National parks of England and Wales and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{featured article}}
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
[[Image:brecon.beacons.arp.750pix.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The [[Brecon Beacons|Brecon Beacons National Park]], looking from the highest point of [[Pen Y Fan]] (886 [[metre|m]]/2907 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) to Cribyn (795 m/2608 feet).]]
{{Commonscat}}
The '''national parks of England and Wales''' are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic [[landscape]] that are designated under the [[National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949]]. Despite the name, [[national park]]s in [[England]] and [[Wales]] are quite different from those in many other countries, where national parks are owned and managed by the [[government]] as a protected community resource, and permanent human [[community|communities]] are not a part of the landscape. In England and Wales, designation as a national park can include substantial settlements and land uses which are often integral parts of the landscape, and land within a national park remains largely in private ownership.


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
There are currently 12 national parks ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''parciau cenedlaethol'') in [[England]] and [[Wales]] (see [[#List of national parks|List of national parks]]). A further area in England — the [[South Downs]] — is in the process of being designated as a national park. Each [[park]] is operated by its own [[National Park Authority]], with two "statutory purposes":
# to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, [[wildlife]] and [[culture|cultural]] heritage of the area, and
# to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the park's special qualities by the public.
An estimated 110 million people visit the national parks of England and Wales each year. [[Recreation]] and [[tourism]] bring visitors and funds into the parks, to sustain their [[conservation ethic|conservation]] efforts and support the local population through jobs and businesses. These visitors also bring problems, such as [[erosion]] and [[traffic congestion]], and conflicts over the use of the parks' resources.


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
==History==
===Untamed countryside?===
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence from [[prehistoric Britain]] demonstrates that the areas now designated as national parks have had human occupation since the [[Stone Age]], at least 5,000 years ago and in some cases much earlier.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
[[Image:DSCF0045.JPG|thumb|300px|right|[[Scafell Pike]] (right) and [[Scafell]] (left) in the [[Lake District National Park]], as seen from [[Crinkle Crags]].]]


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
Before the 19th century, relatively wild, remote areas were often seen simply as uncivilised and dangerous. In 1725, [[Daniel Defoe]] described the [[Peak District|High Peak]] as ''"the most desolate, wild and abandoned country in all England."''. However, by the early 19th century, [[Romantic Poetry|romantic poets]] such as [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Byron]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] and [[William Wordsworth|Wordsworth]] wrote about the inspirational beauty of the "untamed" countryside. Significantly, in 1810, Wordsworth described the [[Lake District]] as a ''"sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy"''. This early vision took over a century, and much controversy, to take legal form in the UK with the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
The idea for a form of national parks was first proposed in the [[United States]] in the 1860s, where [[National Parks]] were established to protect [[wilderness]] areas such as [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]]. This model has been used in many other countries since, but not in the United Kingdom. After thousands of years of human integration into the landscape, Britain lacks natural areas of wilderness. Furthermore, those areas of natural beauty so cherished by the romantic poets were often only maintained and managed in their existing state by human activity, usually [[agriculture]].


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
===Government support for national parks is established===
By the early 1930s, increasing public interest in the [[rural|countryside]], coupled with the growing and newly mobile urban population, was generating increasing friction between those seeking access to the countryside and landowners. Alongside of direct action trespasses, such as the [[mass trespass of Kinder Scout]], several voluntary bodies took up the cause of public access in the political arena.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
In 1931, [[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|Christopher Addison]] (later Lord Addison) chaired a government committee that proposed a 'National Park Authority' to choose areas for designation as national parks. A system of national reserves and nature sanctuaries was proposed:


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
:''"(i) to safeguard areas of exceptional natural interest against (a) disorderly development and (b) spoliation; (ii) to improve the means of access for pedestrians to areas of natural beauty; and (iii) to promote measures for the protection of [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]."''


==External links==
However, no further action was taken after the intervention of the [[United Kingdom general election, 1931|1931 General Election]].


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
The voluntary Standing Committee on National Parks first met on [[26 May]] [[1936]] to put the case to the government for national parks in the UK. After [[World War II]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] proposed the establishment of national parks as part of the post-war reconstruction of the UK. A report by [[John Dower]], secretary of the Standing Committee on National Parks, to the Minister of Town and Country Planning in 1945 was followed in 1947 by a Government committee, this time chaired by Sir [[Arthur Hobhouse]], which prepared legislation for national parks, and proposed 12 national parks. Sir Arthur had this to say on the criteria for designating suitable areas:
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
:''"The essential requirements of a National Park are that it should have great natural beauty, a high value for open-air recreation and substantial continuous extent. Further, the distribution of selected areas should as far as practicable be such that at least one of them is quickly accessible from each of the main centres of population in [[England and Wales]]. Lastly there is merit in variety and with the wide diversity of landscape which is available in England and Wales, it would be wrong to confine the selection of National Parks to the more rugged areas of mountain and moorland, and to exclude other districts which, though of less outstanding grandeur and wildness, have their own distinctive beauty and a high recreational value."''
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
===National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949===
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[Image:Northumberland National Park.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Hadrian's Wall]] crosses [[Northumberland National Park]].]]
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
The [[National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949]] was passed with all party support. The first 10 national parks were designated as such in the 1950s under the Act in mostly poor-quality agricultural [[upland (geology)|upland]]. The land was still owned by individual landowners, often private estates, but also property owned by public bodies such as [[the Crown]], or charities which allow and encourage access such as the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. Accessibility from the [[City status in the United Kingdom#List of cities|cities]] was also considered important.
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
Other areas were also considered: for example, parts of the coast of [[Cornwall]] were considered as a possible national park in the 1950s but were thought to be too disparate to form a single coherent national park and were eventually designated as an [[Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England and Wales|Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] (AONB) instead. The north [[Pennines]] were also considered for designation as a national park in the 1970s but the proposal was thought to be administratively too difficult because the area was administered by 5 different [[county council]]s.

===Later additions===
The [[The Broads|Broads]] are not in the strictest sense a national park, being run by a separately constituted Broads Authority set up by a special [[Act of Parliament]] in 1988 and that the conservation is subordinate to navigational concerns (see Sandford Principle below) but it is generally regarded as being "equivalent to" a national park.

The [[New Forest]] was designated as a national park on [[March 1]], [[2005]].

A further national park in the [[South Downs]] is proposed, and received support from the government in September 1999. The South Downs is the last of the 12 areas chosen in the 1947 Hobhouse Report which has yet to become a national park. As of February 2005, a [[public inquiry]] is being held to decide the boundaries of the proposed national park. The Inquiry sat for 90 days in 2004 before being formally closed on [[23 March]] [[2005]], [http://www.planning-inspectorate.gov.uk/southdowns/]. The report from the inspector is expected to be published in the first months of 2006, and designation process is expected to take another two to three years. The [[CPRE]] are also currently campaigning for the South Downs to receive national park status.

==Organisation==
Since April 1997, following the [[Environment Act 1995]], each national park has been managed by its own National Park Authority. Previously, all but the [[Peak District]] and the [[Lake District]] were governed by the local [[county council]]s. The [[Peak District]] and the [[Lake District]], the first two national parks to be designated, were under the control of Planning Boards that were independent of the local [[county council]]s.

Each Authority is required to carry out two "statutory purposes":
# to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area; and
# to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the parks' special qualities by the public.
These purposes can conflict: in such cases, under the '[[Sandford Principle]]', conservation comes first. This principle was given [[statute|statutory]] force by section 62 of the Environment Act 1995. In pursuing these purposes, National Park Authorities also have a duty to foster the social and economic well-being of their local communities.

Slightly over half the members of each National Park Authority are appointees from the Principal Local Authorities covered by the park; the remainder are appointed by the [[Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]], some to represent local [[civil parish|parish councils]], others selected to represent the "national interest". The Broads Authority also has members appointed by the [[Countryside Agency]], [[English Nature]], [[Great Yarmouth]] Port Authority and the [[Environment Agency]]. The National Park and Broad Authorities are covered by similar regulatory controls to those applied to local councils.

Funding for national parks is complex, but essentially the full cost of each Park Authority is funded from central government funds. In the past this was partly paid for by local authorities, and refunded to them from the government to varying degrees. In 2003/2004, the Park Authorities received around £35.5 million of central government funding.

The [[Countryside Agency]] and the [[Countryside Council for Wales]] are the statutory bodies responsible for designating new national parks, subject to approval by the Secretary of State. The [[Association of National Park Authorities]] exists to provide the Park Authorities with a single voice when dealing with government and its agencies. The [[Council for National Parks]] is a [[Charitable organization|charity]] that works to protect and enhance the national parks of England and Wales.

==Planning in national parks==
National Park Authorities are strategic and local planning authorities for their areas. They are responsible for maintaining the [[Local Development Framework]] — the [[spatial planning]] guide for their area. They also grant planning consent for development, within the constraints of the Framework. This gives them very considerable direct control over residential and industrial development, and the design of buildings and other structures; as well as strategic matters such as mineral extraction.

The National Park Authorities' planning powers vary only slightly from other authorities, but the policies and their interpretation are stricter than elsewhere. This is supported and encouraged by the Government who regard:
:''"National Park designation as conferring the highest status of protection as far as landscape and scenic beauty are concerned."'' The Countryside — Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development (1997)

==Conflicts in national parks==
The National Park Authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Although recreation and tourism brings many benefits to an area, it also brings a number of problems. The national funding offered to National Park Authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts.
; '''Congestion of villages and beauty spots''' : Some of the most popular "[[honeypot (geography)|honeypot]]" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded [[car park]]s, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on [[bank holiday]]s. Examples include the areas near [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in the Lake District and [[Buxton]] and [[Bakewell]] in the Peak District.
; '''Erosion''' : [[Walking]] and use of other public [[Rights of way in the United Kingdom|rights-of-way]] is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced [[bridleway]]s, and use of off-road vehicles on [[green lane]]s. Examples include [[Dovedale]] in the Peak District. [[Over-grazing]], for example, by [[sheep]] on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion.
; '''Damage and disturbance to wildlife''' : [[Wildlife]] may be disturbed by the level of use on some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. [[Moorland]] and [[chalk downland]] is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. [[Orienteering]], [[mountain biking]] and [[hang gliding]] are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds.
; '''Litter''' : [[Litter]] of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause [[pollution]] and damage to [[livestock]] and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by [[Focus (optics)|focus]]ing the rays of the [[sun]], a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as [[Exmoor]], parts of the [[Peak District]] and the [[North York Moors]].
; '''Damage to farmland''' : Trampling of grass [[meadow]]s reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or [[dry stone wall]]s rather than looking out for the [[stile]]s that mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time.
; '''Local community displacement''' : Gift shops and [[café]]s which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Prices of houses are often very high in tourist villages, and are purchased as [[second home]]s or [[holiday home]]s by [[holiday cottage]] firms or rich incomers who have their main homes elsewhere, leaving local families struggling to afford the inflated price of accommodation. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the [[Peak District]], the [[Lake District]], the [[Yorkshire Dales]], and the [[New Forest]].
; '''Conflict between recreational users''' : Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high-speed [[boat]]s causes [[noise pollution]], and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, [[yacht]]ing, [[canoe]]ing, and [[swimming]]. A controversial [[bylaw]] imposing a 10 [[miles per hour]] [[speed limit]] came into force on [[Windermere (lake)|Windermere]] on [[29 March]] [[2005]]. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibits [[motorboat|speedboats]] and [[water skiing]] in the Lake District (of the 16 larger lakes in the [[Lake District]], only Windermere, [[Coniston Water]], [[Derwent Water]] and [[Ullswater]] have a public right of [[navigation]]; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s).

== List of national parks==
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Key'''||'''National Park'''||'''Est.'''||'''[[km²]]'''
|-
|1||[[Peak District]]||1951||align=right|1,438
|-
|2||[[Lake District]]||1951||align=right|2,292
|-
|3||[[Snowdonia National Park|Snowdonia]]<br>(Welsh: ''Eryri'')||1951||align=right|2,142
|-
|4||[[Dartmoor]]||1951||align=right|956
|-
|5||[[Pembrokeshire Coast National Park|Pembrokeshire Coast]]<br> (Welsh: ''Arfordir Penfro'') ||1952||align=right|620
|-
|6||[[North York Moors]]||1952||align=right|1,436
|-
|7||[[Yorkshire Dales]]||1954||align=right|1,769
|-
|8||[[Exmoor]]||1954||align=right|693
|-
|9||[[Northumberland National Park|Northumberland]]||1956||align=right|1,049
|-
|10||[[Brecon Beacons]]<br>(Welsh: ''Bannau Brycheiniog'')||1957||align=right|1,351
|-
|11||[[The Broads]]||1988||align=right|303
|-
|12||[[New Forest]]||2005||align=right|580
|-
|[13]||[[South Downs National Park|South Downs]]||[2006 / 2007?]†||align=right|1,641
|-
|&nbsp;||Established total||&nbsp;||align=right|14,629
|-
|&nbsp;||Proposed total||&nbsp;||align=right|16,270
|}
| width=310px | [[Image:National Parks in England and Wales.png|300px|thumb|Twelve areas are designated as national parks in [[England and Wales]], and a thirteenth is in the process of being designated.]]
|-
| colspan=2 | † &mdash; The [[public inquiry]] to decide the boundaries of the proposed national park formally closed on [[23 March]] [[2005]]. Formal designation as a national park may occur in 2006 or 2007.
|}
At the beginning of 2005, some 9.3% of the area of England and Wales lay within national parks; the addition of South Downs and the New Forest would raise this to 10.7%. The three national parks in Wales cover around 20% of the land area of Wales.

==See also==
*[[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]]
*[[Conservation in the United Kingdom]]
*[[National parks of Northern Ireland]]
*[[National parks of Scotland]]
*[[National parks of the United Kingdom]]

{{National parks in the UK}}

==References==
* [http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/ National Parks Portal]
* [http://www.anpa.gov.uk/ Association of National Park Authorities]
* [http://www.cnp.org.uk/ Council for National Parks]
* [http://www.countryside.gov.uk/ The Countryside Agency]
* [http://www.ccw.gov.uk/ The Countryside Council for Wales]
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/issues/landscap/natparks/index.htm Landscape Protection - National Parks] from the [[Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]]
*[http://www.nationalparksreforms.co.uk/ National Parks Reforms Group] - a group campaigning for reform of Welsh National Parks.

[[Category:National parks of England and Wales| ]]
[[Category:Lists of national parks|England and Wales]]
[[Category:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom]]

[[fr:Les parcs nationaux d'Angleterre et du Pays de Galles]]
[[ja:イングランドおよびウェールズの国立公園]]
[[no:Nasjonalparker i England og Wales]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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