Kabyle people and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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{{Ethnic group| |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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|group=Kabyles |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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(Leqvayel) |
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|image= [[Image:Kabyle people.png|300px]] |
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|poptime=6 million (est.) |
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|popplace=[[Algeria]] – <br /> |
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[[Kabylia]] : 4 million<br /> |
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[[Algiers]]: 1 million (est.)<br /> |
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[[France]]: 1 million (est.)<br /> |
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|langs=[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] |
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|rels=[[Islam]], [[roman catholic]], with [[protestant]] minorities |
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|related=other [[Berber people|Berber]] peoples, [[Iberian people|Iberians]],[[greek people|greeks]] |
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}} |
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The '''Kabyles''' (''Leqvayel'' or ''Leqbayel'' in [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]) are a [[Berber people|Berber]] people whose traditional [[homeland]] is highlands of [[Kabylie]] (or Kabylia) in northeastern [[Algeria]]. |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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Their name derives from the name of the mountainous region in the north of [[Algeria]] which they traditionally inhabit. Their name means "tribes" (from the Arabic "qaba'il" which is the plural of "qabîlah" قبيلة tribe). They speak the [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] variety of [[Berber languages|Berber]]. Since the [[Berber Spring]] in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of the [[Berber languages|Berber language]] in Algeria (see [[Languages of Algeria]]) "Al Qabayel" ("tribes"), but its inhabitants call it "Tamurt Idurar" (Land of Mountains) or "Tamurt Leqvayel" (Land of Kabyles). It is part of the [[Atlas Mountains]] and is located at the edge of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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==Language== |
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The principal language used by this people is [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]], used both at home and professionally. Speakers take pride in the Kabyle language and have resisted using Arabic. [[French language|French]] is often also used in both trade and correspondence. [[Algerian Arabic]] is the next most-used second language. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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==Genetics== |
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*The [[Y chromosome]] is passed exclusively through the paternal line. The composition of Y Chromozome is: 48% E3b2, 12% E3b* (xE3b2), 17% R1*(xR1a) and 23% F*(xH, I,J2,K) ([http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v75n2/41184/41184.text.html (Arredi et al., 2004)] [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v75n2/41184/41184.fg1.html]), according to the method used by [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n4/002582/002582.html Bosch et al. 2001]. We may summarize the historical origins of the Kabyle Y-chromosome pool as follows: 60% Northwest African Upper Paleolithic (H36/E3b* and H38/E3b2), 23% Neolithic (F*(xH, I,J2,K)) and 17% historic European gene flow (R1*(xR1a)). The NW African Upper Paleolithic component is identified as "an Upper Paleolithic colonization that probably had its origin in Eastern Africa." |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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*The [[mtDNA]], by contrast, is inherited only from the mother and is: 30.65% H, 29.03% U* (with 17.74% U6), 3.23% preHV, 4.84% preV, 4.84% V, 3.23% T*, 4.84% J*, 3.23% L1, 4.84% L3e, 3.23% X, 3.23% M1, 1.61% N and R 3.23%. The mtDNA makeup of Kabyles is: 66.12% general Western Eurasian (H, J, U, T, K, X, V and I), 22.58% specific Northwest African (U6, L3E), 8.07% Asian (M1, N, R) and 3.23% sub-Saharan gene flow (L1-L3a). |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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==Religion== |
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*The region is overwhelmingly [[Sunni Muslim]] of [[Maliki]] ''[[madh'hab]]'', but there is also a very small [[Roman Catholic]] community, outnumbered by non-confessional people. Despite this, the main [[Berberist]] [[political party|political parties]] (the [[Front of Socialist Forces]] and the [[Rally for Culture and Democracy]]) are both [[secularism|secular]]. These two parties together garner nearly 80% of the vote in the region. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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==Economy== |
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The traditional economy of the area is based on [[arboriculture]] ([[orchard]]s, [[olive tree]]s) and on the craft industry ([[tapestry]] or [[pottery]]). The mountain and hill farming is gradually giving way to local industry (textile and agro-alimentary). |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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==Politics== |
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* Two political parties dominate in Kabylie and have their principal support base there: the [[Socialist Forces Front|FFS]], led by [[Hocine Aït Ahmed]], and the [[Rally for Culture and Democracy|RCD]], led by [[Saïd Sadi]]. Both parties are [[secularist]], [[Berberist]] and "[[Algerianist]]". |
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*The Arouch emerged during the [[Black Spring]] of 2001 as a revival of a traditional Kabyle form of democratic organization, the village assembly. The Arouch share roughly the same political views as the FFS and the RCD. |
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* The MAK (Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie) also emerged during the [[Black Spring]], and is a political association that militates for the autonomy of Kabylie. |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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==History== |
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===Middle Ages=== |
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The [[Fatimid]] dynasty of the 10th century originated in Petite Kabylie, where an [[Ismaili]] [[da'i]] found a receptive audience for his millennialist preaching, and ultimately led the [[Kutama]] tribe to conquer first [[Ifriqiya]] and then [[Egypt]]. After taking over Egypt, the Fatimids themselves lost interest in the [[Maghreb]], which they left to their Berber deputies, the [[Zirid]]s. The Zirid family soon split, with the [[Hammadid]] branch taking over Kabylie as well as much of Algeria, and the Zirids taking modern Tunisia. They had a lasting effect on not only Kabylie's but Algeria's development, refounding towns such as [[Bejaia]] (their capital after the abandonment of [[Qalaat Beni Hammad]]) and [[Algiers]] itself. |
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After the Hammadids' collapse, the coast of Kabylie changed hands regularly, while much of the interior was often effectively unruled. Under the [[Ottoman Turk]]s, most of Kabylie was inaccessible to the deys, who had to content themselves with occasional incursions and military settlements in some valleys. In the early part of the Ottoman period, the Belkadi family ruled much of Grande Kabylie from their capital of [[Koukou]], now a small village near Tizi-Ouzou; however, their power declined in the 17th century. |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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===Modern age=== |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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====The French colonization==== |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[Image:Kabyle_women.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kabyle women, 1886.]] |
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The area was gradually taken over by the French from 1857, despite vigorous local resistance by the local population led by leaders such as [[Fatma n Soumer|Lalla Fatma n Soumer]], continuing as late as [[Cheikh Mokrani]]'s rebellion in 1871. Much land was confiscated in this period from the more recalcitrant tribes and given to French [[pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]. Many arrests and [[deportation]]s were carried out by the French, mainly to [[New Caledonia]] (see : “[[Kabyles du Pacifique]]”). Colonization also resulted in an acceleration of the emigration into other areas of the country and outside of it. |
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Algerian immigrant workers in France organized the first party promoting independence in the 1920's. [[Messali Hadj]], [[Imache Amar]], [[Si Djilani]], and [[Belkacem Radjef]] rapidly built a strong following throughout France and Algeria in the 1930's and actively developed militants that became vital to the future of both a fighting and an independent Algeria. During the [[Algerian war of independence|war of independence]] (1954-1962), Kabylia was one of the areas that was most affected, because of the importance of the [[maquis]], aided by the mountainous terrain, and French repression. The armed Algerian revolutionary resistance to French colonialism, the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front (FLN)]] recruited several of its historical leaders there, including [[Hocine Aït Ahmed]], [[Abane Ramdane]], and [[Krim Belkacem]]. |
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====After the independence of Algeria==== |
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Tensions have arisen between Kabylia and the central government on several occasions, initially in 1963, when the [[FFS]] party of [[Hocine Aït Ahmed]] contested the authority of the single party (FLN). In 1980, several months of demonstrations demanding the officialization of the Berber language took place in Kabylie, called the [[Berber Spring]]. The politics of identity intensified as the Arabization movement in Algeria gained steam in the 1990s. In 1994–1995, a school boycott occurred, termed the "strike of the school bag". In June and July of 1998, the area blazed up again after the assassination of singer [[Matoub Lounes]] and at the time that a law generalizing the use of the [[Arabic language]] in all fields went into effect. In the months following April, 2001 (called the [[Black Spring (Kabylie)|Black Spring]]), major riots — together with the emergence of the ''[[Arouch]]'', neo-traditional local councils — followed the killing of a young Kabyle [[Masinissa Guermah]] by gendarmes, and gradually died down only after forcing some concessions from the President, [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. |
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==See also== |
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{{CommonsCat|Kabylie}} |
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*[[Famous Kabyles]] |
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*[[Kabyle language]] |
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*[[Berber people]] |
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*[http://www.kabylia.info/index.php/Main_Page Project ''Kabylepedia''] |
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*[http://imazighen.vze.com/kabyles/algeria.htm Pictures of Kabyles] |
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*[http://www.kabyles.com/ Kabyles.com] (French) |
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*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kab Ethnologue.com: Kabyle language] |
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*[http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie-4Berberes_ling.htm Algerian linguistic policy (in French)] |
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*[http://www.imyura.com imyura.com] (kabyle)literature |
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*[http://www.makabylie.info/''MAK''] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[de: |
[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[eo:Kabiloj]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Kabyles]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[mk:Кабили]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[ru:Кабилы]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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[[sv:Kabyler]] |
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[[kab:Leqbayel]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations