Flaying and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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{{For|other uses|Flay (disambiguation)}} |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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[[Image: Last judgement.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Michelangelo]]'s "[[Last Judgment]]" - [[Saint Bartholomew]] holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin]] |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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'''Flaying''' is the removal of [[skin]] from the [[body]]. Generally, an attempt is made to maintain the removed portion of skin intact. |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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==Scope== |
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An animal may be flayed in preparation for human consumption, or for its hide or [[fur]]; this is more commonly called [[skinning]]. |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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Flaying of humans is used as a method of [[torture]] or [[Execution (legal)|execution]], depending on how much of the skin is removed. This article deals with flaying in the sense of torture and execution. This is often referred to as "flaying alive". There are also records of people flayed after [[death]], generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or [[Crime|criminal]], sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, magical uses etc. (cfr. [[scalping]]). |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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Flaying is distinct from [[flagellation]] in that flaying uses a sharp instrument, typically some [[knife]], in an attempt to remove skin (where the [[Pain and nociception|pain]] is incidental to the operation), whereas flagellation is any [[corporal punishment]] that uses some type of [[whip]], rod or other sharp implement in order to cause physical pain (where the possible removal of some skin is incidental to the operation). In colloquial usage, the two terms are sometimes confused. |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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==History== |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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Flaying is apparently a very ancient practice. There are accounts of [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] flaying the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nailing it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power. The [[Aztec]]s of [[Mexico]] flayed victims of ritual [[human sacrifice]]. Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of [[traitors]] in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early [[1700s]] in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of [[Michel Foucault]]'s ''[[Discipline and Punish]]'' ([[1979]]). In China, a variant form of flaying known as [[death by a thousand cuts]] was practiced as late as [[1905]]. |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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==Examples of flayings== |
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[[Image:The Flaying of Marsyas.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Titian]]'s Flaying of Marsyas]] |
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*[[Yahu-Bihdi]], ruler of [[Hamath]], was flayed alive by the [[Assyrians]] under [[Sargon II]]. |
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* According to [[Herodotus]], [[Sisamnes]], a corrupt judge under [[Cambyses II of Persia]], was flayed alive for accepting a bribe. |
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* In [[Greek mythology]], [[Marsyas]], a [[satyr]], was flayed alive for daring to challenge [[Apollo]]. |
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* Also according to Greek mythology, [[Aloeus]] is said to have had his wife flayed alive. |
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* [[Tradition]] holds that [[Saint]] [[Bartholomew]] was flayed before being [[crucifixion|crucified]]. |
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* In [[Aztec mythology]], [[Xipe Totec]] is the flayed god of death and rebirth. Slaves were flayed annually as sacrifices to him. |
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* The [[Talmud]] discusses how [[Rabbi Akiva]] was flayed by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] for the public teaching of [[Torah]]. |
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* In [[260]] [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Emperor]] [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] was taken prisoner by [[Persians]]. Some accounts hold that he was flayed and his skin turned into a [[footstool]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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* [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], founding prophet of [[Manichaeism]], was said to have been flayed or [[Decapitation|beheaded]] (c. [[275]]). |
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* [[Totila]] is said to have ordered the bishop of [[Perugia]], [[Herculanus of Perugia|Herculanus]], to be flayed when he captured that city in [[549]]. |
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* [[Pierre Basile]] was flayed alive and all defenders of the chateau [[hanging|hanged]] on [[6 April]] [[1199]], by order of the mercenary leader [[Mercadier]], for shooting and killing [[monarch|King]] [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] of [[England]] with a [[crossbow]] at the siege of [[Chalus]] in March 1199. |
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* In 1314, the brothers d'Aulnoy, who were lovers to the daughters in law of king [[Philippe IV of France]], were flayed alive, then [[castrated]], beheaded, and the bodies exposed on a [[gibbet]]. The extreme severity of their punishment was due to the [[lese majesty|lèse majesté]] nature of the crime. |
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* the Polish Jesuit [[Saint Andrew Bobola]] was burned, half strangled, partly flayed alive and killed by a sabre stroke by Cossacks on the schismatic side |
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* In a particularly acute example of [[deadpan]], [[Jonathan Swift]]'s narrator in "[[A Tale of a Tub]]" says, "Last week I saw a woman flay’d, and you will hardly believe how much it alter'd her person for the worse". |
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* In the television series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', a grief-stricken [[Willow Rosenberg]] telekinetically flays [[Warren Mears]], the killer of her lover [[Tara Maclay]] (Episode 6.20: [[Villains (Buffy episode)|Villains]]) |
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* One of the [[Plastination|plastinated]] exhibits in [[Body Worlds]] includes an entire posthumously flayed skin, and many of the other exhibits have had their skin removed. |
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* In [[991]] A.D. during a [[Viking]] raid in England, a Danish Viking was flayed by London locals for ransacking a church. |
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* [[Daskalogiannis]], a [[Cretan]] rebel against the [[Ottoman]] Empire was said to have been flayed alive. |
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* The Rawhide Valley in [[Wyoming]] is said to have gotten its name from a white settler who was flayed alive there for murdering an [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indian]] woman. |
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* [[Marco Antonio Bragadino]] was flayed during the Conquest of Famagusta (Cyprus) by the Turks |
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* In 1944, a three year old boy, [[Tomislav Vucetic]], was skinned alive by [[Kosovar]] [[Albanian]] [[Nazi]] SS troops. |
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* In 2000, government troops in [[Myanmar]] reportedly flayed all the male inhabitants of a [[Karenni]] village. |
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* [[Nesîmî]], an Azeri poet was skinned alive. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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==Sources== |
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(incomplete) |
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*{{1911}} |
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*{{Catholic}} (various articles) |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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* [http://www.aiwaz.net/renaissance/unexpected/9.htm 1498 Painting: The Flaying of the Corrupt Judge Sisamnes, by Gerard David]. |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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* [http://www.mystudios.com/art/italian/titian/titian-flaying-of-marsyas.jpg 1575 Painting: The Flaying of Marsyas, by Titian]. |
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[[Category:Corporal punishments]] |
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[[Category:Execution methods]] |
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[[Category:Torture]] |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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[[de:Enthäuten]] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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[[fr:Écorchement]] |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[nl:Villen]] |
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[[simple:Flaying]] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations