Cash and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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'''Cash''' usually refers to [[money]] in the form of liquid [[currency]], such as [[banknote]]s or [[coin]]s. |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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==Etymology== |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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The English word ''cash'' is of the French ''[[:wiktionary:caisse|caisse]],'' itself a borrowing of the [[Provençal]] ''caissa.'' That Provençal word is a derivative of the [[Latin]] ''[[:wiktionary:capsa|capsa]]'' (box, chest), most likely by way of an unattested [[Vulgar Latin]] form ''*capsea;'' [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''[[:wiktionary:caja|caja]]'' and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''[[:wiktionary:caixa|caixa]]'' are their respective languages' reflexes.<ref name="oed1">{{cite encyclopedia |
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|title=Cash, ''n.''<sup>1</sup> |
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|encyclopedia=[[OED]] Online |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref name="bloch_wartburg">{{cite encyclopedia |
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|title=Caisse |
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|last=Bloch, Oscar, and Walther von Warthburg (Dirs.) |
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|encyclopedia=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française |
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|location=Paris |
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|publisher=Presses universitaires de France |
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|edition=1er édition «Quadrige» |
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|year=2002 |
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}}</ref> |
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From the original sense of a box or a chest, the word came to refer to a sum of money such as was or might be contained in one, and eventually to [[specie]] or, with the elimination of metallic standards, [[banknote]]s.<ref name="oed1" /> In this sense, it is used in contrast to credit or other financial instruments. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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The word "cash" can also be traced back to: [[Sanskrit]] ''karsa'', a weight of gold or silver but akin to [[Old Persian]] ''karsha''-, a weight. a unit of value equivalent to one cash coin. |
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==Historical usage in Asia== |
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The word was formerly used also to refer to certain low-value coins used in [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]]. This sense derives from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kāsu,'' a [[South India]]n monetary unit. The early European representations of this Tamil word, including Portuguese ''caxa'' and English ''cass,'' merged the existing words ''caixa'' and ''cash,'' which had similar connections with money. In the pre-[[1818]] South Indian monetary system, the cash was the basic coin, with 80 cash equalling a ''fanam'' and 42 fanams equalling a ''star pagoda'' worth roughly 7[[shilling|''s.'']] 8[[penny|''d.'']]<ref name="oed2">{{cite encyclopedia |
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|title=Cash, ''n.''<sup>2</sup> |
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|encyclopedia=[[OED]] Online}}</ref> |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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This assimilated Tamil word was then applied to various other coins with which European traders came into contact, including the famous holed cash coins of [[China]], the [[Chinese cash]]. Also called ''wén'', these coins were commonly strung on cords for use in larger transactions; 1000 equalled a [[tael]].<ref name="oed2" /> |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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==Bookkeeping and finance== |
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In [[bookkeeping]] and [[finance]], ''cash'' can also refer to [[check (finance)|check]]s, [[money order]]s, [[cashier's check]]s, [[bank draft]]s, or [[travelers cheque|traveler's check]]s. In all these forms, the term indicates the most [[Market liquidity|liquid]] form of [[asset]]s, which have a fixed value and can be easily converted to currency: "ready money". For example, [[wage]]s or [[salary|salaries]] paid as "cash" (as opposed to, e.g., [[stock option]]s) would in most countries normally be paid with checks or direct bank deposits, which are trivially convertible to currency. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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==See also== |
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{{wiktionary}} |
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*[[Cash register]] |
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*[[Cash and cash equivalents]] |
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*[[Cash flow]] |
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*[[Cash management]] |
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*[[Petty cash]] |
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*[[Chinese cash]] |
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*[[List of English words of Persian origin]] |
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[[Category:Money]] |
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[[Category:Tamil words and phrases]] |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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[[cs:Hotové peníze]] |
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[[de:Bargeld]] |
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==External links== |
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[[es:Efectivo (Dinero en efectivo)]] |
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[[fr:Espèces]] |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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[[it:Contante]] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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[[lb:Boergeld]] |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[ja:現金]] |
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[[pt:Caixa]] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[ru:Наличные деньги]] |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[zh:現金]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations