Oath and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
{{Commonscat}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
[[Image:Serment du jeu de paume.jpg|right|thumb|"Tennis Court Oath" by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]]
An '''oath''' (from [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''[[:wikt:að|āð]]'') is either a [[promise]] or a [[statement]] of [[fact]] calling upon something or someone that the oath maker considers [[sacred]], usually a [[god]], as a witness to the binding nature of the promise or the [[truth]] of the statement of fact. To [[:wikt:swear|swear]] is to take an oath.


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
A person taking an oath indicates this in a number of ways. The most usual is the explicit "I swear," but any statement or promise that includes "with N as my witness" or "so help me N," with N being something or someone the oath-taker holds sacred, is an oath. Many people take an oath by holding in their hand or placing over their head a book of [[scripture]] or a sacred object, thus indicating the sacred witness through their action: such an oath is called ''corporal''. However, the chief purpose of such an act is for ceremony or solemnity, and the act does not of itself make an oath.{{citation needed|date=March 2007}}
[[Image:Sluby Jana Kazimierza.jpg|left|thumb|"Lwów Oath" by [[Jan Matejko]]]]
There is confusion between oaths and other statements or promises. The current [[Olympic Oath]], for instance, is really a [[pledge]] and not properly an oath since there is only a "promise" and no appeal to a sacred witness. Oaths are also confused with [[vow]]s, but really a vow is a special kind of oath.
[[Image:Sec of State Kissinger.gif|right|thumb|Oath of office: Kissinger being sworn in as Secretary of State]]
In [[law]], oaths are made by a [[witness]] to a [[court]] of law before giving [[testimony]] and usually by a newly-appointed [[government]] officer to the people of a [[state]] before taking office. In both of those cases, though, an [[affirmation]] can be usually substituted. A written statement, if the author swears the statement is the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, is called an [[affidavit]]. The oath given to support an affidavit is frequently administered by a [[notary public]] who will memorialize the giving of the oath by affixing her or his seal to the document. Breaking an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth is [[perjury]].


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
==Religious Background==
The concept of oath is deeply founded in [[religion]]. It fundamentally involves invoking a [[divinity]] in conditional self-[[curse|cursing]] should the oath be broken. Deities of the oath include Indo-Iranian [[Mitra]] and Hittite [[Ishara]].


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
As late as 1880, [[Charles Bradlaugh]] was denied a seat in parliament since because of his professed [[atheism]] he was judged unable to swear the [[Oath of Allegiance (UK)|Oath of Allegiance]] in spite of his proposal to swear the oath as a "matter of form".
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
Various religious groups have objected to the taking of oaths, most notably the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and the [[Mennonite]]s. This is principally based on the words of [[Christ]] in the [[Antithesis of the Law]], "I say to you: '[[Swear not at all]]'". Christ taught that we should hold ourselves to a high standard of truthfulness at all times. The [[Apostle James]] stated, "Above all, my brothers, do not swear—not by heaven or by earth or by anything else. Let your "Yes" be yes, and your "No," no, or you will be condemned." Not all [[Christianity|Christians]] follow this reading, because of the statements in the Old Testament. [[Jews]] also avoid taking oaths, as even making an unintentionally false oath would violate a Biblical commandment (see Leviticus 19:12).


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
Opposition to oath-taking caused many problems for these groups throughout their history. Quakers were frequently imprisoned because of their refusal to swear loyalty oaths. Testifying in court was also difficult. [[George Fox]] famously challenged a judge who had asked him to swear, saying that he would do so once the judge could point to any [[Bible]] passage where Jesus or his apostles took oaths. (The judge could not, but this did not allow Fox to escape punishment.) Legal reforms from the [[18th century]] onwards mean that everyone in the [[United Kingdom]] now has the right to make a solemn affirmation instead of an oath. The [[United States]] has permitted affirmations since it was founded; it is explicitly mentioned in the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. Only two US Presidents, [[Franklin Pierce]] and [[Herbert Hoover]], have chosen to affirm rather than swear at their inaugurations.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
==Types Of Oaths==
*[[Hippocratic Oath]]
*[[Hittite military oath]]
*[[Pauper's oath]]
*[[Oath of allegiance|Oaths of allegiance]]
*[[Oath of citizenship|Oaths of citizenship]]
*[[Oath of office|Oaths of office]]
*[[Veterinarian's Oath]]


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
==Famous Oaths==
*[[Oaths in Freemasonry]]
*[[Oaths of Strasbourg]]
*[[Tennis Court Oath]]
*[[Oath More Judaico|Oath More Judaico (Jewish)]]
*[[Anti-Modernist oath]]


===Fictional===
==External links==
*[[Oath of the Peach Garden]]
*[[Oath of Fëanor]]
*[[Oath of Eorl]]


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
==Other Meanings==
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language used as an [[expletive]].
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
==See Also==
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
{{wiktionarypar|oath}}
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
*[[Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau]] has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and [[A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services]] covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006 but the [http://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf 2nd Edition] is available.)
*[[ACLU of N.C. & Syidah Matteen v. State of North Carolina]] a court case in a state of the United States about taking oaths by different scriptures. The results have reversed several times.


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
==External Links==
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
{{commonscat|Oaths}}
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
*[http://www.ndcourts.com/court/rules/ndroc/rule6.10.htm Courtroom oaths] from the [[North Dakota]] Supreme Court website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
*[http://www.archives2005.ghazali.net/html/faith_leaders_support.html North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath]
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
*[http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2006_11_26-2006_12_02.shtml#1164997373 for comments] about ''John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office''.
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]

[[Category:Oaths|*]]
[[Category:Society]]
[[Category:Legal history]]

[[cs:Přísaha]]
[[de:Eid]]
[[es:Juramento]]
[[fr:Serment]]
[[he:שבועה]]
[[nl:Eed]]
[[pl:Przysięga]]
[[pt:Juramento]]
[[sr:Заклетва]]
[[fi:Vala]]
[[sv:Ed (juridisk betydelse)]]
[[yi:שבועה]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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