Music of Tanzania and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
The most internationally famous form of [[music]] from [[Zanzibar]] is [[taarab]], which was invented by the [[Kiswahili language|Kiswahili]] [[Islam|Muslim]] [[minority]]. Taarab is played by a [[string instrument]] using [[Egypt]]ian, [[India]]n, [[salsa music|salsa]] and [[soukous]] musical influences.
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
{{Commonscat}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
Other forms of music include [[ngoma]] and [[muziki wa dansi]]. [[Hip hop music]] (also known as [[Bongo Flava]]) is also popular, especially [[rappers]] like [[Dola Soul]] and [[Mr. II]].


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
==Traditional music==
Tanzania has a large number of traditional instruments, many of which are specific to particular ethnic groups. The [[Zaramo]] people, for instance, perform traditional dance melodies such as "Mitamba Yalagala Kumchuzi" on tuned goblet drums, tuned cylindrical drums, and tin rattles.


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
The multi-instrumentalist [[Hukwe Zawose]], a member of the [[Gogo (ethnic group)|Gogo]] ethnic group, was the 20th century's most prominent exponent of Tanzanian traditional music. He specialized in the ''[[ilimba]]'', a large [[lamellophone]] similar to the ''[[mbira]]''.


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
==Mtindo==
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
A mtindo (pl. ''mitindo'') is simply a rhythm, dance or style identified with a particular band. ''Sikinde'', for example, is associated with Mlimani Park, and is derived from the [[ngoma]] (musical events held by the [[Zaramo]]). Some bands maintain the same mtindo throughout their career, while others change along with personnel or popular preference.
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
==Taarab==
''Main article: [[Taarab]]''


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
Taarab is a popular genre descended from Islamic roots, using instruments from Africa (percussion), Europe (guitar), Arab Middle East ([[oud]] and [[qanum]] and East Asia ([[taishokoto]]). It is sung poetry and are a constant part of wedding music, and is associated with coastal areas like [[Lamu]] and [[Zanzibar]], as well as with neighboring [[Kenya]].


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
Taarab is often said to have an Egyptian origin, due to the long-term popular of the [[Ikhwani Safaa Musical Club]]. While the Egyptian influence is undeniable, coastal East Africa is a cultural melting pot and has absorbed influences from across the Indian Ocean and even further abroad. The first taarab superstar, indeed the first Swahili superstar, was [[Siti bint Saad]]. Beginning in [[1928]], she and her band were the first from the region to make commercial recordings.


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
Over the next several decades, bands and musicians like [[Bi Kidude]], [[Culture Musical Club]] and [[Al-Watan Musical Club]] kept taarab at the forefront of the Tanzanian scene, and made inroads across the world. [[Kidumbak]] ensembles grew popular, at least among the poor of Zanzibar, featuring two small drums, bass, violins and dancers using claves and maracas. More recently, [[modern taarab]] bands like [[East African Melody]] have emerged, as has related backbiting songs for women called [[mipasho]].


==External links==
The [[1960s]] saw a group called the [[Black Star Musical Club]], from [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]], modernize the genre and brought it to audiences far afield, especially [[Burundi]] and [[Kenya]].


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
==History of Tanzanian popular dance music (''dansi'')==
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
The first popular music craze in Tanzania was in the early [[1930s]], when [[Cuba]]n [[rumba]] was widespread. Young Tanzanians organized themselves into dance clubs like the [[Dar Es Salaam Jazz Band]], which was founded in [[1932]]. Local bands at the time used brass and percussion instruments, later adding strings. Bands like [[Morogoro Jazz]] and [[Tabora Jazz]] were formed (despite the name, these bands did not play [[jazz]]). Competitions were commonplace, a legacy of native [[ngoma]] societies and colonial [[beni]] [[brass band]]s.
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]


[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
Independence came in [[1961]], however, and three years later the state patronage system was set up, and most of the previous bands fell apart. Musicians were paid regular fees, plus a percentage of the gate income, and worked for some department of the government. The first such band was the [[Nuta Jazz Band]], which worked for the [[National Union of Tanzania]].
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]


[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
The 1970s saw the popularization a laid-back sound popularized by [[Orchestre Safari Sound]] and [[Orchestre Maquis Original]]. These groups adopted the motto "Kamanyola bila jasho" (''dance Kamanyola without sweating''). Maquis hailed from [[Lubumbashi]] in southeastern [[Zaire]], moving to Dar Es Salaam in the early 70s. This was a common move at the time, bringing elements of [[soukous]] from the Congo basin. Maquis introduced many new dances over the years, including one, [[zembwela]], (from their [[1985]] hit "Karubandika", which was so popular that the term has become synonymous with dancing.
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
Popular bands in the 60s, [[1970s|70s]] and [[1980s|80s]] included [[Vijana Jazz]], who were the first to add electronic instruments to dansi (in [[1987]]) and [[DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra]], led by [[Michael Enoch]]. Rivalries between the bands sometimes led to chaos in the scene, as when [[Hugo Kisima]] lured musicians from Mlimani Park and disbands the wildly-popular [[Orchestra Safari Sound]] in [[1985]], forming the [[International Orchestra Safari Sound]]. International Orchestra Safari Sound was briefly popular, but the Orchestra Safari Sound was revitalized by [[Nguza Viking]] (formerly of [[Maquis (Corsica)|maquis]]), who became bandleader in [[1991]]; this new group lasted only a year.
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]

[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
The most recent permutation of Tanzanian dance music is [[mchiriku]]. Bands like [[Gari Kubwa]], [[Tokyo Ngma]] and [[Atomic Advantage]] are among the pioneers of this style, which uses four drums and a keyboard for a sparse sound. Loudness is very important to the style, which is usually blared from out-dated speakers; the resulting feedback is part of the music. The origin of the style is Zaramo wedding music.
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]

==Reggae and hip hop==
:''See main article on [[Tanzanian hip hop]]''
Dar Es Salaam's [[Kwanza Unit]] was the first Tanzanian [[hip hop music|hip hop]] crew, but technical limitations hindered commercial success. [[Mr. II]] and [[Juma Nature]] are the most famous Tanzanian rappers; Mr II's (then known as 2-Proud) "Ni Mimi" ([[1995]]) was the first major hit for the field. Groups like [[X Plastaz]] have moved away from American-style hip hop and incorporated [[Masai]] vocal styles and other Tanzanian musics. Tanzanian hip hop is often called as ''Bongo Flava''.

[[Jah Kimbuteh]] was the first major reggae star in Tanzania, beginning his career with [[Roots and Kulture]] in [[1985]]. Newer artists in the field include the [[Jam Brothers]] and [[Ras Innocent Nyanyagwa]], who includes songs in [[Hehe]] and Swahili and uses indigenous rhythms.

==Hotel pop==

Many musicians work in bands that play at a hotel, usually led by a keyboard and including a rock-based sound. The [[Kilimanjaro Connection]] is perhaps the most respected of these hotel bands, along with [[Bantu Group]] and [[Tanzanites]].

==Freddie Mercury==

[[Freddie Mercury]], an [[India]]n [[Parsi]] born in Zanzibar, later moved to [[England]] and rose to worldwide fame as the lead [[singer]], and a [[songwriter]] and instrumentalist, of the [[rock music]] [[rock band|group]] [[Queen (band)|Queen]].

{{East African music}}

==References==
*Graebner, Warner. "Mtindo -- Dance With Style". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East'', pp 681-689. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
*Graebner, Warner. "The Swahili Coastal Sound". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East'', pp 690-697. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0

[[Category:Tanzanian music| ]]

[[it:Musica della Tanzania]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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