Air pollution and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
image added
 
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{Pollution}}
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
'''Air Pollution''' is a [[chemical]], [[physics|physical]] (e.g. [[particulate]] matter), or [[Biological material|biological]] agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]]. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. [[Stratosphere|Stratospheric]] [[ozone depletion]] due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's [[ecosystems]].
{{Commonscat}}
Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of [[respiratory disease]]. Enforced air quality standards, like the [[Clean Air Act]] in the United States, have reduced the presence of some pollutants. While [[major stationary source]]s are often identified with air pollution, the greatest [[AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors|source of emissions]] is actually made up by mobile sources, mainly the [[automobile]]s. Gases such as [[carbon dioxide]], which contribute to [[global warming]], have recently gained recognition as pollutants by some scientists. Others recognize the gas as being essential to life, and therefore incapable of being classed as a pollutant.


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
==Pollutants==


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred to as 'pollutants'.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust.


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
Primary pollutants produced by human activity include:


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
*oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon
*organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons (fuel vapours and solvents)
*particulate matter, such as smoke and dust
*metal oxides, especially those of lead, cadmium, copper and iron
*chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
*hazardous air pollutants (HAP)
*persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
*odors


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
Secondary pollutants include some particles formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen dioxide, ground level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).

== Sources of Air Pollution ==
yo mama
'''Anthropogenic sources''' (human activity) related to burning different kinds of [[fuel]]
[[Image:Dust Storm Texas 1935.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Dust storm approaching [[Stratford, Texas]]]]
[[Image:BurningOffFieldsInTheEveningInSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Using a [[controlled burn]] on a field in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|South Georgia]] in preparation for spring planting.]]
* "Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities, municipal waste incinerators
* "Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc.
* Combustion-fired [[power plant]]s
* [[Controlled burn]] practices used in agriculture and forestry management
* [[Roadway air dispersion modeling|Motor vehicles generating air pollution emissions]].
* Marine vessels, such as [[container ships]] or [[cruise ships]], and related [[port]] air pollution.
* Burning [[wood]], [[fireplaces]], [[stove]]s, [[furnace]]s and [[incinerator]]s

'''Other anthropogenic sources'''
* [[Oil refinery|Oil refining]], [[power plant]] operation and industrial activity in general.
* [[Chemicals]], dust and crop waste burning in [[farming]], (see [[Dust Bowl]]).
* Fumes from [[paint]], [[hair spray]], [[varnish]], [[aerosol spray]]s and other solvents.
* Waste deposition in [[landfill]]s, which generate [[methane]].
* Military uses, such as [[nuclear weapon]]s, [[toxic gas]]es, [[germ warfare]] and [[rocket]]ry.

'''Natural sources'''
* [[Dust]] from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.
* [[Methane]], [[Flatulence|emitted]] by the [[digestion]] of food by [[animal]]s, for example [[cattle]].
* [[Radon]] gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust.
* [[Smoke]] and [[carbon monoxide]] from [[wildfires]].
* [[Volcano|Volcanic]] activity, which produce [[sulfur]], [[chlorine]], and ash [[particulate]]s.

==Indoor Air Pollution, or Indoor air quality (IAQ)==

The lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people have greatest exposure times. [[Radon]] (Rn) gas, a [[carcinogen]], is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Researchers have found that radon gas is responsible for over 1,800 deaths annually in the [[United Kingdom]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Building materials including [[carpet]]ing and [[plywood]] emit [[formaldehyde]] (H<sub>2</sub>CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off [[volatile organic compounds]] (VOCs) as they dry. [[Lead]] paint can degenerate into [[dust]] and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of [[air freshener]]s, [[incense]], and other scented items. Controlled [[wood]] fires in [[stove]]s and [[fireplace]]s can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor air pollution may arise from such mundane sources as shower water mist containing [[arsenic]] or [[manganese]], both of which are damaging to inhale. The [[arsenic]] (As<sup>3+</sup>) can be trapped with a shower nozzle filter.

Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using [[pesticide]]s and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation, and many homes have been destroyed by accidental pesticide explosions.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

[[Carbon monoxide]] (CO) poisoning is a quick and silent killer, often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of [[charcoal]] indoors. 56,000 Americans died from CO in the period [[1979]]-[[1988]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted [[pilot light]]s. [[Smoke]] inhalation is a common cause of death in victims of house [[fire]]s. Traps are built into all domestic [[plumbing]] to keep deadly sewer gas, [[hydrogen sulfide]], out of interiors. Clothing emits [[tetrachloroethylene]], or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after [[dry cleaning]].

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. [[Asbestosis]] is a chronic [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] medical condition affecting the tissue of the [[lung]]s. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos, e.g. in [[mining]] or in the installation or removal of asbestos-containing materials from structures. Sufferers have severe [[dyspnea]] (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of [[lung cancer]]. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the [http://www.euro.who.int/document/aiq/6_2_asbestos.pdf World Health Organisation (WHO)], these may defined as; [[asbestosis]], ''lung cancer'', and ''[[mesothelioma]]'' (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos).

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. [[Pet]]s produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes, dust [[mite]]s in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micron-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit [[methane]], [[mold]] forms in walls and generates [[mycotoxins]] and spores, [[air conditioning]] systems can incubate [[Legionellosis|Legionnaires' disease]] and mold, [[toilet]]s can emit [[feces]]-tainted mists [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a990416.html], and [[houseplant]]s, soil and surrounding [[gardens]] can produce [[pollen]], dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.

== Health effects ==
The [[World Health Organization]] thinks that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4086809.stm] Many of these mortalities are attributable to [[Air pollution#Indoor air pollution, or Indoor air quality (IAQ)|indoor air pollution]].[http://www.epa.gov/radon/risk_assessment.html] Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to [[automobile]] accidents.[http://www.who.int/world-health-day/2004/infomaterials/world_report/en/] Research published in [[2005]] suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated [[asthma]], [[bronchitis]], [[emphysema]], lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. The [[Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] estimates that a proposed set of changes in [[diesel]] engine technology (''Tier 2'') could result in 12,000 fewer ''premature mortalities'', 15,000 fewer [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s, 6,000 fewer [[emergency room]] visits by children with [[asthma]], and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.

[[Image:Beijing smog comparison August 2005.png|thumb|right|370px|[[Beijing]] on a day after rain and a sunny but polluted day.]]
The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in [[India]] was the [[1984]] [[Bhopal Disaster]]. Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A., killed more than 2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries. The [[United Kingdom]] suffered its worst air pollution event when the [[December 4]]th [[Great Smog of 1952]] formed over [[London]]. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months. An accidental leak of [[anthrax]] spores from a [[biological warfare]] laboratory in the former [[USSR]] in [[1979]] near [[Sverdlovsk]] is believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the [[United States|United States of America]] occurred in [[Donora, Pennsylvania]] in late October, [[1948]], when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.
<ref>{{cite book | author=Davis, Devra | title=When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution| edition=| publisher=Basic Books| year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-465-01521-2}}</ref>

The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors, for example, on hot, smoggy days increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

==Reduction efforts==
There are many air pollution control technologies and [[urban planning]] strategies available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Enforced air quality standards, like the [[Clean Air Act]] in the United States, have reduced the presence of some pollutants.

Many countries have programs to or are debating how to reduce dependence on [[fossil fuel]]s for energy production and shift toward [[renewable energy]] technologies or [[nuclear power plants]].

Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as lawn trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of [[hybrid vehicle]]s), conversion to cleaner fuels (such as [[bioethanol]], [[biodiesel]]), or conversion to electric vehicles with renewable energy sources (batteries or clean fuel such as [[hydrogen]] being used for transport and storage).

===Control devices===

The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy [[contaminant]]s or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.

*'''Particulate control'''
**Mechanical collectors ([[Cyclonic separation|dust cyclones]], [[multicyclones]])
**[[Electrostatic precipitator]]s
**[[Fabric filter]]s (baghouses)
**[[Wet scrubber|Particulate scrubbers]]

*'''NOx control'''
**[[LO-NOx burner|Low NOx burners]]
**[[Selective catalytic reduction]] (SCR)
**[[Selective non-catalytic reduction]] (SNCR)
**[[Wet scrubber|NOx scrubbers]]
**[[Exhaust gas recirculation]]
**[[Catalytic converter]] (also for VOC control)

*'''VOC abatement'''
**[[Adsorption systems]], such as [[activated carbon]]
**[[Gas flare|Flares]]
**[[Thermal oxidizer]]s
**[[Catalytic oxidizer]]s
**[[Biofilter]]s
**[[Wet scrubber|Absorption (scrubbing)]]
**[[Cryogenic condenser]]s

*'''Acid Gas/SO<sub>2</sub> control'''
**[[Wet scrubber]]s
**[[Scrubber#Dry scrubbing|Dry scrubbers]]
**[[Flue gas desulfurization]]

*'''Mercury control'''
**[[Sorbent Injection Technology]]
**[[Electro-Catalytic Oxidation]] (ECO)
**[[K-Fuel]]

*'''Dioxin and furan control'''

*'''[[Ambient cleaning systems]]'''

*'''Associated equipment'''
**[[Source capturing systems]]
**[[Continuous emissions monitoring systems]] (CEMS)

==Air quality standards==

Air quality targets set by DEFRA are mostly aimed at local government representatives responsible for the management of air quality in cities, where air quality management is the most urgent. The UK has established an air quality network where levels of the [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/what_causes.php key air pollutants] are published by [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/laqm.php monitoring centers]. Air quality in [[Oxford]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/default.asp London] is particularly poor. One controversial [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1292524,00.html study] created by [http://www.calor.co.uk/about-calor.htm Calor Gas] and published in the [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ Guardian newspaper] compared walking in [[Oxford]] on an average day to smoking over sixty light cigarettes.

'Cigarette equivalents' is obviously a headline capturing measure and more reliable and accepted comparison data can be collected from [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/index.php UK Air Quality Archive] which allows the user to compare a cities management of pollutants against [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/information.php?info=objectives objectives] set by DEFRA in 2000.

It is, however, important to evaluate several aspects of air pollution, and especially to take into consideration overall average values, rather than localized peak values sometimes cited. The UK National Air Quality Information Archive offers almost [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/bulletin.php?type=Current real-time monitoring] "current maximum" air pollution measurements for many UK towns and cities. This source offers a wide range of constantly updated data, including:

Hourly Mean Ozone (µg/m³);<br>
Hourly Mean Nitrogen dioxide (µg/m³);<br>
max 15 min mean Sulphur dioxide (µg/m³);<br>
8 Hourly Mean Carbon monoxide (mg/m³), and<br>
24 Hour mean PM10 Particles (µg/m³ Grav Equiv)

DEFRA acknowledges that air pollution has a significant effect on health and has produced a simple [http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/standards.php#band banding system] that is used to create a daily warning system that is issued by the [http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/5day.shtml?world=0008 BBC Weather service] to indicate air pollution levels. DEFRA has published [http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/airpoll/05.htm guidelines] for people suffering from respiratory and heart diseases.

===United States===
[[Image:Los_Angeles_Pollution.jpg|thumb|right|370px|Looking down from the [[Hollywood Hills]], with [[Griffith Observatory]] on the hill in the foreground, air pollution is visible in downtown [[Los Angeles]] on a late afternoon.]]
In the 1960s, 70s, and 90s, the [[United States Congress]] enacted a series of [[Clean Air Act]]s which significantly strengthened regulation of air pollution. Individual U.S. states, some European nations and eventually the [[European Union]] followed these initiatives. The Clean Air Act sets numerical limits on the concentrations of a basic group of air pollutants and provide reporting and enforcement mechanisms.

In 1999, the United States [[Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the [[Air Quality Index]] (AQI) to incorporate new PM2.5 and Ozone standards.

The effects of these laws have been very positive. In the United States between 1970 and 2006, citizens enjoyed the following reductions in annual pollution emissions [http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pdupont/?id=110008416]

* carbon monoxide emissions fell from 197 million tons to 89 million tons
* nitrogen oxide emissions fell from 27 million tons to 19 million tons
* sulfur dioxide emissions fell from 31 million tons to 15 million tons
* particulate emissions fell by 80%
* lead emissions fell by more than 98%

=== European Union ===
National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for certain atmospheric pollutants are regulated by Directive 2001/81/EC (NECD)<ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2001/l_309/l_30920011127en00220030.pdf </ref>

As part of the preparatory work associated with the revision of the NECD, the [[European Commission]] is assisted by the NEC-PI or NECPI working group (National Emission Ceilings – Policy Instruments ) <ref>{{PDF|[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/necpi_terms_ref_0505.pdf TERMS OF REFERENCE, WORKING GROUP ON THE REVISION OF NATIONAL EMISSIONS CEILINGS & POLICY INSTRUMENTS ]|24.4&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 25003 bytes -->}} </ref>.

==Atmospheric dispersion modeling==

:''main article: '''[[Atmospheric dispersion modeling]]'''''

The basic technology for analyzing air pollution is through the use of a variety of [[mathematical model]]s for predicting the transport of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere. The principal methodologies are:

* [[Point source (pollution)|Point source]] dispersion, used for simple industrial sources.
* [[Line source]] dispersion, used for airport and [[roadway air dispersion modeling]]
* [[Area source (pollution)|Area source]] dispersion, used for [[forest fire]]s or [[duststorm]]s
* [[Photochemical]] models, used to analyze reactive pollutants such as form [[smog]]

The point source problem is the best understood, since it involves simpler mathematics and has been studied for a long period of time, dating back to about the year 1900. It uses a [[Gaussian]] dispersion model to forecast the air pollution [[contour line|isopleths]], with consideration given to wind velocity, stack height, emission rate, stability class (a measure of atmospheric [[turbulence]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Turner, D.B.|title=Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|id=ISBN 1-56670-023-X}} [http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc= www.crcpress.com]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Beychok, M.R.|title=[[Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion]]|edition=4th Edition|publisher=author-published|year=2005|id=ISBN 0-9644588-0-2}} [http://www.air-dispersion.com www.air-dispersion.com]</ref> This model has been extensively validated and calibrated with experimental data for all sorts of atmospheric conditions.

The [[roadway air dispersion model]] was developed starting in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to requirements of the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] and the [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] (then known as the Federal Highway Administration) to understand impacts of proposed new highways upon air quality, especially in urban areas. Several research groups were active in this model development, among which were: the Environmental Research and Technology (ERT) group in [[Lexington, Massachusetts]], the ESL Inc. group in [[Sunnyvale, California]] and the [[California Air Resources Board]] group in [[Sacramento, California]]. The research of the ESL group received a boost with a contract award from the U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]] to validate a line source model using [[sulfur hexafluoride]] as a tracer gas. This program was successful in validating the line source model developed by ESL inc. Some of the earliest uses of the model were in court cases involving highway air pollution, the [[Arlington, Virginia]] portion of [[Interstate 66]] and the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] widening project through [[East Brunswick, New Jersey]].

Area source models were developed in 1971 through 1974 by the mid 1970s by the ERT and ESL groups, but addressed a smaller fraction of total air pollution emissions, so that their use and need was not as widespread as the line source model, which enjoyed hundreds of different applications as early as the 1970s. Similarly photochemical models were developed primarily in the 1960s and 1970s, but their use was more specialized and for regional needs, such as understanding [[smog]] formation in the [[Livermore Valley]], California.

==Greenhouse effect and ocean acidification==
The [[greenhouse effect]] is a phenomenon whereby [[carbon dioxide]] levels are thought to create a condition in the upper [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]], causing a trapping of excess heat and leading to increased surface temperatures. It shares this property with many other gases, and [[water vapour]] produces a larger effect than carbon dioxide. Other [[greenhouse gases]] include [[methane]] and [[NOx]]. This effect has been understood by scientists for about a century, and technological advancements during this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of data relating to the phenomenon. A number of studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight [[ocean acidification|increases in the acidity of ocean waters]] and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems. However, [[carbonic acid]] is a very weak acid, and is utilized by marine organisms during [[photosynthesis]].

==See also==
* [[Air pollution dispersion modeling books]]
* [[Air pollution in British Columbia]]
* [[Air Quality Index]]
* [[Air stagnation]]
* [[AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors]]
* [[Asian brown cloud]]
* [[Atmospheric chemistry]]
* [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling]]
* [[Building biology]]
* [[Compilation of atmospheric dispersion models]]
* [[Emission standard]]
* [[Environmental agreement]]
* [[Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion]] and [[flue gas desulfurization]].
* [[Global Atmosphere Watch]]
* [[Global dimming]]
* [[Global warming]]
* [[Greenhouse effect]]
* [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC)
* [[Kyoto Protocol]]
* [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]] (USA EPA)
* [[Particulate]]
* [[Polluter pays principle]]
* [[Smog]] and [[Haze]]
* [[Spare the Air program]] (California)

==References==
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Air pollution}}
{{external links|date=February 2007}}

=== Air quality agencies ===
*BAAQMD - [[Bay Area Air Quality Management District]][http://www.baaqmd.gov/].
*CONAMA - [http://www.santiagolimpio.cl environmental agency of Chile Air Quality Agency] (Spanish language)
*Environment Canada - The [http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Home-WS8C3F7D55-1_En.htm Environment Canada] air program
*GVRD - [http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/air/index.htm Greater Vancouver Regional District] air program
*SCAQMD - [[South Coast Air Quality Management District]][http://www.aqmd.gov/].
*US EPA - [http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/air.html EPA.gov]: Information on air pollution from the United States Environmental Protection Agency
* EU :
** [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index.htm Clean Air for Europe (CAFE)].
** [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cyprus/start.html Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health].

=== Air quality initiatives and legislation===

* [http://www.ec.gc.ca/canada_us/air/index_e.htm Canada-USA Border Air Quality Strategy] (BAQS)
* [http://www.pyr.ec.gc.ca/airshed/index_e.htm Georgia Basin-Puget Sound International Airshed Strategy] (GB-PS IAS)
* [http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/moyer/moyer.htm Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program]
* {{PDF|[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2001/l_309/l_30920011127en00220030.pdf EU Directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants|134&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 137741 bytes -->}}

=== Air quality public outreach and engagement ===

*[http://www.sparetheair.org/ Spare the Air] (established by the [[Bay Area]] Air Quality Management District)
*[http://www.cleanaircampaign.com/ Clean Air Campaign]

=== Regional air quality information ===
*[http://www.scorecard.org Scorecard.org]: Check how much air pollution exists in your local zipcode (United States)
* [http://www.science.org.au/nova/015/015key.htm Local air pollution] - On a site by the Australian Academy of science
* [http://www.airquality.co.uk/ The UK Air Quality Website] - This provides public access to [http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-135795-16&type=News Report on 2005 air pollution study by the European Commission]

=== Air quality science and general information ===

* [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1630007.htm Watch and read 'Dirty Little Secrets', 2006 ABC-TV documentary on fine particle pollution from vehicle exhausts]
* [http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/index.htm British Government Health and Safety Executive: Asbestos]
*[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html EPA Air Toxics info page]
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?type=subject&q=air%20pollution&q2=liv Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Air Pollution]
*[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/asthma/index.html Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM):Environmental Triggers of Asthma]
*[http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/default.asp Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): overviews, news and reports on air pollution]
*"{{PDFlink|[http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82790.pdf Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004)]|883&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 904973 bytes -->}}
*[http://www.greenfacts.org/air-pollution/index.htm Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Air Pollution] &mdash; A summary for non specialists of the above WHO reports by [[GreenFacts]]
* [http://www.ukrivers.net/airpollution.html Finding out about air pollution]&mdash; a large collection of student research links, organized by topic.
* [http://www.urbanairquality.org/ International Conference on Urban Air Quality].

=== Air quality modeling ===


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
*[http://www.stuffintheair.com/airqualitymodeling.html Stuff in the Air]: - Standard air quality modeling procedure for industrial sources.
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
*[http://www.air-dispersion.com Six feature articles about air dispersion modeling]
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]
* [http://atmosphericdispersion.wikia.com/ Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling]. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers - primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.


[[Category:Air pollution| ]]
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Air dispersion modeling]]
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Climate forcing agents]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Health risks|Air pollution]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[ar:تلوث الهواء]]
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[cs:Znečištění ovzduší]]
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[da:Luftforurening]]
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[de:Luftverschmutzung]]
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[es:Contaminación atmosférica]]
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
[[fa:آلودگی هوا]]
[[fr:Pollution de l'air]]
[[gl:Contaminación atmosférica]]
[[hr:Onečišćavanje zraka]]
[[id:Pencemaran udara]]
[[it:Inquinamento atmosferico]]
[[he:זיהום אוויר]]
[[nl:Luchtvervuiling]]
[[ja:大気汚染]]
[[pl:Zanieczyszczenie powietrza]]
[[pt:Poluição atmosférica]]
[[fi:Ilmansaaste]]
[[sv:Luftföroreningar]]
[[wa:Mannixhance di l' air]]
[[zh:空氣污染]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution&oldid=139104583"