in long war so they made a plan to defeat the king they tooke the king's own men in cofidence and promised to give them their reward, The Britishers knew that Tipu Sultan never dinies his wife's thoughts about anything.So,the Britishers told to Tipu Sulatan's men to tell the Quine that all soldiers and battalions are burden on the chest of the King Haider Ali because Haider ali's tomb was there iside the capital.this was done very easyly by their men.Quine told to tipu all the story and Tipu Sultan called back his soldiers from that side of the capiatl and then the Britishers attacked that side and Tipu could not save capital in 1799 CE [<ref>http://www.indhistory.com/mysore-war-4.html</ref>]. |
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==Rocket Artillery in War== |
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A [[military tactic]] developed by Tippu Sultan and his father, [[Haidar Ali]] was the use of mass attacks with [[rocket]] brigades on infantry formations. Tippu Sultan wrote a military manual called ''[[Fathul Mujahidin]]'' in which 200 rocket men were prescribed to each Mysorean "[[cushoon]]" (brigade). Mysore had 16 to 24 cushoons of infantry. The areas of town where rockets and fireworks were manufactured were known as [[Taramandal Pet]] ("Galaxy Market"). |
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The rocket men were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance of the target. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. Rockets could be of various sizes, but usually consisted of a tube of soft hammered iron about 8" long and 1½ - 3" diameter, closed at one end and strapped to a shaft of bamboo about 4ft. long. The iron tube acted as a combustion chamber and contained well packed black powder propellant. A rocket carrying about one pound of powder could travel almost 1,000 yards. In contrast, rockets in Europe not being iron cased, could not take large chamber pressures and as a consequence, were not capable of reaching distances anywhere near as great. |
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On [[2 May]] [[1799]], during the siege of Seringapatam, a shot struck a magazine of rockets within the fort at Seringapatam causing it to explode and sent a towering cloud of black smoke, with cascades of exploding white light, rising up from the battlements. After the fall of Seringapatam, 600 launchers, 700 serviceable rockets and 9,000 empty rockets were found. Some of the rockets had iron points or steel blades bound to the bamboo, while some had pierced cylinders, to allow them to act like incendiaries. By attaching these blades to rockets they became very unstable towards the end of their flight causing the blades to spin around like flying scythes, cutting down all in their path. |
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Rockets were also used for ceremonial purposes. When the Jacobin Club of Mysore sent a delegation to Tippu Sultan, 500 rockets were launched as part of the gun salute. |
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Once the British saw salvos of up to 2,000 rockets of Tippu Sultan fired simultaneously against them at the [[Royal Woolwich Arsenal]] which led to the publication of ''A Concise Account of the Origin and Progress of the Rocket System'' in 1804 by [[William Congreve (inventor)|William Congreve]], son of the arsenal's commandant. [[Congreve rockets]] find mention in the [[Star Spangled Banner]]. |
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==Jacobin Club in Mysore== |
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Tippu Sultan was a founder-member of the [[Jacobin Club]]. While accepting the membership, he said of France, "Behold my acknowledgement of the standard of your country, which is dear to me, and to which I am allied; it shall always be supported in my country, as it has been in the Republic, my sister!". He was named as "Citizen Tippu Sultan", |
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==In fiction== |
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<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:SanjayKhanTipuSultan.Jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sanjay Khan playing -Saíib" in French) is the uncle of [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Captain Nemo]]. --> |
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*Tippu Sultan's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running [[South Indian]] television series "The Adventures of Tipu Sultan", and of a more popular national television series "The Sword of Tipu Sultan". |
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*[[Naseem Hijazi]]'s novels ''Muazam Ali'' and ''Aur Talwar Toot Gaye'' (''And The Swords Broke'') describe Tippu Sultan's wars. |
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* [[Wilkie Collins]] novel ''[[The Moonstone]]'' contains an account of Tippu Sultan and the Battle of [[Seringapatam]] in the prologue. |
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* In ''The Surprising Adventures of [[Baron Munchausen]]'' by [[Rudolf Erich Raspe]], Munchausen vanquishes Tippoo near the end of the novel. |
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* ''[[Sharpe's Tiger (novel)|Sharpe's Tiger]]'' is a novel in which Napoleonic supersoldier [[Richard Sharpe (fictional character)|Richard Sharpe]] fights the Battle of [[Seringapatam]]. |
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==Descendants== |
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Tippu Sultan's family was sent to Calcutta by the British. [[Noor Inayat Khan]] is said to be one of Tippu Sultan's descendants who died in France under German occupation. |
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==Sword of Tippu Sultan== |
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Tippu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the Nairs of [[Travancore]] in which he was defeated. The [[Travancore]] Raja gave the sword to the Nawab of [[Arcot]], from where the sword went to [[London]]. At an [[auction]] in London in 2004, the industrialist-politician [[Vijay Mallya]] purchased the sword of Tippu Sultan and some other historical artifacts, and brought them back to India for public display after nearly two centuries. |
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The sword of Tippu Sultan is currently on display at the Wallace Collection, No.1 Manchester Square, London, and has been in the collection for many years. |
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[[hi:टीपू सुल्तान]] |
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== Further reading == |
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*Robert Home, ''Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on the Spot by Mr. Home'', Asian Educational Services,India, [[ISBN-10: 8120615123]] |
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*George Taylor, ''Coins of Tipu Sultan'', Asian Educational Services,India, [[ISBN-10: 8120605039]] |
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*Lewin Bowring, ''Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South'', Asian Educational Services,India, [[ISBN-10: 812061299X]] |
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*''Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Mohammadan Powers of the South'', Cosmo (Publications,India), [[ISBN-10: 8177554352]] |
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*Hasan Mohibbul, ''History of Tipu Sultan'',Aakar Books, [[ISBN-10: 8187879572]] |
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*Hasan Mohibbul, ''Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople'',Aakar Books, [[ISBN-10: 8187879564]] |
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*Irfan Habib,''State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays'', Manohar Publishers and Distributors, [[ISBN-10: 818522952X]] |
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*''Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)'', Anthem Press, [[ISBN-10: 1843310244]] |
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*Robin Wigington, ''Firearms of Tipu Sultan,1783-99'', J.Taylor Book Ventures, [[ISBN-10: 1871224136]] |
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*Mohammad Moienuddin, ''Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the death of Tipu Sultan'', Orient Longman, [[ISBN-10: 8125019197]] |
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*Samuel Strandberg, ''Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore : or, to fight against the odds'', AB Samuel Travel, [[ISBN-10: 9163073331]] |
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*Shamsu Agha, ''Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London", "Flight Delayed"'', Paperback, [[ISBN-10: 0901974420]] |
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*B Sheik Ali, ''Tippu Sultan'', Nyasanal Buk Trast, [[ISBN-10: B0000D7EYZ]] |
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*Sayyid Amjad °Ali Ashahri, ''Savanih Tipu Sultan'', Himaliyah Buk Ha®us, [[ISBN-10: B0000E7D9O]] |
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*Sajjad Hashimi, ''Tipu Sultan'', Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast, [[ISBN-10: B0000E7D9T]] |
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*Anne Buddle, ''Tigers Round the Throne'', Zamana Gallery, [[ISBN-10: 1869933028]] |
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*Richard Hamilton Campbell, ''Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Seringapatam and the restoration of the Hindu raj'', Govt. Press, [[ISBN-10: B0000CQQQ7]] |
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*P.Chinnian, ''Tipu Sultan the Great'', Siva Publications, [[ISBN-10: B0000CQCC5]] |
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*B. N Pande, ''Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series)'', Institute of Objective Studies, [[ISBN-10: B0000CP9E3]] |
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*Mahmud Khan Mahmud Banglori, ''Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan'', Hamalayah Pablishing Ha°us, [[ISBN-10: B0000CRNMH]] |
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*Faiz °Alam Siddiqi, ''Sultan Tipu Shahid'', Buk Karnar, [[ISBN-10: B0000CROC4]] |
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*Kate Brittlebank, ''Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain'', OUP India, [[ISBN-10: 0195639774]] |
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[[hi:kerkster]] |
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==Notes== |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://87.246.77.58/tipu/ Biograpy at nationalgalleries.org.uk] |
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* [http://www.indiastar.com/wallia7.htm Review of Tipu Sultan:Villain or Hero?] - IndiaStar Review of Books |
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* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P073 Biography] |
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* [http://www.tipusultan.org/ Dedicated to life and works of Tipu Sultan] |
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* [http://taher.freeservers.com/tipu_sultan.htm Tipu Sultan Portal] |
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* [http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13375042 Rule of Tipu Sultan] |
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* [http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/TimeLine/tiger.asp Bangalore best] |
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* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-history1.html Bharath Rakshak] |
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* [http://www.indhistory.com/mysore-war-4.html India history] |
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* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18813 The Tiger of Mysore] - Dramatised account of the British campaign against Tipu Sultan by [[G. A. Henty]], from [[Project Gutenberg]] |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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[[Category:Kings of Mysore|Sultan, Tipu]] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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[[Category:People from Karnataka|Sultan, Tipu]] |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[Category:Muslim generals|Sultan, Tipu]] |
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[[Category:1750 births|Sultan, Tipu]] |
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[[Category:1799 deaths|Sultan, Tipu]] |
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[[Category:Indian generals|T]] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[kn:ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[ja:ティープー・スルタン]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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[[pl:Tipu Sultan]] |
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[[sv:Tippo Sahib]] |
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[[ur:ٹیپو سلطان]] |
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[[zh:蒂普苏丹]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations