River Wear and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{Infobox_river
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
| river_name = River Wear
{{Commonscat}}
| image_name =durham_castle.jpg
| image_size = <!--Optional; defaults to 288 px-->
| caption = The river flows past [[Durham Castle]] and [[Durham Cathedral|Cathedral]], beneath Framwellgate Bridge and through a weir.
| origin = [[Wearhead]], [[County Durham]]
| mouth = [[Sunderland]]
| basin_countries =
| length = 96 km (60 miles)
| elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge =
| watershed =
}}
The '''River Wear''' ([[International phonetic alphabet|pronounced]] {{IPA|/'wɪ:ə/}}) is a river in [[North East England]]. Rising in the east [[Pennines]], its head waters consisting of several streams draining from the hills between Killhope Law and [[Burnhope Seat]], the head of the river is held to be in [[Wearhead]], [[County Durham]] at the confluence of Burnhope Burn and Rookhope Burn. The river flows eastwards through [[Weardale]], one of several vallies of eastern County Durham, subsequently turning south-east, and then north-east, meandering its way through [[County Durham]] to the [[North Sea]] where it outfalls at Wearmouth in [[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]. The river is 96 km (60 miles) from head to mouth. Prior to the creation of the short-lived county of [[Tyne and Wear]], the Wear had been the longest river in England with a course entirely within one county. A long-distance public footpath ("The Weardale Way") roughly follows the entire route.


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
==History==
Prior to the last [[Ice Age]], the course of the River Wear from Chester-le-Street was northwards, following the current route of the lower [[River Team]]. The confluence of the River Wear with the [[River Tyne]] was at [[Dunston, Tyne and Wear|Dunston]]. Augmented with flow from the River Wear, the River Tyne had gouged a deep river valley as it flowed towards the North Sea through what is now [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], Jarrow and Hebburn, to the coast at [[Tynemouth]] and [[South Shields]]. When glacial bouder clay was deposited blocking its northerly course, the River Wear was diverted eastwards towards Sunderland where it was forced to cut a new, shallower valley. Whereas the lower reaches of the River Tyne had cut deeply into the underlying bedrock, therefore allowing the Tyne to be dredged, thus permitting deep draught shipping, the bedrock beneath the Wear at Sunderland was too shallow to permit deep draught shipping. This may go some way to explain the greater industrial growth of Tyneside compared to Wearside.


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
There are several notable towns, sights and tourist places along the length of the river. The market town of [[Stanhope, County Durham|Stanhope]] is known in part for the ford across the river. On the edge of [[Bishop Auckland]] the Wear passes below Auckland Park and [[Auckland Castle]], the official residence of the [[Bishop of Durham]] and its [[Deer Park]]. A mile or so downstream from here, the Wear passes [[Binchester Roman Fort]], [[Vinovia]]. From Bishop Auckland the River Wear meanders in a general northeasterly direction, demonstrating many fluvial features of a mature river, including wide valley walls, fertile flood plains and ox-bow lakes. Bridges over the river become more substantial, such as those at [[Sunderland Bridge]] (near [[Croxdale]]), and [[Shincliffe]].


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
==Durham==
[[Image:River wear at durham.jpg|thumb|right|240px|The wooded riverbanks of the Wear as it flows through [[Durham]].]]
When it reaches the city of [[Durham]] the River Wear passes through a deep, wooded gorge, from which several springs emerge, historically used as sources of fresh water; and a number of coal seams are visible. Twisting sinuously, the river has cut deeply into the (Cathedral Sandstone) bedrock, creating a [[peninsula]] which is known as such in Durham. This peninsula was formerly exploited as a defensive enclosure, and include a motte, inner bailey and outer bailey, now represented by road alignments, city walls and the imposing Norman monuments of [[Durham Castle]] and [[Durham Cathedral]], The latter contains the tomb and pilgrimage shrine of [[Saint Cuthbert|St. Cuthbert]] and the tomb of St. Bede. Between the castle and cathedral is an open lawned space named Palace Green. Palace Green and its encircling buildings is a UN [[World Heritage Site]]. As the Wear flows though the City of Durham, it passes beneath eight bridges: Bath's Bridge (modern footbridge); New Elvet Bridge (modern road bridge); Elvet Bridge (medieval road bridge, now largely pedestianised); Kingsgate Bridge (modern footbridge); Prebends' Bridge (18th century road bridge, now effectively pedestriansed); Framwellgate Bridge (medieval road bridge, now largely pedestianised); Milburngate Bridge (modern road bridge); Pennyfeather Bridge (modern footbridge). The River Wear at Durham was featured on a television programme "[[Seven Natural Wonders]]" as one of the wonders of the North.


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
There are two weirs impeding the flow of the river through the city: the first at the Old Fulling Mill, the second, more complex weir, beneath Milburngate Bridge and beside the former ice rink, includes a salmon leap and fish counter (largely [[trout]] and [[salmon]]), and is on the site of a former ford.
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
==Durham to Chester-le-Street==
[[Image:fichale.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Finchale Priory]] on the banks of the River Wear]]
Between Durham City and [[Chester-le-Street]], ten miles due north, the River Wear changes direction repeatedly, flowing south westwards several miles downstream having passed the medieval site of [[Finchale Priory]], a former chapel and later a satellite monastery depending on the abbey church of [[Durham Cathedral]]. Two miles downstream, the river is flowing south eastwards. As it passes [[Chester-le-Street]], where the river is overlooked by [[Lumley Castle]], its flood plain has been developed into [[Riverside Ground|The Riverside]], the home pitch of [[Durham County Cricket Club]]. Passing through the Lambton Estate (still owned by the Lambton family, and briefly a lion park during the [[1970s]]) the river becomes tidal, and therefore navigable.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
==City of Sunderland==
On exiting the Lambton estate the river leaves County Durham and enters the [[City of Sunderland]] (formerly Tyne and Wear), specifically the southern/south-eastern edge of the new town of [[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]]. At Fatfield the river passes beneath Worm Hill, around which the [[Lambton Worm]] is reputed to have curled its tail.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Already the riverbanks are showing evidence of past industrialisation, with former collieries and chemical works. A little further downstream the river passes beneath the Victoria Viaduct, a railway viaduct opened in 1838, then carrying the East Coast Main Line. A mile to the east is [[Penshaw Monument]], a local iconic landmark. As the river leaves the environs of Washington, it forms the eastern boundary of Washington Wildfowl Trust. Having flowed beneath the A19 trunk road, the river enters the suburbs of [[Sunderland]] the riverbanks show further evidence of past industrialisation, with former collieries, engineering works, and dozens of [[shipyard]]s. In their time, Wearside shipbuilders were some of the most famous and productive shipyards in the world. The artist L.S Lowrey visited Sunderland repeatedly and painted pictures of the industrial landscape around the river. Three bridges cross the Wear in Sunderland: the Queen Alexandra Bridge to the west, and the Wearmouth Rail and Road Bridges in the city centre. On both banks at this point there are modern developments, some belonging to Sunderland University (St Peter's Campus, Scotia Quay residences) and to the National Glass Centre
[[Image:St peters campus.jpg|thumb|250px|[[St Peter's, Sunderland|St. Peter's Campus]],
The river flows past [[St Peter's, Sunderland|St. Peter's Campus]], [[University of Sunderland]], the [[National Glass Centre]], then into the [[North Sea]].]]


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
The River Wear flows out of Sunderland between [[Roker]] Pier and South Pier, and into the [[North Sea]].


==See also==
==External links==
*[[Rivers of the United Kingdom]]


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wear, River}}
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
{{Durham-geo-stub}}
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]
{{TyneandWear-geo-stub}}


[[Category:Rivers of County Durham]]
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Tyne and Wear]]
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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