Cydonia (Mars) and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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[[Image:Martian face viking.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|The Cydonia Region taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA/JPL on July 25, 1976 (north is to the upper right).]] |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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'''Cydonia Mensae''' is an [[albedo feature]] (region) on [[Mars]]. It lies in the planet's northern [[Northern Hemisphere|hemisphere]] in a transitional zone between the heavily-[[Impact crater|crater]]ed regions to the South, and relatively smooth [[plains]] to the North. Cydonia itself is covered in numerous [[mesa]]s and may have been a [[coast]]al zone if [[planetary science|planetologists]] are correct in believing that the northern plains were once [[seabed|ocean bed]]s. |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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==The Face on Mars== |
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[[Image:Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Cropped version of the original batch-processed photo (#35A72) of the 'Face on Mars'. The black dots denote data errors.]] |
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[[Image:viking_moc_face_20m.gif|thumb|200 px|right|The second 1976 Viking image (left, image #70A13) compared with the 2001 Mars Global Surveyor image (right). 20 meters per pixel resolution.]] |
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[[Image:MGS Cydonia3.jpg|thumb|200 px|right|Mars Global Surveyor high-resolution photo of the "Face on Mars" (North is to the upper left)]] |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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One of the Cydonian mesas, situated at 40°45' north [[latitude]] and 9°26' west [[longitude]], took on the striking appearance of a [[humanoid]] Face on Mars in a photo taken by [[Viking 1]] on [[July 25]], [[1976]]. Some commentators, most notably [[Richard C. Hoagland]], believe it to be evidence of a long-lost [[life on Mars|Martian civilization]] along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent [[pyramid]]s, which they argue are part of a [[ruins|ruined city]]. While [[image analysis|analysis]] of the early Viking images suggested that the features of the Face might not be an accidental consequence of viewing conditions<ref>Carlotto, M. J. (1988) [http://www.newfrontiersinscience.com/martianenigmas/Papers/AO1888.pdf Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features]. ''Applied Optics'' '''27''', 1926-1933</ref>, today, it is generally understood to be an [[optical illusion]], an example of [[pareidolia]]. After analysis of the higher resolution [[Mars Global Surveyor]] data [[NASA]] stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of [[illumination]]"<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_60.html The Face on Mars], Viking Project, [[NASA]] website, accessed [[26 April]] [[2007]]</ref>. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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Originally, eighteen images of the Cydonia Mensae region were taken by the [[Viking 1]] and [[Viking 2|2]] [[orbiter]]s, but only seven have resolutions better than 250 m/[[pixel]] (820 ft/pixel). The other eleven images have resolutions worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are virtually useless for studying the feature. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five usable, distinct images. The ''Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars'' CD-ROM image numbers are: 35A72 (VO-1010), 70A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B56 & 673B54 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028). |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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Since September [[2006]], a succession of new data from the Cydonia region have been published by the [[European Space Agency]] and the [[HiRISE]] team. These have included photographs taken by the [[Mars Express|Mars Express probe]]<ref>[http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM09F8LURE_index_0.html Cydonia - the face on Mars], 3D rendering of [[Mars Express]] imagery, [[ESA]] website, accessed [[26 April]] [[2007]]</ref> and the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]<ref>[http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_003234_2210 Popular Landform in Cydonia Region], [[HiRISE]] website, accessed [[26 April]] [[2007]]</ref>, and a 3D animation of the "Face on Mars" using a combination of digital data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the [[Mars Express]] probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's [[Mars Global Surveyor]]<ref>[http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMINCO7BTE_0.html Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation], animation of [[Mars Global Surveyor]] imagery, [[ESA]] website, accessed [[26 April]] [[2007]]</ref>. In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the Mars Express images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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== Cydonia in popular culture == |
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* In ''[[Mission to Mars]]'', a group of astronauts discover that the "face formation" is actually a structure built by the Martians. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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* The Face on Mars was also featured in the first season episode "[[Space (The X-Files)|Space]]" of the television series ''[[The X-Files]]''. |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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* In the TV show ''[[Invader Zim]]'', the episode "Battle of the Planets" featured the Face on Mars as an alien structure. |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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* An episode of the TV show ''[[Futurama]]'' features the Face of Mars as the entrance to the Martian Reservation, the home of the native Martians. |
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* The alternative rock band [[Muse]] have a song called "[[Knights of Cydonia]]" on their album ''Black Holes And Revelations''. |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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* In the adventure game ''[[Zak McKracken]]'', players explore the Face on Mars. |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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* In the strategy game ''[[X-COM: UFO Defense]]'', the final assault on the alien headquarters (''"Cydonia or Bust"'') occurs in the Cydonia region. |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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* In the computer role playing game ''[[Final Fantasy IV]]'' (1991) the face appears on the surface of the moon. Also in the remake ''[[Final Fantasy IV Advance]]'' (2005/2006) but once the game is completed, it becomes a dungeon. In some other [[Square]] Games also such a face appears, like ''[[Secret of Mana]]'' (1993/1994). |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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==References== |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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== See also == |
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* [[Galle (Martian crater)|Galle]], a Martian crater also known as the "Happy face" or "Smile" of Mars. |
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* [[Life on Mars]] |
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* [[Mars]] |
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* [[Richard C. Hoagland]] |
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===Astronomy=== |
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* [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking.html Viking Project], NASA |
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* [http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/index.html Mars Express], ESA ([http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/express/ NASA page]) |
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* [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/ Mars Global Surveyor], NASA |
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* [http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/eng/projects/mars/hrsc300-Cydonia.php High-resolution images of Cydonia], Mars Express orbiter |
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* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060925.html Astronomy Picture of the Day 25-9-06], recent visual of the Face on Mars |
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* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060926.html Astronomy Picture of the Day 26-9-06], recent visual of the Cydonia region (including the Face on Mars) |
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* [http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/face_discussion.html Discussion of MOC and "Face on Mars"], Malin Space Science Systems (also, [http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/face.html Face on Mars]) |
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* [http://www.google.com/mars/#lat=40.757660&lon=-9.492187&zoom=9&map=visible&q=The%20Face%20on%20Mars ''Cydonia Mensae''] at [[Google Mars]] |
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* [http://www.keithlaney.net/ Independently processed Cydonia Images] |
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<!-- * [http://www.amarsodyssey.com Mars Exploration Blog] NOTHING ABOUT CYDONIA --> |
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==="Face on Mars" as artifact=== |
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* [http://www.enterprisemission.com The Enterprise Mission], Hoagland's official website |
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* [http://www.thehiddenrecords.com/mars.htm ''The Hidden Records''], official website of a book by Wayne Herschel |
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* [http://www.skepdic.com/faceonmars.html Face on Mars], entry in the ''[[Skeptic's Dictionary]]'' |
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* [http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/hoagland/ Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy], a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia |
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<!-- * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5148275944870937384&q=cydonia Hoagland at UN - Cydonia Connection], video of a conference held at the UN building about the Cydonia area and its connection with structures here on Earth in Egypt; the Pyramids, Sphinx and more DEAD LINK (26/04/07) --> |
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* [http://www.geody.com/geolook.php?world=mars&lat=41.347994&lon=-9.238214 The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody, linked to [[NASA World Wind]]] |
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[[Category:Albedo features on Mars]] |
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[[Category:Mars]] |
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[[Category:Surface features of Mars]] |
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[[de:Cydonia Mensae]] |
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[[es:Cara de Marte]] |
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[[eo:Cydonia Mensae]] |
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[[fr:Cydonia Mensae]] |
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[[it:Volto su Marte]] |
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[[he:הפנים במאדים]] |
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[[lt:Marso sfinksas]] |
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[[nl:Cydonia (Mars)]] |
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[[ja:火星の人面岩]] |
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[[pl:Marsjańska Twarz]] |
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[[ru:Марсианский Сфинкс]] |
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[[sl:Obraz na Marsu]] |
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[[fi:Kasvot Marsissa]] |
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[[th:ใบหน้าบนดาวอังคาร]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations