Vegetative reproduction and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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[[image:Kalanchoe_veg.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant, ''Kalanchoë pinnata''. The small plant in front is about 1 cm tall. The concept of "individual" is obviously stretched by this process.]] |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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'''Vegetative reproduction''' is a type of [[asexual reproduction]] found in plants also called '''vegetative propagation''' or '''vegetative multiplication'''. It is a process by which new [[plant]] "individuals" arise or are obtained without production of [[seed]]s or [[spore]]s. It is both a natural process in many plant species (including organisms that may or may not be considered "plants", such as bacteria and fungi) and one utilized or encouraged by [[horticulture|horticulturists]] to obtain quantities of economically valuable plants. |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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Natural vegetative reproduction is mostly a [[process]] found in [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] and [[wood]]y [[perennial plant|perennial]] plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the [[Plant stem|stem]], although any horizontal, underground part of a plant (whether stem or a [[root]]) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a plant. And, in a few species (such as ''[[Kalanchoe|Kalanchoë]]'' shown at right), [[leaf|leaves]] are involved in vegetative reproduction. Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative reproduction would be perennial almost by definition, since specialized organs of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to survive [[season]]ally harsh conditions. A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals over a long period of time constitutes a [[clonal colony]]. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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In a sense, this process is not one of "reproduction" but one of survival and expansion of biomass of the individual. When an individual organism increases in size via cell multiplication and remains intact, the process is called "vegetative growth". However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants that result are new individuals in almost every respect except genetic. And of considerable interest is how this process appears to reset the aging clock. |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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== Natural vegetative structures == |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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The '''[[rhizome]]''' is a modified stem serving as an organ of vegetative reproduction. Prostrate aerial stems, called '''runners''' or '''[[stolon]]s''' are important vegetative reproduction organs in some species, such as the [[strawberry]], numerous [[Poaceae|grasses]], and some [[fern]]s. '''Adventitious''' buds develop into above ground stems and leaves, forming on roots near the ground surface and on damaged stems (as on the stumps of cut trees). ''Adventitious'' roots form on stems where the latter touch the soil surface. |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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A form of budding called '''[[Basal shoot|suckering]]''' is the reproduction or [[regeneration (biology)|regeneration]] of a plant by shoots that arise from an existing [[root system]]. Species that characteristically produce suckers include [[Elm]] (''Ulmus''), [[Dandelion]] (''Taraxacum''), and members of the [[Rose]] Family (''Rosa''). |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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Another type of a vegetative reproduction is the production of [[bulb]]s. Plants like [[onion]] (''Allium cepa''), [[Hyacinth (flower)|hyacinth]] (''Hyacinth''), [[narcissus (flower)|narcissus]] (''Narcissus'') and [[tulip]]s (''Tulipa'') reproduce by forming bulbs. Other plants like [[potato]]es (''Solanum tuberosum'') and [[dahlia]] (''Dahlia'') reproduce by a similar method of producing [[tuber]]s. [[Gladiolus]]es and [[crocus]]es (''Crocus'') reproduce by forming a bulb-like structure called a [[corm]]. |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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==Exceptions== |
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Vegetative propagation is usually considered a cloning method. However, there are several cases where vegetatively propagated plants are not genetically identical. Rooted stem cuttings of thornless blackberries will revert to thorny type because the adventitious shoot develops from a cell that is genetically thorny. Thornless blackberry is a [[chimera (plant)|chimera]], with the epidermal layers genetically thornless but the tissue beneath it genetically thorny. Leaf cutting propagation of certain chimeral variegated plants, such as snake plant, will produce mainly nonvariegated plants. |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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Grafting is often not a complete cloning method because sexual seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case only the top of the plant is clonal. In some crops, particularly apples, the rootstocks are vegetatively propagated so the entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones. |
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==External links== |
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'''[[Apomixis]]''' is a type of asexual reproduction involving unfertilized seeds. [[Hawkweed]] (''Hieracium''), [[dandelion]] (''Taraxacum''), some [[Citrus]] (''Citrus'') and [[Kentucky blue grass]] (''Poa pratensis'') all use this form of asexual reproduction. Bulbils are sometimes formed in the flowers of [[garlic]]. The leafy crown of a [[pineapple]] fruit will root to form a new plant. These cases would not be vegetative reproduction because normally reproductive parts were involved. They would be considered asexual reproduction however. Vegetative reproduction involves only vegetative structures, i.e. roots, stems or leaves. |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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== Horticultural aspects == |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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Man-made methods of vegetative reproduction are usually enhancements of natural processes, but range from simple [[cloning]] such as rooting of cuttings to [[grafting]] and artificial propagation by laboratory [[Plant tissue culture|tissue cloning]]. It is very commonly practised to propagate [[cultivar]]s with individual desirable characteristics. [[Fruit tree propagation]] is frequently performed by budding or grafting desirable cultivars ([[cloning|clone]]s), onto [[rootstock]]s that are also clones, propagated by [[layering]]. |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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In horticulture, a "cutting" is a branch that has been cut off from a mother [[plant]] below an [[internodes|internode]] and then rooted, often with the help of a [[rooting powder|rooting liquid or powder]] containing [[plant hormone|hormones]]. When a full root has formed and leaves begin to sprout anew, the clone is a self-sufficient plant, genetically identical to the mother plant. Examples are cutting from the stems of [[Blackberry|blackberries]] (''Rubus occidentalis''), cutting from leaves of [[African violet]]s (''Saintpaulia''), and cutting the stems of [[Vervain|verbena]]s (''Verbena'') to create new plants. A related form of regeneration is that of [[grafting]]. This is a process of taking a bud and grafting onto a plants stem. Many [[Nursery (horticulture)|nurseries]] now sell trees that can produce four or more varieties of [[apple]]s (''Malus spp''.) from stems grafted to a common rootstock. |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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=== Cultivated plants propagated by vegetative methods === |
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[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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A number of commonly cultivated plants are propagated by vegetative means rather than by seeds. This is a listing of such plants: |
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[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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:[[Apple]] |
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:[[Avocado]] |
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:[[Banana]] |
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:[[Cacao]] |
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:[[Canna (plant)|Canna]] |
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:[[Citrus]] ([[lemon]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[grapefruit]]) |
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:[[Date (fruit)|Date]] |
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:[[Fig]] |
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:[[Manioc]] (cassava) |
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:Nut crops ([[walnut]], [[pecan]]) |
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:[[Pineapple]] |
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:[[Pear]] |
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:[[Poplar]] |
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:[[Potato]] |
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:[[Strawberry]] |
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:[[Sugar cane]] |
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:[[Tea]] |
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:[[Vanilla]] |
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:[[Willow]] |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[eo:Vegetativa reproduktado]] |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[fr:Multiplication végétative]] |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[he:רבייה וגטטיבית]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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[[nl:Vegetatieve vermeerdering]] |
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[[uk:Вегетативне розмноження рослин]] |
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[[zh:營養繁殖]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations