Love and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Love notes and other vandalism will be quickly removed. Thanks!


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
-->{{otheruses}}
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
{{Love table}}
* Girl with Shell
{{emotion}}
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionarypar|love}}
'''Love''' is a constellation of [[emotion]]s and [[experience]]s related to a sense of strong [[affection]] or profound [[oneness (concept)|oneness]].<ref name="oxford"/> The meaning of ''love'' varies relative to context. [[Romantic love]] is seen as an [[ineffability|ineffable]] [[feeling]] of intense attraction shared in [[passion]]ate or intimate [[interpersonal attraction|attraction]] and [[intimacy|intimate]] [[interpersonal relationship|interpersonal]] and [[human sexuality|sexual]] relationships.<ref name="dic">http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/love</ref> Love can also be construed as [[Platonic love]],<ref name="PlatonicSchool">{{cite book |last=Kristeller |first=Paul Oskar |title=Renaissance Thought and the Arts: collected essays |publisher=Princeton University |year=1980 |id=ISBN 0691020108}}</ref> [[love (religious views)|religious love]],<ref name="Gita">{{cite book |last= Mascaró |first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |id= ISBN 0140449183}}(J. Mascaró translator)</ref> [[familial love]], and, more casually, great affection for anything considered strongly pleasurable, desirable, or preferred, to include activities and foods.<ref name="IdiomNote">Casual application of the word ''love'' also includes [[idiom]]atic expressions and uses with differing connotations. For example, as a sardonic expression of disapproval: "I just love how politicians always make empty promises."</ref><ref name="dic"/> This diverse range of meanings in the singular word ''love'' is often contrasted with the plurality of [[Greek words for love|Greek words for ''love'']], reflecting the concept's depth, versatility, and complexity.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
==Definitions==


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
The definition of ''love'' is the subject of considerable debate, enduring speculation and thoughtful introspection. The difficulty of finding a universal definition for love is typically tackled by classifying it into types, such as passionate love, romantic love, and committed love. These types of love can often be generalized into a level of sexual attraction. In common use, ''love'' has two primary meanings, the first being an indication of adoration for another person or thing, and the second being a state of relational status. Love is an act of identifying with a person or thing, capable of even including oneself (cf. [[narcissism]]). Dictionaries tend to define ''love'' as deep affection or fondness.<ref name="oxford">''Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary'' (1998) + ''Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary'' (2000).</ref> In colloquial use, according to polled opinion, the most favored definitions of ''love'' involve [[altruism]], selflessness, friendship, union, family, and bonding or connecting with another.<ref>[http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/RP2-Love.html '04 Poll of 250 Chicagoans] – Institute of Human Thermodynamics (Chicago)</ref>


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
Thomas Jay Oord has defined love in various scholarly publications as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Oord means for his definition to be sufficient for research in ethics, religion, and science.


==External links==
The different aspects of ''love'' can be roughly illustrated by comparing their corollaries and opposites. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of ''like''), love is commonly contrasted with [[hate]] (or neutral [[apathy]]); as a less sexual and more mutual and "pure" form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with [[lust]]; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with [[friendship]], although other connotations of ''love'' may be applied to close friendships as well.


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
The very existence of love is sometimes subject to debate. Some categorically reject the notion as false or meaningless.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Others call it a recently-invented [[abstraction]], sometimes dating the "invention" to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Others maintain that love really exists, and is not an abstraction, but is undefinable, being essentially [[spirituality|spiritual]] or [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] in nature.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Some psychologists maintain that love is the action of lending one's "boundary" or "[[self-esteem]]" to another.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Others attempt to define love by applying the definition to everyday life.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
Cultural differences make any universal definition of love difficult to establish. Expressions of love may include the love for a [[soul]] or [[mind]], the love of laws and organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money, love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others, etc. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds of love they receive. Love is essentially an abstract concept,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} easier to experience than to explain. Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a [[thought-terminating cliché]], and there are a number of common [[proverb]]s regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to [[The Beatles]]' "[[All You Need Is Love|All you need is love]]".
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
==Scientific views==
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
{{main|Love (scientific views)}}
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
Throughout history, [[philosophy]] and [[religion]] have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of [[psychology]] has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of [[evolutionary psychology]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[anthropology]], [[neuroscience]], and [[biology]] have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]

===Biology of love===
{{further|[[Interpersonal chemistry]]}}

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a [[mammal]]ian drive,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} much like [[hunger]] or [[thirst]]. [[Helen Fisher (anthropologist)|Helen Fisher]], a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly-overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others, romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating, and attachment involves tolerating the spouse long enough to rear a child into infancy.

[[Lust]] is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes [[mating]], and involves the increased release of chemicals such as [[testosterone]] and [[estrogen]]. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. [[Interpersonal attraction|Attraction]] is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in [[neuroscience]] have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[serotonin]], which act similar to [[amphetamine]]s, stimulating the brain's [[pleasure center]] and leading to side-effects such as an increased [[heart rate]], loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.<ref name="human">Winston, Robert (2004). ''Human''. [[Smithsonian Institution]].</ref>

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. [[Attachment theory|Attachment]] is the [[human bonding|bonding]] which promotes relationships that last for many years, and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as [[marriage]] and [[children]], or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals [[oxytocin]] and [[vasopressin]] than short-term relationships have.<ref name="human"/>

In 2005, Italian scientists at [[Pavia University]] found that a protein molecule known as the [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these levels return to as they were after one year. Specifically, four [[neurotrophin]] levels, i.e. [[NGF]], [[BDNF]], [[NT-3]], and [[NT-4]], of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love were compared with levels in a control group who were either single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showed that NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as compared to either of the control groups.<ref>Emanuele, E. Polliti, P, Bianchi, M. Minoretti, P. Bertona, M., & Geroldi, D. (2005). “Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love.” [http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm Abstract]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Nov. 09.</ref>

===Psychology of love===
{{further|[[Human bonding]]}}
[[Image:Kiss.jpg|thumb|right|In modern [[Western culture]], [[kiss]]ing is a common expression of [[affection]] in romantic relationships.]]

Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. [[Psychologist]] [[Robert Sternberg]] formulated a [[triangular theory of love]] and argued that love has three different components: Intimacy, Commitment, and Passion. ''Intimacy'' is a form by which two people can share secrets and various details of their personal lives. Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is going to last forever. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. This led researchers such as Yela{{Fact|date=February 2007}} to further refine the model by separating Passion into two independents components: Erotic Passion and Romantic Passion.

Following developments in electrical theories, such as [[Coulomb's law]], which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating, such as in [[evolutionary psychology]], agree that pairs unite or attract to each other owing to a combination of opposites attract, e.g. people with dissimilar immune systems tend to attract, and likes attract, such as similarities of personality, character, views, etc.<ref>{{cite book | last = Berscheid | first = Ellen | coauthors = Walster, Elaine, H.| title = Interpersonal Attraction | publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. | year = 1969 | id = CCCN 69-17443 }}</ref> In recent years, various [[human bonding]] theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and or affinities.

Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of [[Scott Peck]], whose works in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the"'concern for the spiritual growth of another", and simple narcissism.<ref name="peck">{{cite book | title=The Road Less Traveled | id=ISBN 0-671-25067-1 | last=Peck | first=Scott | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1978 | page=169}}</ref> In combination, love is an ''activity'', not simply a feeling.

==Philosophical views==
People, throughout history, have often considered phenomena such as "[[love at first sight]]" or "instant friendships" to be the result of an uncontrollable [[force]] of attraction or affinity.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fisher | first = Helen | title = Why We Love – the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love | publisher = Henry Holt and Company | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-8050-6913-5}}</ref> One of the first to theorize in this direction was the Greek philosopher [[Empedocles]], who in the 4th century BC argued for the existence of two forces, love (''philia'') and strife (''neikos''), which were used to account for the causes of motion in the universe. These two forces were said to intermingle with the [[classical element]]s, i.e., earth, water, air, and fire, in such a manner that love served as the binding power linking the various parts of existence harmoniously together.

Later, [[Plato]] interpreted Empedocles' two agents as ''attraction'' and ''repulsion'', stating that their operation is conceived in an alternate sequence.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jammer | first = Max | title = Concepts of Force | publisher = Dover Publications, Inc. | year = 1956 | id = ISBN 0-486-40689-X}}</ref> From these arguments, Plato originated the concept of "likes attract", e.g., earth is attracted to earth, water to water, and fire to fire. In modern terms this is often phrased in terms of "birds of a feather flock together".

[[Bertrand Russell]] describes love as a condition of "absolute value", as opposed to [[relative value]]. [[Thomas Jay Oord]] defines love as acting intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being. Oord means for his definition to be adequate for religion, philosophy, and the sciences. [[Robert A. Heinlein]], one of the most prolific science fiction writers of the 20th century, defined love in his novel ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'' as the point of emotional connection which leads to the happiness of another being essential to one's own well being. This definition ignores the ideas of religion and science and instead focuses on the meaning of love as it relates to the individual.

Also, an ancient proverb states that love is a high form of tolerance. This view is one that many philosophers and scholars have researched, and is widely accepted.

==Religious views==
{{tone}}
{{worldwide}}
{{POV-section}}
{{main|Love (religious views)}}
<!--This paragraph seems only tangentially relevant to love. It should be heavily trimmed, or removed altogether.-->
Love in early religions was a mixture of ecstatic devotion and ritualized obligation to idealized natural forces (pagan polytheism).{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Later religions shifted emphasis towards single abstractly-oriented objects like God, law, church and state (formalized monotheism). A third view, pantheism, recognizes a state or truth distinct from (and often antagonistic to) the idea that there is a difference between the worshiping subject and the worshiped object. Love is reality, of which we, moving through time, imperfectly interpret ourselves as an isolated part.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The [[Bible]] speaks of love as a set of attitudes and actions that are far broader than the concept of love as an emotional attachment. Love is seen as a set of behaviors that humankind is encouraged to act out. One is encouraged not just to love one's partner, or even one's friends but also to love one's enemies. The Bible describes this type of active love in 1 Corinthians 13:4-8:

{{cquote|Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails.}}

Romantic love is also present in the Bible, particularly the Song of Songs. Traditionally, this book has been interpreted allegorically as a picture of God's love for Israel and the Church. When taken naturally, we see a picture of ideal human marriage:<ref>[[Bible]], 8:6-7, [[NIV]].</ref>

{{cquote|Place me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm; for love is as strong as death, its jealously unyielding as the grave. It burns like a blazing fire, like a mighty flame. Many waters cannot quench love; rivers cannot wash it away. If one were to give all the wealth of his house for love, it would be utterly scorned.}}

The passage ''dodi li v'ani lo'', i.e. "my beloved is mine and I am my beloved", from Song of Songs 2:16, is an example of a biblical quote commonly engraved on wedding bands.

The Bible states love is a characteristic of God. [[I John]] 4:8 states "God is Love". In essence, God is the epitomy of love - in action and relation. It is God that first loved mankind and desired a relationship. (John 3:16-17) Love is the underlying drive in most people.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The search for love seems endless within the human race, throughout the ages.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Bible defines God as being the completeness of love. Love, as being defined by Him, is demonstrated in his character and personality. Another way of defining this type of love is "godly love", a love shown through the example of Christ's sacrifice on the cross. However, this "sacrificial" love can also be expressed by humans, although imperfectly. For example, the love of a mother for her child. Many mothers would sacrifice anything for their children. It is this type of love that the Bible teaches us to follow and to share with one another. Love, in the end, is truly a sacrifice, ultimately expressed in the [[crucifixion]] of [[Jesus]] as described in the [[New Testament]].

[[Mary Baker Eddy]], the founder of [[Christian Science]], defines Love as one of 7 synonyms for God. This indicates that Deity is more than a being that has benevolent concerns for mankind, but rather that God is Love itself. Love is also synonymous with Principle, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Life, and Truth and indicate the depth and wholeness of Love.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In [[Aramaic]], the language that [[Jesus]] spoke, there are six words for Unconditional Love (Kenoota, Khooba, Makikh, Abilii, Rukha and Dadcean Libhoun) which are untranslatable and are all translated as the one word “Love” in the English Bible. They are explained [http://www.ts.co.nz/~gpettitt/GoodwillPatterns.html here]

The [[Bhagavad Gita]], a Hindu scripture, helps devotees to see that love conquers all. It says, "Sattva—pure, luminous, and free from sorrow—binds us to happiness and wisdom" (Number 6). [[Sattva]], translated as purity, helps one to see that love evolves from selflessness.

==Cultural views==
{{main|Love (cultural views)}}
[[Image:Love-zh.svg|180px|thumb|The traditional [[Chinese character]] for love (愛) consists of a [[heart]] (心, in the middle) inside of "accept", "feel", or "perceive", which shows a graceful emotion.]]

Although there exist numerous cross-cultural unified similarities as to the nature and definition of love, as in there being a thread of commitment, tenderness, and passion common to all human existence, there are differences.
{{stubsection}}

==See also==
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Affectional orientation]]
* [[Altruism]]
* [[Attachment theory]]
* [[Beauty]]
* [[Charisma]]
* [[Courtship]]
* [[Emotion]]
* [[Eroticism]]
* [[Erotomania]]
* [[Erotophobia]]
* [[Falling in love]]
* [[Flirting]]
* [[Greek words for love]]
* [[Human bonding]]
{{col-break}}
* [[I love you]]
* [[Interpersonal relationship]]
* [[Intimate relationship]]
* [[Limerence]]
* [[Love at first sight]]
* [[Love-hate relationship]]
* [[Love letter]]
* [[Love-shyness]]
* [[Love sickness]]
* [[Lust]]
* [[Marriage]]
* [[Mettā]]
* [[Obsessive love]]
* [[Thomas Jay Oord]]
* [[Personal commitment]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Persuasion]]
* [[Philia]]
* [[-phil-]]
* [[Physical attractiveness]]
* [[Platonic love]]
* [[Polyamory]]
* [[Romance novel]]
* [[Romanticism]]
* [[Romantic love]]
* [[Seduction]]
* [[Seduction community]]
* [[Sex]]
* [[Triangular theory of love]]
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==References==
<div class="references-small">
* Roger Allen, Hillar Kilpatrick, and Ed de Moor, eds. ''Love and Sexuality in Modern Arabic Literature''. London: Saqi Books, 1995.
* Shadi Bartsch and Thomas Bartscherer, eds. ''Erotikon: Essays on Eros, Ancient and Modern''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
* [[Mary Baker Eddy]], "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. 2006
* Helen Fisher. ''Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love''
* Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): ''Lust and Love: Is it more than Chemistry?'' Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 0-85404-867-7, (2006).
* Johnson, P (2005) 'Love, Heterosexuality and Society'. Routledge: London.
* Thomas Jay Oord, Science of Love: The Wisdom of Well-Being. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2004.
*R. J. Sternberg. ''A triangular theory of love''. 1986. Psychological Review, 93, 119&ndash;135
* R. J. Sternberg. ''Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories''. 1987. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 331&ndash;345
*{{cite book|author=Sternberg, Robert |title=Cupid's Arrow - the Course of Love through Time|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|id=ISBN 0-521-47893-6}}
* Dorothy Tennov. ''Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love''. New York: Stein and Day, 1979. ISBN 0-8128-6134-5
* Dorothy Tennov. ''A Scientist Looks at Romantic Love and Calls It "Limerence": The Collected Works of Dorothy Tennov''. Greenwich, CT: The Great American Publishing Society (GRAMPS), [http://www.gramps.org/limerence]
* Wood, Wood and Boyd. ''The World of Psychology''. 5th edition. 2005. Pearson Education, 402&ndash;403
* Jones, Del. "One of USA's Exports: Love, American Style" ''USA Today'': February, 14, 2006.
</div>

{{Emotion-footer}}

[[Category:Virtues]]
[[Category:Love]]

[[ar:غرام (حب)]]
[[bs:Ljubav]]
[[bg:Любов]]
[[ca:Amor]]
[[cdo:Ái]]
[[cs:Láska]]
[[da:Kærlighed]]
[[de:Liebe]]
[[et:Armastus]]
[[el:Αγάπη]]
[[es:Amor]]
[[eo:Amo]]
[[fa:عشق]]
[[fr:Amour]]
[[gd:Gràdh]]
[[gl:Amor]]
[[ko:사랑]]
[[hr:Ljubav]]
[[id:Cinta]]
[[iu:ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒍᓱᑉᐳᖅ/takutsugusuppuq]]
[[ia:Amor]]
[[it:Amore]]
[[he:אהבה]]
[[la:Amor]]
[[lt:Meilė]]
[[li:Leefde]]
[[hu:Szerelem]]
[[mk:Љубов]]
[[nl:Liefde]]
[[ja:愛]]
[[no:Kjærlighet]]
[[ug:ياخشى كۆرمەك]]
[[pl:Miłość]]
[[pt:Amor]]
[[qu:Khuyay]]
[[ru:Любовь]]
[[scn:Amuri]]
[[sq:Dashuria]]
[[simple:Love]]
[[sk:Láska]]
[[sl:Ljubezen]]
[[sr:Љубав]]
[[sh:Ljubav]]
[[fi:Rakkaus]]
[[sv:Kärlek]]
[[tl:Pag-ibig]]
[[th:ความรัก]]
[[vi:Tình yêu]]
[[tr:Aşk]]
[[tr:Sevgi]]
[[uk:Любов]]
[[yi:ליבע/ליבע]]
[[zh-yue:愛]]
[[bat-smg:Meilė]]
[[zh:愛]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&oldid=139104583"