Flora and fauna of the Kerguelen Islands and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{| style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-left:1em;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right"
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
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{{Commonscat}}
| colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor=#FF9999 |
'''Nesting birds of the Kerguelen Islands''' <ref>''A la découverte des terres australes et antarctiques françaises'', P. Jouventin, [[Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille]], 1983</ref>
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | '''[[Binomial name]]''' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | '''Common name'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Spheniscidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Aptenodytes patagonicus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4"| [[King Penguin]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pygoscelis papua]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Gentoo penguin]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Eudyptes chrysolophus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Macaroni Penguin]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Eudyptes chrysocome]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Southern Rockhopper Penguin]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Procellariidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Diomedea exulans]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Wandering Albatross]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Thalassarche melanophris]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Black-browed Albatross]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Thalassarche chrysostoma]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Grey-headed Albatross]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Phoebetria fusca]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Sooty Albatross|Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Phoebetria palpebrata]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Sooty Albatross|Light-mantled Sooty Albatross]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Macronectes halli]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Giant Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Daption capense]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Cape Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pachyptila belcheri]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Slender-billed Prion]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pachyptila desolata]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Antarctic Prion]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Halobaena caerulea]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Blue Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pterodroma macroptera]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Great-winged Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pterodroma lessoni]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[White-headed Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pterodroma brevirostris]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Kerguelen Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Procellaria aequinoctialis]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[White-chinned Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Procellaria cinerea]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Grey Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Hydrobatidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Oceanites oceanicus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Wilson's Storm-petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Fregetta tropica]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Storm Petrel|Black-bellied Storm-petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Garrodia nereis]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Storm Petrel|Grey-backed Storm-petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Pelecanoididae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pelecanoides georgicus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[South Georgian Diving Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Pelecanoides urinatrix]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Common Diving Petrel]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Phalacrocoracidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Phalacrocorax albiventer albiventer|Phalacrocorax albiventer<br/>albiventer]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | No common name in English
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Phalacrocorax albiventer verrucosus|Phalacrocorax albiventer<br/>verrucosus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | No common name in English<ref>http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/P/Phalacrocorax_albiventer_verrucosus.asp</ref>
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Anatidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Anas eatoni]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Eaton's Pintail]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Chionididae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Chionis minor]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Black-faced Sheathbill]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Stercorariidae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Stercorarius skua]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Great Skua]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" colspan="3" | '''[[Laridae]]'''
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Larus dominicanus]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Kelp Gull]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Sterna virgata]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Kerguelen Tern]]
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| bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | ''[[Sterna vittata]]'' || bgcolor="#F6EBE4" | [[Antarctic Tern]]
|}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
==Fauna==
The [[Kerguelen Islands]] are located at the [[Antarctic convergence]], where cold water moving up from the Antarctic mixes with the warmer water of the Indian Ocean. As a consequence, marine mammals and seabirds are numerous.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
===Mammals===
Seals and [[fur seal]]s:


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
* [[Southern elephant seal]] (''Mirounga leonina'')
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* [[Antarctic fur seal]] (''Arctocephalus gazella'')
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Occasional [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx'')
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
[[Cetacea]]ns:


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
* [[Commerson's Dolphin]] (''Cephalorhynchus commersonii'').
* [[Humpback whale]] (''Megaptera novaeangliae''), etc.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Introduced land mammals:
* Sheep. Approximately 3,500 semi-wild sheep provide meat for the scientific personnel stationed on the islands.
* [[Mouflons]].
* [[Reindeer]].
* Rabbits. These were brought from South Africa in 1874.
* Rats.
* Cats. The islands are home to a population of feral cats descended from ships' cats kept by sailors to control the rat population. The cats live mainly on rabbits and seabirds.


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
===Birds===
Penguins:
*[[King penguin]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'')
*[[Gentoo penguin]] (''Pygoscelis papua'')
*[[Rockhopper penguin]] (''Eudyptes chrysocome'')
*[[Macaroni Penguin]] (''Eudyptes chrysolophus'')


==External links==
Seabirds:
*[[Albatross]]
*[[Sheathbill]]s
*[[Cormorant]]s
*[[Petrel]]s
*[[Seagull]]s
*[[Prion (bird)|Prions]]
*[[Skuas]]
*[[Tern]]s


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
==Flora==
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
===Land vegetation===
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Image:Choux.kerguelen.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kerguelen cabbage]] in a field of [[acaena]].]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
The coastal regions, up to an altitude of about 50 m, are generally covered with low herbaceous vegetation, and are classified as tundra. Higher up, rocky ground dominates and the vegetation is rarer, limited to scattered tufts and mosses and lichens.
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
There are no trees or shrubs on the islands. This was not always the case, however. Fossilized tree trunks of the family of [[Araucariaceae]] can be found in certain sediments, geological witnesses of times when Kerguelen had a warmer climate than today.
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
Originally, the main type of low altitude vegetation consisted of a thick and continuous carpet of azorellae ([[Azorella selago]]) on which could be established various other species like the famous Kerguelen cabbage, [[Pringlea antiscorbutica]] (of the [[Brassicaceae]] family). The azorella one (of the Apiaceae family) had a pillow shaped growth: the year's growth forming a tight layer which superimposed itself on the previous year's growth. The species [[Lyallia kerguelensis]] (family of [[Hectorellaceae]]), the only strictly endemic species of the archipelago, has a similar growth patern. The pillows of azorellae could exceed 1 meter in thickness and adjacent plants could join together forming a continuous sheet. Walking on this kind of vegetation was very difficult, it was also necessary to abstain from doing so, so as to avoid damaging it. On the other hand, this tender medium was ideal for certain species of marine birds which could dig their reproduction burrows there.
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]

The introduction and the proliferation of rabbits caused the destruction of this habitat which was replaced by a monospecific meadow constituted of a plant resembling a small Salad Burnet [[Acaena adscendens]] (of the [[Rosaceae]] family) . It is only on the islands and islets unscathed by rabbits that one can find the carpets of azorellae today. The Kerguelen cabbage practically underwent the same fate.
The establishment of the other mammals also had consequences on the vegetation: consumption of the seeds of the Kerguelen cabbage by mice thus reducing the regeneration capacities of the species, consumption of the lichens by reindeer, etc.

In the flat funds or close to brooks, the ground is often gorged with water. A boggy vegetation mainly constituted of mosses may then developp. This vegetation can appear homogeneous on the surface but can be covering quicksand, in which hikers may sink to the belt.

===Marine vegetation===
[[image:Durvillea_antarctica.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Thin straps of floating Durvilléas forming a coastal belt]]
Unlike the terrestrial vegetation which is very poorly developed, the marine flora is flourishing, in particular thanks to the presence of giant brown algae: the Macrocystides (Macrocystis pyrifera) which form true underwater forests and cochayuyos (Durvillaea antartica) which cover the most part of the rock coasts.

The Macrocystis generally develop at a depth of 3 to 20 meters . Attached to the bottom by ramified crampons, the algae grow up to the surface in the form of columns made of several dozen interwoven cords. They then spread out widely on the surface thanks to floaters placed at the base of multiple slings similar to corrugated sheets. The Macrocystides can cover great extents where navigation is practically impossible because the thin straps can get entangled in the propellers and block them. The forests of Macrocystis in the Kerguelen islands are home to relatively few vertebrate but many coloured invertebrates as well as a great diversity of red algae. The storms regularly tear off large quantities of giant algae which wash ashore and rot on the beaches in the form of a mattress which can reach several meters thickness. These washups of algae form one of the essential bases of the local ecosystem.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Kerguelen Islands]]

[[fr:Faune et flore des îles Kerguelen]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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