Theodorus Gaza and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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'''Theodorus Gaza''' (c. [[1400]] – [[1475]]), a Greek humanist and translator of [[Aristotle]], one of the [[Greece|Greek]] scholars who were the leaders of the revival of learning in the [[15th century]]. He was born at [[Thessalonica]]. |
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]] |
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{{Commonscat}} |
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency. |
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==Life== |
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He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin. |
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On the capture of his native city by the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] in [[1430]] he fled to [[Italy]]. During a three years residence in [[Mantua]] he rapidly acquired a competent knowledge of [[Latin]] under the teaching of [[Vittorino da Feltre]], supporting himself meanwhile by giving lessons in [[Greek language|Greek]], and by copying manuscripts of the ancient classics. |
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== Sculptures by Carpeaux == |
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In [[1447]] he became professor of Greek in the newly founded [[University of Ferrara]], to which students in great numbers from all parts of Italy were soon attracted by his fame as a teacher. He had taken some part in the councils which were held in [[Siena]] (1423), [[Ferrara]] (1438), and [[Florence]] (1439), with the object of bringing about a reconciliation between the Greek and Latin Churches; and in [[1450]], at the invitation of [[Pope Nicholas V]], he went to [[Rome]], where he was for some years employed by his patron in making Latin translations from [[Aristotle]] and other Greek authors. |
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* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]] |
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After the death of Nicholas (1455), being unable to make a living at Rome, Gaza removed to [[Naples]], where he enjoyed the patronage of [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alphonso the Magnanimous]] for two years (1456-1458). Shortly afterwards he was appointed by [[Johannes Bessarion|Cardinal Bessarion]] to a benefice in [[Calabria]], where the later years of his life were spent, and where he died about [[1475]]. |
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* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]]) |
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* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]] |
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* Girl with Shell |
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* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]] |
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==Neapolitan Fisherboy== |
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In the campaign waged by [[Plethon]] against Aristotelianism he contributed his share to the defence. His influence on humanists was considerable, in the success with which he taught Greek language and literature. At Ferrara he founded an academy to offset the influence of the Platonic academy founded by Plethon at [[Florence]]. |
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Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]] |
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==Works== |
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His translations were superior, both in accuracy and style, to the versions in use before his time. He devoted particular attention to the translation and exposition of Aristotle's works on natural science. |
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Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study. |
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Gaza stood high in the opinion of most of his learned contemporaries, but still higher in that of the scholars of the succeeding generation. His Greek [[grammar]] (in four books), written in Greek, first printed at Venice in [[1495]], and afterwards partially translated by [[Erasmus]] in 1521, although in many respects defective, especially in its syntax; was for a long time the leading text-book. His translations into Latin were very numerous, including: |
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Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]]. |
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*''Problemata'', ''De parsibus animalium'' and ''De generatione animalium'' of Aristotle |
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*the ''Historia plantarum'' of [[Theophrastus]] |
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*the ''Problemata'' of [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] |
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*the ''De instruendis aciebus'' of [[Aelian]] |
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*the ''De compositione verborum'' of [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] |
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*some of the ''Homilies'' of [[John Chrysostom]]. |
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He also turned into Greek [[Cicero]]'s ''De senectute'' and ''Somnium Scipioni'' swith much success, in the opinion of Erasmus; with more elegance than exactitude, according to the colder judgment of modern scholars. He was the author also of two small treatises entitled ''De mensibus'' and ''De origine Turcarum''. |
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)] |
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*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page) |
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*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations] |
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[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]] |
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==References== |
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* Deno J. Geanakoplos, 'Theodore Gaza: a Byzantine Scholar of the Palaeologan "Renaissance" in the early Italian Renaissance, c. 1400-1475', in Geanakoplos, ''Constantinople and the West'', University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, pp. 68-90. ISBN 0 299 11884 3 |
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* Jonathan Harris, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy', in Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies – http://the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html |
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*[[G. Voigt]], ''Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums'' (1893) |
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*[[C. F. Böhr]] in [[Ersch]] and [[Gruber]]'s ''Allgemeine Encyklopädie''. |
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*[[Friedrich Ueberweg]], ''History of Philosophy'', tr. Morris (New York, 1892) |
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[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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For a complete list of his works, see [[Johann Albert Fabricius|Fabricius]], ''Bibliotheca Graeca'' (ed. [[Gottlieb Christoph Harless|Harles]]), x. |
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[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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*{{1911}} |
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[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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*{{Catholic}} |
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[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]] |
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[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]] |
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*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14573b.htm Source] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaza, Theodorus}} |
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[[Category:Byzantine people]] |
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[[Category:Greek educators]] |
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[[Category:Grammarians]] |
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[[de:Theodorus Gaza]] |
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[[nl:Theodorus Gaza]] |
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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
Sculptures by Carpeaux
- Ugolin et ses fils - Ugolino and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)[[1]] with versions in other museums including the Musée d'Orsay
- The Dance (commissioned for the Opera Garnier)
- Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - Neapolitan Fisherboy - in the Louvre, Paris [[2]]
- Girl with Shell
- Antoine Watteau monument, Valenciennes
Neapolitan Fisherboy
Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.
External links
- A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)
- A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French; it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
- A page analysing Carpeaux's Ugolino, with numerous illustrations