Silicon dioxide and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
:''Silica redirects here. For other uses, see [[Silica (disambiguation)]]''
[[Image:Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux_La_Danse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris]]
{{Chembox/Top|Silicon dioxide}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{Chembox/Image|Towering Sand Dunes.jpg}}
{{Chembox/SectGeneral}}
{{Chembox/OtherNames|Silica, Quartz, sand<br/>''see text''}}
{{Chembox/Formula|SiO<sub>2</sub>}}
{{Chembox/MolarMass|60.1}}
{{Chembox/Appearance|white powdery substance<br/>solid (when pure)}}
{{Chembox/CASNo|14808-60-7}}
{{Chembox/SectProperties}}
{{Chembox/Density|2.2|g/cm³|solid}}
{{Chembox/Solubility|water|0.012 g in 100g of water}}
{{Chembox/MeltingPt|1650 (±75) °C}}
{{Chembox/BoilingPt|2230 °C}}
{{Chembox/SectStructure}}
{{Chembox/CoordGeom|[[Tetrahedron|tetrahedral]]}}
{{Chembox/CrystalStructure|various}}
{{Chembox/SectHazards}} <!-- Summary only, MSDS provides more complete information -->
{{Chembox/EUClass|&nbsp;}}
{{Chembox/NFPA|0|0|0}}
{{Chembox/RPhrases|R42 R43 R49}}
{{Chembox/SPhrases|S22 S36 S37 S45 S53}}
{{Chembox/FlashPt|non-flammable}}
{{Chembox/SectDataPage}}
{{Chembox/SectRelated}}
{{Chembox/OtherAnions|[[Silicon sulfide]]}}
{{Chembox/OtherCations|[[Carbon dioxide]]<br/>[[Germanium dioxide]]<br/>[[Tin(IV) oxide]]<br/>[[Lead(IV) oxide]]}}
{{Chembox/RelatedCpds|[[Silicic acid]]}}
{{Chembox/Bottom}}


'''Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux''' ([[May 11]], [[1827]], [[Valenciennes]] –[[October 12]], [[1875]], [[Courbevoie]]) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under [[François Rude]]. Carpeaux won the [[Prix de Rome]] in [[1854]], and moving to [[Rome]] to find inspiration, he there studied the works of [[Michelangelo Buonarroti|Michelangelo]], [[Donatello]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio|Verrocchio]]. Staying in Rome from [[1854]] to [[1861]], he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of [[baroque art]]. In [[1861]] he made a bust of [[Mathilde Bonaparte|Princess Mathilde]], and this later brought him several commissions from [[Napoleon III]]. He worked at the pavilion of [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]], and the [[Opéra Garnier]]. His group La Danse (the Dance, [[1869]]), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.
The [[chemical compound]] '''silicon dioxide''', also known as '''silica''' or '''silox''', is the [[oxide]] of [[silicon]], [[chemical formula]] {{silicon}}{{oxygen|2}}. '''Siliceous''' is an adjective meaning "referring to silica"


He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America|America]] and [[Africa]], and it was [[Emmanuel Frémiet]] who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.
==In nature==
Silica is found in nature in several forms, including [[quartz]] and [[opal]]. In fact, 35 crystalline forms have been identified. <ref>http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/arc/silicanom.htm Nomenclature of Silica</ref>


== Sculptures by Carpeaux ==
The most common constituent of [[sand]] in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica, usually in the form of [[quartz]] because the considerable hardness of this mineral resists erosion. However, the composition of sand varies according to local rock sources and conditions.


* Ugolin et ses fils - [[Ugolino della Gherardesca|Ugolino]] and his Sons (1861, in the permanent collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])[[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000009025.html]] with versions in other museums including the [[Musée d'Orsay]]
Variants found in high-pressure impacts are [[coesite]] and [[stishovite]] which are extremely rare and may be found almost exclusively in the base and ejecta of large meteor impact craters such as [[Meteor Crater]].
* The Dance (commissioned for the [[Palais Garnier|Opera Garnier]])
* Jeune pêcheur à la coquille - [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Fisherboy - in the [[Louvre]], [[Paris]] [[http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000034255.html]]
* Girl with Shell
* [[Antoine Watteau]] monument, [[Valenciennes]]


==Neapolitan Fisherboy==
Silica structures can be synthesized for biological and nanotech applications in structures such as [[ormosil]].
Additionally, many forms of life also contain silica structures ([[biogenic silica]]), including microorganisms such as [[diatom]]s, plants such as [[horsetail]], and animals such as [[hexactinellid]] [[sea sponge|sponge]]s.
It is present in the cell walls of various plants (including edible ones) to strengthen their structural integrity.


Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of ''Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille'', the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the [[French Academy]] while a student in [[Rome]]. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for [[Napoleon III]]'s empress, [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugènie]]. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the [[National Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington D.C.]]
Silica is also used in plaster, and this can have health implications for plasterers' children when work clothes and children's clothes are washed together. Microscopic particles of glass are held in the clothing and rubbed against the skin causing abrasion scars that go undiagnosed at the doctors. {{Fact|date=May 2007}}


Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.
==Applications==
Silica is manufactured in several forms including:
* [[glass]] (a colorless, high-purity form is called ''[[fused silica]]'')
* synthetic amorphous silica
* [[silica gel]] (used e.g. as [[desiccant]]s in new clothes and leather goods)


Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to [[Naples]].
It is used in the production of various products.
* Inexpensive [[soda-lime glass]] is the most common and typically found in drinking glasses, bottles, and windows.
* A raw material for many whiteware ceramics such as [[earthenware]], [[stoneware]] and [[porcelain]].
* A raw material for the production of [[Portland cement]].
* The ceramic re-entry heat protection tiles mounted on the bottom side of the [[Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle]]s are made mostly of silica (see [[HRSI]])
* A [[food additive]], primarily as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to absorb water (see the ingredients list for). In addition, silica is also used as a [[cosmetic additive]] in loose powders such as Bare Essentuals.
* The natural ("native") oxide coating that grows on [[silicon]] is hugely beneficial in [[microelectronics]]. It is a superior [[electric insulator]], possessing high chemical stability. In electrical applications, it can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to allow small currents to flow through a device. At room temperature, however, it grows extremely slowly, and so to manufacture such oxide layers on silicon, the traditional method has been the deliberate heating of silicon in high temperature furnaces within an oxygen ambient ([[thermal oxidation]]).
* Raw material for [[aerogel]] in the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust spacecraft]]
* Used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of [[chaotropic agent|chaotropes]].
* Added to medicinal [[anti-foaming agent]], like [[Simethicone]], with a small portion to enhance defoaming activity.


==Health effects==
==External links==
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust in significant quantities can lead to [[silicosis]] or (much more rarely) [[cancer]], as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates them (silica does not dissolve over time). This effect can be an occupational hazard for people working with [[sandblasting]] equipment, products that contain powdered silica, and so on.
[[Image:Kieselsaeure380m2prog.jpg|thumb|right|Manufactured silica fume at maximum surface area of 380m²/g]]
In all other respects, silicon dioxide is inert and harmless. When silica is ingested orally, it passes unchanged through the gastrointestinal tract, exiting in the [[feces]], leaving no trace behind. Small pieces of silicon dioxide are equally harmless, as long as they are not large enough to mechanically obstruct the GI tract, or jagged enough to lacerate its lining. Silicon dioxide produces no fumes and is insoluble ''in vivo.'' It is indigestible, with zero nutritional value and zero toxicity.


*[http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=jean+baptiste+carpeaux&operator=AND&nbToDisplay=5&langue=fr A page on the official Louvre site giving access to some of Carpeaux's works (French language only)]
==Chemistry==
*[http://www.insecula.com/contact/A005511_oeuvre_1.html A page from insecula.com listing more views of Carpeaux's works (also in French;] it may be necessary to close an advertising window to view this page)
Silicon dioxide is formed when silicon is exposed to oxygen (or air). A very thin layer (approximately 1 [[nanometre|nm]] or 10 [[Ångström|Å]]) of so-called 'native oxide' is formed on the surface when silicon is exposed to air under ambient conditions. Higher temperatures and alternate environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon.
*[http://www.studiolo.org/MMA-Ugolino/Ugolino.htm A page analysing Carpeaux's ''Ugolino'', with numerous illustrations]

Silicon dioxide has [[Covalent bond|covalent bonding]] and forms a [[Crystal structure|network structure]] (also known as lattice or continuous).

Silicon dioxide is attacked by [[hydrofluoric acid]] (HF). HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry.

==References==
<references />
* R. K. Iler, ''The Chemistry of Silica'' (ISBN 0-471-02404-X)

== See also ==
* [[Amorphous carbonia]]
* [[Fused silica]]
* [[Quartz]]
* [[Glass]]
* [[Sand]]
* [[Silicon carbide]]
* [[Mesoporous silica]]

==External links==
* {{ICSC|0807|08}} (Tridymite)
* {{ICSC|0808|08}} (Quartz)
* {{ICSC|0809|08}} (Cristobalite)
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0552.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] (amorphous)
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0553.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] (crystalline, as respirable dust)
*[http://www.piezomaterials.com/Quartz-SiO2.htm Quartz SiO2 piezolelctric properties]
{{ChemicalSources}}


[[Category:Silicon compounds]]
[[Category:French sculptors|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Oxides]]
[[Category:1827 births|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Ceramic materials]]
[[Category:1875 deaths|Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Category:Refractory materials]]
[[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]]


[[ca:Diòxid de silici]]
[[de:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[fr:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[cs:Oxid křemičitý]]
[[nl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[da:Siliciumdioxid]]
[[pl:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[de:Siliciumdioxid]]
[[pt:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux]]
[[et:Ränidioksiid]]
[[zh:让-巴蒂斯·卡尔波]]
[[es:Dióxido de silicio]]
[[eu:Silizio dioxido]]
[[fr:Silice]]
[[it:Silice]]
[[he:צורן דו-חמצני]]
[[la:Silica]]
[[lv:Silīcija dioksīds]]
[[lt:Silicio oksidas]]
[[nl:Siliciumdioxide]]
[[ja:二酸化ケイ素]]
[[ug:سىلىكون دىئوكسىد]]
[[pl:Tlenek krzemu(IV)]]
[[pt:Dióxido de silício]]
[[ru:Диоксид кремния]]
[[fi:Piidioksidi]]
[[sv:Kiseldioxid]]
[[uk:Діоксид силіцію]]
[[zh:二氧化硅]]

Revision as of 01:07, 19 June 2007

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's marble sculpture 'Ugolino and his Sons', Metropolitan Museum of Art
La Danse (The Dance), Opera Garnier in Paris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux.

Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (May 11, 1827, Valenciennes –October 12, 1875, Courbevoie) was a French sculptor and painter. His early studies were under François Rude. Carpeaux won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo, Donatello and Verrocchio. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. In 1861 he made a bust of Princess Mathilde, and this later brought him several commissions from Napoleon III. He worked at the pavilion of Flora, and the Opéra Garnier. His group La Danse (the Dance, 1869), situated on the right side of the façade, was criticised as an offence to common decency.

He never managed to finish his last work, the famous Fountain of the Four Parts of the Earth, on the Place Camille Jullian. He did finish the terrestrial globe, supported by the four figures of Asia, Europe, America and Africa, and it was Emmanuel Frémiet who completed the work by adding the eight leaping horses, the tortoises and the dolphins of the basin.

Sculptures by Carpeaux

Neapolitan Fisherboy

Carpeaux submitted a plaster version of Pêcheur napolitain à la coquille, the Neapolitan Fisherboy, to the French Academy while a student in Rome. He carved the marble version several years later, showing it in the Salon exhibition of 1863. It was purchased for Napoleon III's empress, Eugènie. The statue of the young smiling boy was very popular, and Carpeaux created a number of reproductions and variations in marble and bronze. There is a copy, for instance, in the Samuel H. Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

Some years later, he carved the Girl with a Shell, a very similar study.

Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. The Neapolitan Fisherboy's body is carved in intimate detail and shows an intricately balanced pose. Carpeaux claimed that he based the Neapolitan Fisherboy on a boy he had seen during a trip to Naples.

External links

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