Jack Layton and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
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'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
{{Infobox CanadianMP | name=<b>Hon. John Gilbert Layton</b>
| image=LaytonPortrait.jpg
| cabinet=Leader of the New Democratic Party
| term_start=[[Canadian federal election, 2004|2004 Federal Election]]
| term_end=
| predecessor= [[Dennis Mills]]
| birth_date= {{birth date and age | 1950|07|18}}
| birth_place= [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
| successor=
| death_date=
| death_place=
| profession=[[Politician]]
| party=[[NDP]]
| party colour=NDP
| residence=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| riding=[[Toronto—Danforth]]
| footnotes=
| term_start2=
| term_end2=
| predecessor2=
| successor2=
| spouse=[[Olivia Chow]]
| religion=[[United Church of Canada]]
|}}


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
'''John Gilbert "Jack" Layton,''' [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Member of the Canadian House of Commons|MP]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] (born [[July 18]], [[1950]]) is a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] Canadian [[politician]] and current leader of [[Canada]]'s [[New Democratic Party]] (since 2003). He is a former [[Toronto City Council|city councillor]] and deputy mayor of [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. On June 28, 2004, he was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency of [[Toronto—Danforth]]. He is married to fellow MP [[Olivia Chow]].
==Biography==
===Early life===
Layton comes from a long line of politicians. His great-great-uncle, [[William Steeves]], was a [[Canadian Confederation|Father of Confederation]]. His great-grandfather Philip Layton was a [[Blindness|blind]] activist who led a campaign for [[disability pension]]s in the 1930s. His grandfather, [[Gilbert Layton]], was a cabinet minister in the ''[[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]]'' government of [[Maurice Duplessis]] in Quebec, and resigned due to the provincial government's lack of support for [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Canadian participation]] in World War II. His father, [[Robert Layton]], was a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] activist in the 1960s and 1970s, and served as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) and [[Canadian Cabinet|Cabinet minister]] in the 1980s.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
Layton was born in [[Montreal]] and reared in nearby [[Hudson, Quebec|Hudson]], [[Quebec]], a comfortable and largely [[anglophone]] community. He was elected student council president of his high school, and his yearbook predicted that he would become a politician. He studied political science at [[McGill University]], and in 1969, at age 19, he married his high school sweetheart Sally Halford, with whom he had two children, Sarah and Mike. (Layton and Halford's marriage ultimately ended in 1983 after 14 years.) At McGill, he was a member of the [[Sigma Chi]] [[Fraternities and sororities|Fraternity]].


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
In 1970, the family moved to Toronto where Layton went to [[York University]] to obtain his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[political science]]. Layton then became a professor at [[Ryerson University]]. He also became a prominent activist for a variety of causes. He has written several books, including ''Homelessness: The Making and Unmaking of a Crisis'' and, more recently, a book on general public policy, ''Speaking Out''.
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
===Toronto City Council===
At York and Ryerson, Layton developed close links with a number of Toronto figures including [[John Sewell]] and [[David Crombie]]. He was first elected to [[Toronto City Council]] in 1982, in a surprise upset against incumbent [[Gordon Chong]]. He quickly became one of the most outspoken members of council, and a leader of the left wing. He was one of the most vocal opponents of the massive [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]] project, and an early advocate for rights for [[AIDS]] patients. In 1984, he was fined for trespassing when he handed out leaflets at the [[Eaton Centre]] during a strike by Eaton's staff, but the charge was later thrown out on freedom of speech grounds. Layton was also one of the few opponents to Toronto's bid for the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. In 1985, he moved to the [[Metro Toronto]] council, in the first direct elections for members of that body.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
[[image:jackandolivia.jpg|left|thumb|Jack Layton with wife, Olivia Chow]]
In July 1988, he married [[Hong Kong]]-born Toronto school board trustee [[Olivia Chow]] in a ceremony on [[Algonquin Island]]. Their whitewater rafting honeymoon plans had to be abandoned, however, when days after the wedding Layton collided with a newspaper box while bicycling.<ref>"Layton Sues for Bike Mishap that 'Ruined' his Honeymoon." ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Jul 5, 1988. pg. A.7</ref> Chow later joined Layton on Toronto City Council, and she has also been a candidate for the federal New Democrats three times, winning her seat the third time in a close race against [[Tony Ianno]] in the 2006 election.


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
In the 1988 municipal elections, Layton traded places with City Council ally [[Dale Martin]], with Martin going to Metro and Layton returning to Toronto City Council. Layton was easily elected in a contest with former high school teacher [[Lois MacMillan-Walker]]. The election was a major victory for Layton as the reformist coalition of which he was the ''de facto'' head gained control of City Council, the first time in city history a coalition of New Democrats and independents controlled council.


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
Layton and Chow were also the subject of some dispute when a June 14, 1990 ''[[Toronto Star]]'' article by [[Tom Kerr]] accused them of unfairly living in a [[housing cooperative]] subsidized by the federal government, despite their high income.<ref>"Well-to-do Layton lives in 'affordable co-op'." Tom Kerr, ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Jun 14, 1990. pg. A.1</ref> Layton and Chow had both lived in the Hazelburn Co-op since 1985, and lived together in an $800 per month three-bedroom apartment after their marriage in 1988. By 1990, their combined annual income was $120,000, and in March of that year they began voluntarily paying an additional $325 per month to offset their share of the co-op's [[Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation]] subsidy, the only members of the co-op to do so. Average Toronto market rent in 1989 was $782 per month, although the ''[[Vancouver Province]]'' newspaper claimed a comparable dwelling would have been worth $1,500.

In response to the article, the co-op's board argued that having mixed-income tenants was crucial to the success of co-ops, and that the laws deliberately set aside apartments for those willing to pay market rates, such as Layton and Chow.<ref>"Co-op residents answer critics." Tom Kerr, ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Jul 19, 1990. pg. A.21</ref> During the late 1980s and early 1990s they maintained approximately 30% of their units as low income units and provided the rest at what they considered market rent. In June 1990, the city's solicitor cleared the couple of any wrong-doing, and later that month, Layton and Chow left the co-op and bought a house in Toronto's Chinatown together with Chow's mother, a move they said had been planned for some time. Former Toronto mayor [[John Sewell]] later wrote in NOW Magazine that rival Toronto city councillor [[Tom Jakobek]] had given the story to Tom Kerr.

Originally known for coming to council meetings in blue jeans with unkempt hair, Layton worked to change his image to run for mayor in the [[Toronto municipal election, 1991|1991 civic election]]. He also started wearing contact lenses, abandoning his glasses, and traded in his blue jeans for suits. In February 1991, Layton became the first official NDP candidate for the mayoralty, pitting him against centrist incumbent [[Art Eggleton]]. In a move that surprised many, Eggleton elected not to run again. Layton was opposed by three right-of-centre candidates: [[Susan Fish]], [[June Rowlands]], and [[Betty Disero]]. Right wing support soon coalesced around former city councillor Rowlands, preventing the internal divisions Layton needed to win office. Layton was also hurt by the growing unpopularity of the provincial NDP government of [[Bob Rae]], and by his earlier opposition to Toronto's Olympic bid. Bid organizer [[Paul Henderson]] accused Layton and his allies of costing Toronto the event. Despite this, October polls showed Layton only four points behind Rowlands, with 36% support. However on [[October 17]], Fish, a former provincial Tory cabinet minister who had only 19% support, pulled out of the race, and many of her supporters moved to Rowlands. Layton lost the November 12 election by a considerable margin. However, in the same election Olivia Chow easily won a seat on City Council.

Layton returned to academia and founded the Green Catalyst Group Inc., an environmental consulting business. In 1993, he ran for the [[Canadian House of Commons]] in the riding of [[Rosedale (electoral district)|Rosedale]] for the NDP, but finished fourth in the generally Liberal riding. In 1994, he returned to [[Metro Council]], and he resumed his high profile role in local politics. He also came to national attention as the leader of the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]]. He ran again in the [[Canadian federal election, 1997|1997 federal election]], but lost to incumbent [[Dennis Mills]] by a wide margin.

===Leader of the NDP===
Layton was elected leader of the NDP at the [[New Democratic Party leadership conventions|party's leadership convention]] in Toronto, on January 25, 2003. Layton won on the first ballot with 53.5% of the vote, defeating [[Bill Blaikie]] and [[Lorne Nystrom]]. He was the first candidate for federal NDP leadership to win on the first ballot since [[Tommy Douglas]].

As Layton held no seat in the House of Commons, he appointed the runner-up, longtime Winnipeg-area MP [[Bill Blaikie]], as deputy leader and delegated him to act as parliamentary leader. Layton did not seek election to the House of Commons by running in a [[by-election]], as is the tradition among new party leaders without a seat. Instead, he waited until the [[Canadian federal election, 2004|2004 federal election]] to contest the [[riding]] of [[Toronto-Danforth]] against Liberal [[Dennis Mills]]. Mills had defeated Layton by a wide margin in the [[Canadian federal election, 1997|1997 election]].
[[Image:jacklayton.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Jack Layton addresses the 2003 NDP convention in Toronto, where he was elected leader]]

Although he had no parliamentary seat, Layton was noted for trying to draw considerable attention from the Canadian [[mass media]]. Much of his rhetoric has involved attacking the policies of Canadian [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Paul Martin]] as conservative, and arguing the ideology of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] has shifted in a more right wing direction.

Another contribution has been to increase the party's profile in Quebec, one of the party's weaker provinces. A native of the province, he visited Quebec more times in the first year of his tenure than the previous leader, [[Alexa McDonough]], did in her entire leadership, and has forged ties with various Quebec activist groups such as Montreal's ''Front d'action populaire en réaménagement urbain'' (FRAPRU). One of his opponents in the leadership race, [[Pierre Ducasse]], was the first Québécois to run for leader of the NDP. After the race, Layton appointed Ducasse as his [[Quebec]] lieutenant and party spokesperson.

====2004 election====
During the 2004 federal election, controversy erupted over Layton's accusation that Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin was responsible for the deaths of homeless people because he failed to provide funding for affordable housing. While rates of homelessness and homeless deaths skyrocketed during the eleven years of Liberal government, the Liberals argued that funding for affordable housing was cut under the government of [[Brian Mulroney]]. Regardless of who was to blame, even [[Ed Broadbent]] privately chastened Layton for that comment since that forced the NDP to stay away from issues of poverty and homelessness, which Broadbent personally wanted to champion. Layton's gaffe was seen as [[negative campaigning]] and the National Post had the front-page headline "Jack Splat". See also: [[Homelessness in Canada]]

Further controversy followed as Layton suggested the removal of the [[Clarity Act]], considered by some to be vital to keeping Quebec in Canada and by others as undemocratic, and promised to recognize any declaration of independence by [[Quebec]] after a referendum. This position was not part of the NDP's official party policy, leading some high-profile party members, such as NDP House Leader [[Bill Blaikie]] and former NDP leader [[Alexa McDonough]], to publicly indicate that they did not share Layton's views. His position on the clairty act was reversed in the 2006 election to one of support.<ref>"Layton reverses course on Clarity Act". CTV News. Dec. 7, 2005. [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051207/ndp_elexn_clarity_051207]</ref>

[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051207/ndp_elexn_clarity_051207?s_name=election2006&no_ads=]

Layton advocated replacing the [[Plurality electoral system|first-past-the-post]] system with [[proportional representation]]. He even threatened to use the NDP's clout in the event of a minority government. However, it was dismissed out of hand by the Liberal and Bloc Québécois leaders, as they tend to be favored by the first-past-the-post system, normally being allocated a greater proportion of seats than the proportion of votes cast for them. Historically, the NDP's popular vote does not translate into a proportional number of seats because of scattered support. This was most opposed by the Bloc Québécois, who usually had the lowest popular vote but nonetheless won many seats because their support was concentrated in Quebec.

Despite these problems, Layton led the NDP to a 15% popular vote, its highest in 16 years. However, it only won 19 seats in the House of Commons, two less than the 21 won under Alexa McDonough in 1997, and far short of the 40 that Layton predicted on the eve of the election. However, some potential NDP voters may have voted Liberal to prevent a possible Conservative win. Layton's wife, [[Olivia Chow]], and several other prominent Toronto NDP candidates lost tight races and Layton won his own seat against incumbent Liberal [[Dennis Mills]] by a much narrower margin than early polls indicated.

====Liberal minority government====
On March 21, 2005, Layton was sworn into the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]], allowing him to use the prefix ''The Honourable''.

With the ruling Liberal Party being reduced to a [[minority government]], revelations of the [[sponsorship scandal]] damaging its popularity to the point where both the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] and the ''[[Bloc Québécois]]'' were pressing their advantage for a [[snap election]], the Prime Minister approached the NDP for its support. Layton demanded the cancellation of proposed corporate tax cuts and called for an increase in social spending. The ensuing compromise in the NDP's favour was protested by the other opposition parties who used it as a pretext to force a [[non-confidence vote]]. On May 19, two such votes were defeated and Layton's amendments went on to be passed on its final reading vote on June 23. As a result of this political coup and his apparent civil behavior in a spitefully raucous parliament, many political analysts have noted that Layton has gained increased credibility as an effective leader of an important party, becoming the major second choice leader in many political polls - for example, polling second in Quebec after [[Gilles Duceppe]], despite the low polls for his party as a whole in the province.

In mid-November 2005, when Liberal support dropped after the [[Gomery Inquiry]] delivered its first report, Layton offered the Prime Minister several conditions in return for the NDP's continued support, most notably a ban on private health care in Canada. When the Liberals turned him down, Layton announced he would introduce a motion requesting a February election. However, the Martin government refused to allow the election date to be decided by the opposition. A motion of non-confidence followed, moved by Stephen Harper and seconded by Layton, triggering the [[Canadian federal election, 2006]].

====2006 campaign====
[[Image:Jacklaytonoutside.jpg|right|300px|thumb|In a media scrum during the 2006 winter election campaign.]]

With a vote scheduled for [[January 23]], [[2006]] many New Democrats expected Layton to deliver substantially more seats than he did in 2004. They hoped the NDP would hold the balance of power in a new minority parliament, so that they could carry additional leverage in negotiating with the governing party.

During the election, Mike Klander (the executive vice-president of the federal Liberals' Ontario wing) resigned after making posts on his [[blog]] comparing Chow to a [[Chow Chow]] dog and calling her husband an "[[asshole]]". [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&pubid=968163964505&cid=1135637428938&col=968705899037&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News/News]

Through the course of the campaign, Layton attempted to cast himself as the sole remaining champion of universal health-care. Some opinion polls showed that Canadians found Layton the most appealing and charismatic of the leaders. Layton repeatedly insisted that "Canadians have a third choice", and urged Liberals to "lend us your vote". Some commentators and pundits mocked Mr. Layton for over-using these catchphrases instead of explaining the NDP platform.

The NDP's strategy had changed from in that they were focusing their attacks on the Liberals[http://andrewcoyne.com/Essays/Newspapers/Campaign_strategies.html], rather than in 2004 where they criticized both the Liberals and Conservatives in equal measure, prompting some criticism from Paul Martin[http://www.cbc.ca/story/canadavotes2006/national/2006/01/17/martin-layton.html]. Andrew Coyne suggested that the NDP not only wanted to disassociate themselves from the scandal-ridden Liberals, but also because the Liberals were likely to receive credit for legislation achieved under the Liberal-NDP partnership. The NDP had also lost close races in the 2004 election due to the Liberals' strategic voting. Early in the campaign, NDP MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] had asked the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) to launch a criminal investigation into the leaking of the income trust announcement[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060121/election_turningpoints_060121?s_name=election2006&no_ads=]. The criminal probe seriously damaged the Liberal campaign and preventing them from making their key policy announcements, as well as bringing alleged Liberal corruption back into the spotlight.

Layton's campaign direction also caused a break between him and [[Canadian Auto Workers]] union head [[Buzz Hargrove]] over the issue of [[Tactical voting|strategic voting]]. Hargrove preferred a Liberal minority government supported by the NDP and he had earlier criticized Layton for participating in the motion of non-confidence that brought down the Liberal government. Hargrove allied with the Liberals and publicly stated that he "did not like the campaign that Jack Layton was running", criticizing Layton for "spending too much time attacking the Liberals". During the final week of the campaign, Hargrove and Martin urged all progressive voters to unite behind the Liberal banner to stop a Conservative government. Knowing that last-minute strategic voting had cost the NDP seats in several close ridings during the 2004 election[http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1138315819687&call_pageid=968350072197&col=969048863851], Layton intensified his attacks on the Liberal scandals, pledging to use his minority clout to keep the Conservatives in check. Shortly after the election, the Ontario provincial branch of the NDP revoked Mr. Hargrove's party membership, due to the fact that he had violated the party's constitution by campaigning for other parties during an election campaign. Mr. Layton disagreed with this action, though Hargrove retaliated by severing ties with the NDP at the annual CAW convention.

The election brought the NDP significantly increased presence in the House of Commons, increasing their total seats to 29 seats, from 18 MP before dissolution. Among the new NDP candidates elected was Layton's wife, Olivia Chow, thereby making the two only the second husband and wife team in Canadian Parliament history. ([[Gurmant Grewal]] and [[Nina Grewal]] were the first husband and wife team in Canadian Parliament after the [[Canadian federal election, 2004|2004 federal election]]).

In the end, the NDP succeeded in increasing their seats to 29, though they had far fewer seats than the Bloc Quebecois (51) or the Opposition Liberals (103).

====Conservative minority government====

The NDP has the balance of power in the 39th Parliament. The Speaker only votes in a tie so that reduces the Liberal caucus by one, enabling the Conservatives to pass legislature with the cooperation of the NDP (125+29=154 versus 100+51+2=153). The Conservatives can also pass legislation with either Liberal or Bloc Quebecois support.

At the NDP's 22nd Convention, held on [[September 10]] [[2006]] in [[Quebec City]], Layton received a 92-per-cent approval rating in a leadership vote, tying former [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] leader [[Preston Manning]]'s record for this kind of voting.[http://lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/National/2006/09/11/1824984-sun.html]. At the same convention, the NDP passed a motion calling for the return of Canadian troops from Afghanistan. On [[September 24]] [[2006]], he met with Afghan president [[Hamid Karzai]] to discuss the NDP position. After the meeting Layton stated that Canada's role should be focused on traditional peacekeeping and reconstruction rather than in a front line combat role currently taking place.[http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2006/09/23/karzai.html]

Jack Layton and the NDP caucus voted to support the [[Income_trust#New_proposed_rules_for_income_trusts|new proposed rules for income trusts]] introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives]] [[October 31]], [[2006]] <ref> {{cite news | author = Coalition of Canadian Energy Trusts | title = Vote Breakdown – November 7, 2006 | publisher = Coalition of Canadian Energy Trusts | url = http://canadianenergytrusts.ca/bg-waysandmeans.html#vote | date = [[November 07]] [[2006]] }}</ref>. The short-term result of the tax policy announcement was a loss to Canadian investors of $20 Billion, the largest ever loss attributed to a change in government policy <ref> {{cite news | author = Global National TV | title = Exclusive: Flaherty received death threats | publisher = Global National TV | url = http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=539d04fe-471d-4cfa-9fc6-af81edc7e085 | date = [[February 01]] [[2007]] }} </ref>. According to the [http://www.caiti.info Canadian Association of Income Trust Investors] some 2.5 million Canadian investors were affected by the change in [[Income Trust]] policy <ref> {{cite news | author = Brent Fullard | title = Income Trusts: Just Another Special Interest Group? | publisher = Canadian Association of Income Trust Investors | url = http://www.caiti.info/resources/income_trusts_just_another_special_interest_group.pdf | date = [[January 05]] [[2007]] }} </ref>.

Jack Layton threatened to move a motion of non-confidence against the government over the "Clean Air Act" unless action was taken to improve the bill and its approach to environmental policy. <ref>[http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=9446705b-2722-494f-ae8b-05668c3955d7&k=90964 NDP threaten confidence vote over environmental measures]</ref> Prime Minister Harper agreed to put an end to the Parliamentary logjam by sending the bill to a special legislative committee before second reading. Jack Layton released his proposed changes to the "Clean Air Act" on [[November 19]] [[2006]] [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061119/layton_clean_air_061119/20061119/]

==Bibliography==
*''Homelessness: The Making and Unmaking of a Crisis'' ISBN 0-14-028888-0
*''Speaking Out: Ideas that Work For Canadians'' ISBN 1-55263-577-5
*''Speaking Out Louder: Ideas that Work For Canadians'' ISBN 1-55263-688-7 (revised and expanded edition of ''Speaking Out'')

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons|Jack Layton}}
{{wikinewspar|Jack Layton reaffirmed as Canadian New Democratic leader with 92% support}}
* [http://www.ndp.ca/bio/ New Democratic Party] - NDP official website
* [http://www.howdtheyvote.ca/member.php?id=165 How'd They Vote?: Jack Layton's voting history and quotes]
* [http://www.thecommentary.ca/ontheline/20041110a.html Audio interview with THECOMMENTARY.CA: Wednesday, 10 November 2004]

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years=[[1985]]-[[1991]]|
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title=[[New Democratic Party|Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada]]|
years=2003–''present''|
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title=[[Toronto—Danforth|Member of Parliament for Toronto—Danforth]]|
years=2004–''present''|
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*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
{{Persondata
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
|NAME=Layton, John Gilbert
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Layton, Jack
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[July 18]], [[1950]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Hudson, Quebec]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=}}


[[Category:1950 births|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:New Democratic Party of Canada MPs|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:NDP and CCF leaders|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Toronto city councillors|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Metro Toronto councillors|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Canadian activists|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Canadian political scientists|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:People from Montérégie, Quebec|Layton]]
[[Category:Living people|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Members of the United Church of Canada|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:York University alumni|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Canadians of English descent|Layton, Jack]]
[[Category:Canadians of German descent|Layton, Jack]]


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Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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