William Bradford (governor): Difference between revisions
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The same source Chèvre Bleue used to disprove Spock was used to prove Stevenson |
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*[[William Reynolds|William Bradford Reynolds]],<ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.1/br_100.html ''The American Historical Review'']; "Book Review," Vol. 105, No. 1 (February 2000). On-line source: ''History Cooperative''; accessed 4 May 2007.</ref> U.S. Assistant [[U. S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] and U.S. Assistant [[U.S. Solicitor General|Solicitor General]] in the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]] |
*[[William Reynolds|William Bradford Reynolds]],<ref>[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.1/br_100.html ''The American Historical Review'']; "Book Review," Vol. 105, No. 1 (February 2000). On-line source: ''History Cooperative''; accessed 4 May 2007.</ref> U.S. Assistant [[U. S. Attorney General|Attorney General]] and U.S. Assistant [[U.S. Solicitor General|Solicitor General]] in the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]] |
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*[[Deborah Sampson]],<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=zsYY4RDnAGcC&pg Scott, Fred. ''Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1'' (Genealogical record)]; iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.</ref><ref>Young, Alfred. ''Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier''; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; pp. 4-5.</ref> female member of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] |
*[[Deborah Sampson]],<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=zsYY4RDnAGcC&pg Scott, Fred. ''Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1'' (Genealogical record)]; iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.</ref><ref>Young, Alfred. ''Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier''; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; pp. 4-5.</ref> female member of the [[Continental Army]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]] |
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*[[Adlai Ewing Stevenson III]],<ref>Scott, Fred W. ''Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1''; iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.</ref> |
*[[Adlai Ewing Stevenson III]],<ref>Scott, Fred W. ''Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1''; iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.</ref> [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politician, U.S. Senator representing Illinois from 1970 to 1981 |
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*[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]],<ref>[http://www.newenglandancestors.org/education/articles/research/special_guests/gary_boyd_roberts/42_659_442.asp Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Genealogical Thoughts by Gary Boyd Roberts #42"], ''New England Historic Genealogical Society''. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 10 June 2007.</ref> publisher of the ''[[New York Times]]'' since 1992 |
*[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]],<ref>[http://www.newenglandancestors.org/education/articles/research/special_guests/gary_boyd_roberts/42_659_442.asp Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Genealogical Thoughts by Gary Boyd Roberts #42"], ''New England Historic Genealogical Society''. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 10 June 2007.</ref> publisher of the ''[[New York Times]]'' since 1992 |
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*[[Noah Webster]],<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Noah_Webster "Noah Webster"]; ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'', 11th ed. (1911). On-line source: "Classic Encyclopedia;" accessed 4 May 2007</ref> American educator, journalist, and lexicographer noted for his [[Webster's Dictionary]] |
*[[Noah Webster]],<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Noah_Webster "Noah Webster"]; ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'', 11th ed. (1911). On-line source: "Classic Encyclopedia;" accessed 4 May 2007</ref> American educator, journalist, and lexicographer noted for his [[Webster's Dictionary]] |
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Revision as of 23:14, 11 June 2007
William Bradford (March 19, 1590 – May 9, 1657) was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected Governor of the Colony for 15 two-year terms. He was the second signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor. He also wrote another one after the first one had been destroyed. His journal (1620–47), published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving.
Biography
He was the son of William Bradford and was born on March 19, 1590 near Doncaster, in Austerfield, Yorkshire. At an early age, he was attracted to the "primitive" congregational church, in nearby Scrooby. By 1606, he was a committed member of what was termed a "Separatist" church, since the church-members had wanted to separate from the Church of England. By contrast, the Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England. The Separatists instead felt the Church was beyond redemption due to unbiblical doctrines and teachings.
When James I began to persecute Separatists in 1608, Bradford fled to the Netherlands, along with many members of the congregation. These Separatists went first to Amsterdam before settling at Leiden. Bradford married his first wife, Dorothy May (1597 – December 7, 1620), on December 10, 1613 in Amsterdam. While at Leiden, he supported himself as a fustian weaver.
Shifting alignments of the European powers (due to religious differences, struggles over the monarchies and intrigues within the ruling Habsburg clan) caused the Dutch government to fear war with Catholic Spain, and to become allied with James I of England. Social pressure (and even attacks) on the separatists increased in the Netherlands. Their congregation's leader, John Robinson, supported the emerging idea of starting a colony. Bradford was in the midst of this venture from the beginning. The separatists wanted to remain Englishmen (although living in the Netherlands), yet wanted to get far enough away from the Church of England and the government to have some chance of living in peace. Arrangements were made, and William with his wife sailed for America in 1620 from Leiden aboard the Mayflower.
Before the colony was established, Bradford's wife died. On December 7, 1620, [1]
Dorothy Bradford died while the Mayflower was at anchor in Provincetown Harbor. However, there are no contemporary accounts of the circumstances of her death, only a later mention of drowning by Cotton Mather in Magnalia Christi Americana. [2] Bradford included only brief mention of her passing in his own writing. There is a widely circulated story that she committed suicide, but that is derived from a work of historical fiction published in the June, 1869 issue of Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Since they had decided to leave their young son in the Netherlands, his wife was so stricken with sadness that she took her own life. There is no proof however, of suicide. [3]
The first winter in the new colony was a terrible experience. Half the colonists perished, including the colony's leader, John Carver. Bradford was selected as his replacement in the spring of 1621. From this point, his story is inextricably linked with the history of the Plymouth Colony.
William Bradford's second wife, the also widowed Alice Carpenter Southworth, came to Plymouth aboard the Anne in July 1623, her two sons following after 1627[4] and married Governor Bradford on August 14, 1623 at Plymouth. They had three children, William, Mercy, and Joseph. Alice also helped to raise John, the son of his first marriage. William Bradford died at Plymouth, and was interred at Plymouth Burial Hill.
Some historians feel that Bradford's greatest achievement was in abandoning the system of communal agriculture initially practiced in the colony and introducing a system of privatized production, with land allotted to each family. These historians contend that the colonists produced more by farming for themselves, rather than for the community.[5]
Journal
Bradford kept a handwritten journal detailing the history of the first 30 years of Plymouth Colony. Large parts of this journal were published as Of Plymouth Plantation, and have been republished a number of times. (It is currently in print as ISBN 0-07-554281-1.) Bradford, along with Edward Winslow and others, contributed material to George Morton, who merged everything into a book, published in London in 1622, nicknamed Mourt's Relation, which was primarily a journal of the colonists' first years at Plymouth.
Notable descendants
- Ambrose Bierce,[6] American dystopian novelist and satirist
- The Baldwin brothers (Alec, Daniel, William, and Stephen),[7] American actors
- Gamaliel Bradford (1768-1824),[8] American Revolutionary War officer, and his descendants, including Gamaliel Bradford (1863-1932), American biographer and journalist
- Robert F. Bradford,[9][10] American lawyer, Republican Party strategist, and Governor of Massachusetts from 1947 to 1949
- William Bradford (1624-1703), military commander of the Plymouth forces during King Philip's War
- William Bradford (1729-1808), American physician, lawyer, and U.S. Senator from Rhode Island
- James G. Carter,[11] American congregational minister, Massachusetts State Representative, and pioneer of Normal schools and public education
- Julia Child,[12] American entrepreneur and chef of French and French-influenced cuisine
- Frederic Edwin Church,[13] American landscape painter
- Frank Nelson Doubleday,[14] American publisher, and his descendants, including Nelson Doubleday, Nelson Doubleday, Jr., and Russell Doubleday
- George Eastman,[15] American inventor and the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company
- Clint Eastwood,[16] American film actor, director, producer, and Republican Party politician
- Charles Dana Gibson,[17] illustrator, best known for his "Gibson girl" drawings
- Hugh Hefner,[18] media and pornography executive, claimant of descent from William Bradford, but his claims have been disproved by The Mayflower Society[19]
- Edward "Ned" Lamont,[20][21] American businessman and Democratic Party politician
- John Lithgow,[22] American actor and philanthropist
- Jan Garrigue Masaryk,[23] Czechoslovak diplomat and politician
- Thomas Pynchon,[24] American short story writer and novelist
- Christopher Reeve,[25] American film actor and political activist
- William Bradford Reynolds,[26] U.S. Assistant Attorney General and U.S. Assistant Solicitor General in the administration of President Ronald Reagan
- Deborah Sampson,[27][28] female member of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War
- Adlai Ewing Stevenson III,[29] Democratic Party politician, U.S. Senator representing Illinois from 1970 to 1981
- Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.,[30] publisher of the New York Times since 1992
- Noah Webster,[31] American educator, journalist, and lexicographer noted for his Webster's Dictionary
- William Collins Whitney,[32][33] American financier and politician, and his descendants, the Whitney family
References
- ^
Patricia Scott Deetz. "Mayflower Passenger Deaths, 1620-1621". The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "William Bradford in 17 Century Records". Pilgrim Hall Museum. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
- ^ Austin, Jane Goodwin (1869). "William Bradford's Love Life". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 39 (229): 135–140.
- ^ Stratton, Eugene Aubrey (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its History & People 1620-1691. USA: Ancestry Incorporated. pp. 365–366. doi:0-916489-13-2.
{{cite book}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ Tom Bethell (1999). "PRIVATE PROPERTY:How Private Property Saved the Pilgrims". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ^ Morris, Roy. Ambrose Bierce: Alone In Bad Company; New York: Crown, 1996; pp. 10. On-line source: Paperback ed.; New York: Oxford UP, 1998; pp. 10; accessed 5 May 2007.
- ^ Newcomb, Bethuel Merritt. Andrew Newcomb and his Descendants: A Revised Edition of "Genealogical Memoir" of the Newcomb Family by John Bearse Newcomb; New Haven, CT: The Tuttle, Morhouse, and Taylor Co., 1923. (Daniel LeRoy Martineau, mentioned in the book, is the grandfather of the Baldwin brothers.)
- ^ "Bradford, Gamaliel. Correspondence: Guide, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University; on-line source, accessed 4 May 2007.
- ^ Robert Fiske Bradford Papers, 1909-1971, Massachusetts Historical Society; accessed 4 June 2007.
- ^ "Blue Bloods," Time; 19 Sept. 1938. On-line source: Time On-line; accessed 4 June 2007.
- ^ The Mayflower Quarterly, Vol. 51, General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 1985 (quarterly journal).
- ^ Fitch, Noel Riley. Appetite for Life: The Biography of Julia Child; New York: Doubleday, 1999; pp. 10.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Genealogical Thoughts by Gary Boyd Roberts #42", New England Historic Genealogical Society. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 5 May 2007.
- ^ Doubleday, Frank Nelson. The Memoirs of a Publisher; New York: Doubleday, 1972; appendices.
- ^ See ref for Frederic Edwin Church.
- ^ McGilligan, Patrick. Clint: The Life And Legend; New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 13.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. Notable Kin: Volume Two; Santa Clara, CA: Carl Boyer, 1999; pp. 27.
- ^ "Mr. Playboy"; Isenberg, Barbara. Time, on-line: 2 October 2005; accessed 4 May 2007.
- ^ The Mayflower Quarterly, "Letters," Vol. 72, No. 2 (June 2006), publication of the General Society of Mayflower Descendants.
- ^ Sleeper, Jim. "The American Lamonts," The New York Times, "Opinions and Editorials;" on-line publication: 15 October 2006; accessed 5 May 2007.
- ^ Lamont, Corliss, ed. The Thomas Lamonts In America; New York: A. S. Barnes, 1971. The family-published history of the Lamont family in America details how the socialist Lamonts arrived in America in the 1750s and married into New England Pilgrim and Puritan families, including descendants of William Bradford.
- ^ The Mayflower Quarterly, Vol. 64, General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 1998 (quarterly journal).
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd and Wood, Michael J. "Notable Kin: Foreign Prime Ministers or Presidents with New England-Derived Forebears or Wives: Part II - Europe", New England Historic Genealogical Society. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 10 June 2007.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources #48", New England Historic Genealogical Society. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 1 June 2007.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources #77", New England Historic Genealogical Society. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 4 May 2007.
- ^ The American Historical Review; "Book Review," Vol. 105, No. 1 (February 2000). On-line source: History Cooperative; accessed 4 May 2007.
- ^ Scott, Fred. Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1 (Genealogical record); iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.
- ^ Young, Alfred. Masquerade: The Life and Times of Deborah Sampson, Continental Soldier; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; pp. 4-5.
- ^ Scott, Fred W. Clifton William Scott and Mildred Evelyn Bradford Scott of Ashfield, Mass.: Volume 1; iUniverse, 2004; pp. 423.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Genealogical Thoughts by Gary Boyd Roberts #42", New England Historic Genealogical Society. On-line source (NewEnglandAncestors.org); accessed 10 June 2007.
- ^ "Noah Webster"; Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911). On-line source: "Classic Encyclopedia;" accessed 4 May 2007
- ^ Biddle, Flora Miller. The Whitney Women and the Museum They Made New York: Arcade Publishing, 1999; pp. 26. Account of F. M. Biddle, president emeritus of the Whitney Museum, describes the descent of W. C. Whitney's mother Laurinda Collins (Whitney) from Bradford.
- ^ "William Collins Whitney (1841 - 1904)". The Whitney Research Group, 1999; accessed 4 May 2007.
External links
- Bradford's History at the Pilgrim Hall Museum
- William Bradford on MayflowerHistory.com
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