Zombie (folklore) and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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{{dablink|This article is about the undead. For other meanings, see [[Zombie (disambiguation)]].}} |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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A '''zombie''' is an animated human body devoid of a [[soul]]. In contemporary versions these are generally reanimated or [[undead]] corpses, which were traditionally called "[[ghoul]]s." Stories of zombies originated in the [[Afro-Caribbean]] spiritual belief system of [[Vodoun]] (Voodoo). |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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Other more [[macabre]] versions of zombies have become a staple of modern [[horror fiction]], where they are brought back from the dead by supernatural or scientific means, and eat the flesh of the living. They have very limited intelligence, and may not be under anyone's direct control. This type of zombie, often referred to as a [[Romero zombies|Romero zombie]] for the filmmaker that defined the concept, is [[Zombies in popular culture#Evolution of the zombie archetype|archetypal in modern media and culture]]. |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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==Zombies in voodoo== |
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[[Image:Zombie_haiti_ill_artlibre_jnl.png|thumb|200px|A Haitian zombie at twilight in a field of sugar cane]]According to the tenets of [[Vodoun]], a dead person can be revived by a [[bokor]] or Voodoo sorcerer. Zombies remain under the control of the bokor since they have no will of their own. "Zombi" is also another name of the voodoo snake god [[Damballah|Damballah Wedo]], of [[Niger-Congo]] origin; it is akin to the [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word ''nzambi'', which means "god." There also exists within the voudon tradition the zombi astral which is a human soul that is captured by a bokor and used to enhance the bokor's power. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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In 1937, while researching [[folklore]] in [[Haiti]], [[Zora Neale Hurston]] encountered the case of Felicia Felix-Mentor, who had died and been buried in 1907 at the age of 29. Villagers believed they saw Felicia wandering the streets in a daze thirty years after her death, as well as claiming the same with several other people. Hurston pursued rumors that the affected persons were given powerful [[Psychoactive drug|drugs]], but she was unable to locate individuals willing to offer much information. She wrote: |
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:"What is more, if science ever gets to the bottom of Vodou in Haiti and Africa, it will be found that some important [[medicine|medical]] secrets, still unknown to medical science, give it its power, rather than gestures of ceremony." <ref>Gallaher, Tim (1997). [http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~gallaher/hurston/hurston.html Zora Neale Hurston, American Author]</ref> |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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Several decades later, [[Wade Davis]], a Canadian [[ethnobotanist]], presented a pharmacological case for zombies in two books, ''[[The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'' ([[1985]]) and ''Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie'' ([[1988]]). Davis traveled to Haiti in 1982 and, as a result of his investigations, claimed that a living person can be turned into a zombie by two special powders being entered into the blood stream (usually via a wound). The first, ''coup de poudre'' (French: 'powder strike'), induced a 'death-like' state because of [[tetrodotoxin]] (TTX), its key ingredient. Tetrodotoxin is the same lethal toxin found in the Japanese delicacy [[fugu]], or [[pufferfish]]. At near-lethal doses ([[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]]= 5-8µg/kg)<ref>See [[tetrodotoxin]]</ref>, it can leave a person in a state of near-death for several days, while the person continues to be conscious. The second powder, composed of [[psychedelics|dissociative]]s like [[datura]], put the person in a zombie-like state where they seem to have no will of their own. Davis also popularized the story of [[Clairvius Narcisse]], who was claimed to have succumbed to this practice. There remains considerable [[skepticism]] about Davis's claims,<ref>http://news.softpedia.com/news/to-Turn-Zombie-44339.shtml</ref> and opinions remain divided as to the veracity of his work,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} although there is wide recognition among the Haitian people of the existence of the "zombi drug". The vodoun religion being somewhat secretive in its practices and codes, it can be very difficult for a foreign scientist to validate or invalidate such claims. |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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Others have discussed the contribution of the victim's own belief system, possibly leading to compliance with the attacker's will, causing [[psychogenic]] ("quasi-hysterical") [[amnesia]], [[catatonia]], or other [[mental illness|psychological disorders]], which are later misinterpreted as a return from the dead. Scottish psychiatrist [[R. D. Laing]] further highlighted the link between social and cultural expectations and compulsion, in the context of [[schizophrenia]] and other mental illness, suggesting that schizogenesis may account for some of the psychological aspects of zombification. |
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{{see also|History of Haiti}} |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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==Zombies in folklore== |
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In the [[Middle Ages]], it was commonly believed that the souls of the dead could return to earth and haunt the living. The belief in [[Medieval revenants|revenants]] (someone who has returned from the dead) are well documented by contemporary European writers of the time. According to the ''Encyclopedia of Things that Never Were''<ref>[[Michael Page]] and [[Robert Ingpen]] : ''Encyclopedia of Things That Never Were: Creatures, Places, and People'', 1987. ISBN 0-14-010008-3 |
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</ref>, particularly in France during the Middle Ages, the revenant rises from the dead usually to avenge some crime committed against the entity, most likely a murder. The revenant usually took on the form of an emaciated corpse or skeletal human figure, and wandered around graveyards at night. The "[[draugr]]" of medieval [[Norse mythology]] were also believed to be the corpses of warriors returned from the dead to attack the living. The zombie appears in several other cultures worldwide, including [[China]], [[Japan]], the [[Oceania|Pacific]], [[India]], and the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. Also Tony Bartys is a faggot and like men mainly zombie men penis in his ass |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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The [[Epic of Gilgamesh]] of ancient [[Sumer]] includes a mention of zombies. [[Ishtar]], in the fury of vengeance says: |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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:Father give me the Bull of Heaven, |
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:So he can kill [[Gilgamesh]] in his dwelling. |
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:If you do not give me the [[Bull of Heaven]], |
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:I will knock down the Gates of the Netherworld, |
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:I will smash the doorposts, and leave the doors flat down, |
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:and will let the dead go up to eat the living! |
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:And the dead will outnumber the living! |
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''translated by Maureen Gallery Kovacs'' |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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==Zombies in philosophy== |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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{{main|Philosophical zombie}} |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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In [[philosophy of mind]], zombies are hypothetical persons who lack full [[consciousness]] but behave otherwise just like other people. They are referred to as [[philosophical zombie]]s or "p-zombies". |
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==Zombies in popular culture== |
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<!-- ATTENTION EDITORS: Pop culture references belong in their own article at [[Zombies in popular culture]] or and the associated list articles, rather than here. --> |
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{{main|Zombies in popular culture |List of zombie films| List of video games featuring zombies}} |
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Zombies are very popular in horror- and fantasy-themed entertainment. They are typically depicted as mindless, shambling, decaying corpses with a hunger for human flesh. Fictional zombies have a long history in Western culture, dating back to the 1600s, with many evolutions of the concept from literature to films and beyond. Zombies have appeared in countless films and media. |
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==Zombies in social activism== |
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[[Image:Zombie mob participant.jpg|thumb|right|A participant in a [[Zombie Walk]] event in [[Calgary]], [[Canada]]]] |
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Some zombie fans continue the [[George Romero]] tradition of using zombies as a social commentary. Organized zombie themed [[flash mobs]] or [[Zombie Walk]]s, which are primarily promoted through word of mouth, are regularly staged all over the world.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Usually they are arranged as a sort of surrealist performance art but they are occasionally put on as part of a unique political protest such as on [[Buy Nothing Day]], [[November 25]], [[2006]], in [[Montreal]], a crowd of Zombies invaded the downtown core to take part in a "Shopping Spree of the Dead"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quebec.indymedia.org/es/node/25785?PHPSESSID=1292ed637fd8231f343327d70f4ec3bd |title=Shopping Spree of the Dead! |accessdate=2007-02-26 |date= |year= |month= |publisher= }}</ref> and ridicule the compulsive aspect of [[Christmas]] shopping. |
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The world's largest zombie walk was held on October 29, 2006 in [[Monroeville Mall]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, the setting of Romero's original ''[[Dawn of the Dead]]'' film. The walk consisted of 894 attendees who all were instructed to bring canned food for a local food drive. The walk was entered into the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for the largest zombie walk ever held. |
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Other organizations such as [[Zombie Squad]] use the genre as a way to promote disaster preparedness and to encourage horror fans to become involved in their community, through volunteering or hosting zombie themed charity fund raisers. |
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==References== |
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{{FootnotesSmall}} |
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* [[Howstuffworks]]: [http://people.howstuffworks.com/zombie.htm How Zombies Work] - discusses voodoo origins of zombies. |
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* [http://www.zombiechannel.com/ The Zombie Channel] - A site dedicated to news about Zombies |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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[[Category:Zombies|*]] |
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[[Category:Horror]] |
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[[Category:Pop culture words of Bantu origin]] |
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[[Category:Mind control]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[bg:Зомби]] |
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[[es:Zombi]] |
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[[eo:Zombio]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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[[is:Uppvakningur]] |
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[[it:Zombi]] |
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[[he:זומבי]] |
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[[la:Cadaver animatum]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations