Campylobacter and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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{{Taxobox |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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| color = light grey |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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| name = ''Campylobacter'' |
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| image = Campylobacter fetus 01.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = [[Scanning electron microscopy|SEM]] micrograph of ''C. fetus'' |
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| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] |
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| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] |
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| classis = [[Epsilon Proteobacteria]] |
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| ordo = [[Campylobacterales]] |
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| familia = [[Campylobacteraceae]] |
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| genus = '''''Campylobacter''''' |
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| genus_authority = Sebald and Véron 1963 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = |
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''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter concisus|C. concisus]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter curvus|C. curvus]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter gracilis|C. gracilis]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter helveticus|C. helveticus]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter hominis|C. hominis]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter hyointestinalis|C. hyointestinalis]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter insulaenigrae|C. insulaenigrae]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter lanienae|C. lanienae]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter mucosalis|C. mucosalis]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter rectus|C. rectus]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter showae|C. showae]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter sputorum|C. sputorum]]''<br/> |
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''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' |
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}} |
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'''''Campylobacter''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]. [[Motile]], with either uni- or bi-polar [[flagella]], the organisms have a somewhat curved, [[bacillus|rod-like]] appearance, and are [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = pp. 378–80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> At least a dozen species of ''Campylobacter'' have been implicated in human disease, with ''[[Campylobacter jejuni|C. jejuni]]'' and ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' the most common.<ref name=Sherris /> ''[[Campylobacter fetus|C. fetus]]'' is a cause of spontaneous abortions in [[cattle]] and [[sheep]], as well as an opportunisitic [[pathogen]] in humans.<ref name=Sauerwein_1993>{{cite journal |author=Sauerwein R, Bisseling J, Horrevorts A |title=Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection: case report and review of the literature |journal=Infection |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=331-3 |year=1993 |pmid=8300253}}</ref> |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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The [[genome]]s of several ''Campylobacter'' species have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.<ref name=Fouts_2005>{{cite journal | author=Fouts DE ''et al''. | title=Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple ''Campylobacter'' species | journal=PLoS Biol | year=2005 | pages=e15 | volume=3 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030015 |id= PMID 15660156}}</ref> |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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==Pathogenesis== |
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Infection with a ''Campylobacter'' species is one of the most common causes of human bacterial [[gastroenteritis]].<ref name=Moore_2005>{{cite journal | author=Moore JE, ''et al''. | title=''Campylobacter'' | journal=Vet Res | year=2005 | pages=351-82 | volume=36 | issue=3 | id=PMID 15845230}}</ref> In the [[United States]], 15 out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with campylobacteriosis every year, and with many cases going unreported, up to 0.5% of the general population may unknowingly harbor ''Campylobacter'' in their gut annually. [[Diarrhea]], [[cramps]], abdominal [[Pain and nociception|pain]], and [[fever]] develop within 2–5 days of pathogenic ''Campylobacter'' infection, and in most people, the illness lasts for 7–10 days. Infection can sometimes be fatal, and some (less than 1 in 1000 cases) individuals develop [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], in which the nerves that join the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body are damaged, sometimes permanently. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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[[Campylobacteriosis]] is usually caused by ''C. jejuni'', a spiral-shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is non-pathogenic. But the illness can also be caused by ''[[Campylobacter coli|C. coli]]'' (also found in cattle, swine, and birds) ''[[Campylobacter upsaliensis|C. upsaliensis]]'' (found in cats and dogs) and ''[[Campylobacter lari|C. lari]]'' (present in seabirds in particular). Disease-causing bacteria generally get into people via contaminated food, often undercooked or poorly handled poultry, although contact with contaminated [[drinking water]], livestock, or household pets can also cause disease.<ref name=Saenz_2000>{{cite journal | author=Saenz Y, Zarazaga M, Lantero M, Gastanares MJ, Baquero F, Torres C | title=Antibiotic resistance in ''Campylobacter'' strains isolated from animals, foods, and humans in Spain in 1997-1998 | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year=2000 | pages=267-71 | volume=44 | issue=2 | id=PMID 10639348 [http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/44/2/267 fulltext]}}</ref> |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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''Campylobacter'' species contain two [[flagellin]] genes in tandem for motility, ''flaA and flaB''. These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence.<ref name=Gran_1993t>{{cite journal |author=Grant C, Konkel M, Cieplak W, Tompkins L |title=Role of flagella in adherence, internalization, and translocation of ''Campylobacter jejuni'' in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures |journal=Infect Immun |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1764-71 |year=1993 |pmid=8478066}}</ref> Non-motile mutants do not colonize. |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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==Treatment== |
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Human infections by ''Campylobacter'' are usually treated symptomatically by maintaining hydration, and fluid and [[Electrolyte#Nutritional_significance|electrolyte replacement]].<ref name=Sherris /> [[Erythromycin]] can be used in children, and [[tetracyclin]]e in adults. [[Trimethoprim]]-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin are ineffective against ''Campylobacter''. Antibiotic treatment has only a marginal benefit (1.32 days) on the duration of symptoms and should not be used routinely.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ternhag A, Asikainen T, Giesecke J, Ekdahl K | title=A meta-analysis on the effects of antibiotic treatment on duration of symptoms caused by infection with Campylobacter species | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year=2007 | volume=44 | pages=696–700 }}</ref> |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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Poultry infections were treated by [[enrofloxacin]] and [[sarafloxacin]], many times by mass administration to flocks for single instances of infection. According to the FDA study banning this practice, this generally did not eliminate all ''Campylobacter'' bacteria, and promoted populations of bacteria resistant to [[fluoroquinolone]] drugs (like the human drug [[ciprofloxacin]]).<ref name=McDermott_2002>{{cite journal |author=McDermott P, Bodeis S, English L, White D, Walker R, Zhao S, Simjee S, Wagner D |title=Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni evolves rapidly in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=185 |issue=6 |pages=837-40 |year=2002 |pmid=11920303}}</ref> |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/campylobacter_g.htm ''Campylobacter'' info from the CDC] |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations