Quicksand and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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[[Image:Quicksand warning.jpg|thumb|right|Quicksand and warning sign at a gravel extraction site.]] |
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:''This article is about the geological feature. For other meanings, see [[Quicksand (disambiguation)]]'' |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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'''Quicksand''' is a [[hydrocolloid]] gel consisting of fine [[granular matter]] (such as [[sand]] or [[silt]]), [[clay]], and [[brine|salt water]]. The origin of the name refers to "quick" in the older meaning of "alive" rather than "fast," and is thus similar to the origin of the term [[Mercury (element)|quicksilver]] for mercury. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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When undisturbed it often appears to be [[phase (matter)|solid]], but a minor (less than 1%) change in the [[stress (physics)|stress]] on the quicksand will cause a sudden decrease in its [[viscosity]]. After the initial perturbation—such as a person attempting to walk on it—the water and sand in the quicksand separate and dense regions of sand [[sediment]] form; it is because of the formation of these high [[volume fraction]] regions that the viscosity of the quicksand seems to suddenly increase. In order to move within the quicksand, a person or object must apply sufficient [[pressure]] on the compacted sand to re-introduce enough [[water]] to [[liquefaction|liquefy]] it. The [[force]]s required to do this are quite large: to remove a [[foot]] from quicksand at a [[speed]] of one [[centimeter]] per [[second]] would require the same amount of force as "that needed to lift a medium-sized car." <ref name="Bonn"> |
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"A. Khaldoun, E. Eiser, G. H. Wegdam and Daniel Bonn [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7059/full/437635a.html Rheology: Liquefaction of quicksand under stress]" 'Nature' Vol. 437, Pg. 635, 29 September 2005 {{doi|10.1038/437635a}}</ref> |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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It was commonly believed that the behavior of quicksand was due solely to [[water content|saturated]] or [[supersaturation|supersaturated]] [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]s of [[granule]]s in water. Pressure from underground sources of water would separate and suspend the granular particles, reducing the [[friction]] between them. As of September [[2005]], it has been shown that it is the presence of [[salt]] that is largely responsible.<ref name="Bonn" /> The [[stability]] of the colloidal quicksand is compromised by the presence of salt, increasing the likelihood of sand [[flocculation]] and the formation of the high viscosity regions of sediment responsible for quicksand's "trapping" power. |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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Quicksand can be found inland (on riverbanks, near [[lake]]s, or in [[marsh]]es) or near the coast. It can also form when an [[earthquake]] increases [[groundwater]] pressure, forcing the water to the surface and causing [[soil liquefaction]]. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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One region notorious for its quicksands is [[Morecambe Bay]], [[England]]. As the [[bay]] is very broad and shallow, a person trapped by the quicksand would be exposed to the danger of the returning [[tide]], which can come in rapidly. |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Dry quicksand]] |
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*[[Fech fech]] |
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*[[Liquid limit]] |
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*[[Plastic limit (soils)|Plastic limit]] |
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*[[Soil liquefaction]] |
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*[[Thixotropy]] |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/quicksand.htm Howstuffworks.com - How quicksand works] |
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*{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=What is quicksand? | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=000D6BF9-5CDF-1D9C-815A809EC5880000 | work =Scientific American | pages = | accessdate = | language = }} |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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[[Category:Sediments]] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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[[Category:Geological hazards]] |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[Category:Soil mechanics]] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[da:Kviksand]] |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de:Treibsand]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[et:Vesiliiv]] |
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[[fr:Sable mouvant]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[he:חול טובעני]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[hu:Futóhomok]] |
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[[nl: |
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[ja:流砂]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[pl:Kurzawka (geologia)]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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[[pt:Areia movediça]] |
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[[ru:Зыбучий песок]] |
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[[sv:Kvicksand]] |
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[[vi:Cát lún]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations