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'''The Bronx High School of Science''', commonly called '''Bronx Science''', or just '''Science''', is a [[Specialized High Schools of New York City|specialized]] [[New York City]] [[public high school]] located in the [[Bedford Park, Bronx, New York|Bedford Park]] section of the [[Bronx]], with no tuition charges and admission by exam. Since its founding in [[1938]] with a traditional focus on [[mathematics]] and [[science]], Bronx Science has developed a worldwide reputation as one of the best high schools in the United States, public or private. It attracts an intellectually gifted blend of culturally, ethnically, and economically diverse students from New York City.
'''The Bronx High School of Science''', commonly called '''Bronx Science''', or just '''Science''', is a [[Specialized High Schools of New York City|specialized]] [[New York City]] [[public high school]] located in the [[Bedford Park, Bronx, New York|Bedford Park]] section of the [[Bronx]], with no tuition charges and admission by exam. Since its founding in [[1938]] with a traditional focus on [[mathematics]] and [[science]], Bronx Science has developed a worldwide reputation as one of the best high schools in the United States, public or private. It attracts an intellectually gifted blend of culturally, ethnically, and economically diverse students from New York City.


Together with [[Stuyvesant High School]] and [[Brooklyn Technical High School]], Bronx Science is one of three original [[Specialized High Schools of New York City|specialized science high schools]] operated by the [[New York City Department of Education]]. Admission to these schools is by competitive examination only, and only residents of the City of New York are eligible to attend.
Together with [[Stuyvesant High School]] and [[Brooklyn Technical High School]], Bronx Science is one of three original [[Specialized High Schools of New York City|specialized science high schools]] operated by the [[New York City Department of Education]]. Admission to these schools is by competitive examination only, and is open to all residents of the New York City.


It is a member of the [[National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology]]. Almost 100% of Bronx Science graduates go on to four-year colleges; many attend [[Ivy League]] and other highly selective schools. Bronx Science counts 125 finalists in the prestigious [[Intel Science Talent Search]] (formerly Westinghouse), the largest number of any high school. Seven [[Nobel Prize]]-winning scientists and five [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning writers are also among the many [[Bronx High School of Science#Notable alumni and former students|notable Bronx Science graduates]].
It is a member of the [[National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology]]. Almost 100% of Bronx Science graduates go on to four-year colleges; many attend [[Ivy League]] and other highly selective schools. Bronx Science counts 125 finalists in the prestigious [[Intel Science Talent Search]] (formerly Westinghouse), the largest number of any high school. Seven [[Nobel Prize]]-winning scientists and five [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning writers are also among the many [[Bronx High School of Science#Notable alumni and former students|notable Bronx Science graduates]].

Revision as of 22:36, 27 December 2006

Bronx High School of Science
File:Bxscience logo.jpg
Address
Map
75 West 205th Street

Bronx
,
NY 10468

United States
Information
TypePublic, Selective Magnet
Motto"Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination" --John Dewey
Established1938
PrincipalValerie J. Reidy
Faculty144 (20:1) [1]
Grades9 - 12
EnrollmentApproximately 2800
Color(s)Green and Gold
MascotWolverine
NewspaperScience Survey
YearbookThe Observatory
Phone(718) 817-7700
AdmissionCompetitive Examination
TuitionNone
Websitewww.bxscience.edu

The Bronx High School of Science, commonly called Bronx Science, or just Science, is a specialized New York City public high school located in the Bedford Park section of the Bronx, with no tuition charges and admission by exam. Since its founding in 1938 with a traditional focus on mathematics and science, Bronx Science has developed a worldwide reputation as one of the best high schools in the United States, public or private. It attracts an intellectually gifted blend of culturally, ethnically, and economically diverse students from New York City.

Together with Stuyvesant High School and Brooklyn Technical High School, Bronx Science is one of three original specialized science high schools operated by the New York City Department of Education. Admission to these schools is by competitive examination only, and is open to all residents of the New York City.

It is a member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology. Almost 100% of Bronx Science graduates go on to four-year colleges; many attend Ivy League and other highly selective schools. Bronx Science counts 125 finalists in the prestigious Intel Science Talent Search (formerly Westinghouse), the largest number of any high school. Seven Nobel Prize-winning scientists and five Pulitzer Prize-winning writers are also among the many notable Bronx Science graduates.

History

The founding

File:Bxscience old.jpg
Original Bronx Science Building (1938-1958)

The Bronx High School of Science was founded in 1938 as a specialized science and math high school for boys, by resolution of the Board of Education of the City of New York, with Dr. Morris Meister as the first principal and guiding light of the school. They were given use of an antiquated Gothic-gargoyled edifice located at Creston Avenue and 184th Street. The building, built in 1918 for Evander Childs High School, had been successively occupied by Walton High School (1930) and by an annex of DeWitt Clinton High School (1935). The initial faculty were in part comprised by a contingent from Stuyvesant High School.[2] Dr. Meister put his imprint on the school from its formation, for example selecting as school colors "green to represent chlorophyll and gold the sun, both of which are essential to the chain of life"[3].

Expansion to co-education

Bronx Science started with about 150 ninth year students and 250 tenth year students, the remaining facilities of the building being used by DeWitt Clinton. As Science became larger, the Clinton contingent was gradually returned to its own main building. During their joint occupation, which lasted for 2 years, until 1940, the two schools had separate teaching staff and classes, but the same supervision and administration.

In the year 1946, as a result of the efforts of Dr. Meister, the faculty, and the Parents Association, the school became co-ed, preceding its rival schools Stuyvesant (1969) by 23 years, and Brooklyn Tech (1972) by 26 years. This opened the doors to gifted and talented girls of New York, giving them equal opportunity to pursue a quality education in a specialized high school, previously denied to them.

In February 1958, Dr. Morris Meister, after 20 years as the principal of the school, resigned to become the first president of the newly organized Bronx Community College. Dr. Alexander Taffel succeeded Dr. Meister as principal.

The move to modern facilities

File:Photo12.jpg
Bronx Science Building (1959-Present). Mural in front lobby by Frank J. Reilly.

From the very beginning, a campaign for a new building was conducted by the Parents Association, and sparked by the tireless dedication of Dr. Meister. Working with the Board of Education and the City of New York took twenty years to see the dream become a reality, but under Dr. Taffel's guidance, plans were finally completed for a new building, specifically designed and equipped for the Bronx High School of Science. The new building would be on 205th Street near Bedford Park Boulevard, in a predominantly institutional region commonly referred to as the "Educational Mile" between DeWitt Clinton High School and its large football field on one side, and Harris Field and Hunter College (now Lehman College) on the other. On March 3, 1959, students and faculty occupied the new building for the first time, solving the problem of how to move the books from the old library to the new in typical Bronx Science manner: on Friday afternoon each student took home five library books from the old building, and on Monday returned them to the new one.

They entered a school equipped with the most modern facilities and state-of-the-art laboratories, classrooms, and technical studio areas, all designed to the specific needs of the specialized Bronx Science curriculum. Gracing the main lobby entrance was a large, 63-foot, Venetian glass mosaic mural depicting major figures from the history of science such as Marie Curie and Charles Darwin under the protective hands of a God-like figure representing knowledge, with this quote from John Dewey: "Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination". The mural is an original work of art by Frank Reilly entitled Humanities Protecting Biology, Physics, Chemistry, reflecting the breadth of the school's mission: to excel not only in the sciences and mathematics for which it was founded, but also in the humanities. Legions of students over the years, bemoaning the lack of swimming facilities, have sarcastically referred to the mural as "the Science swimming pool", perpetuating the idea - perhaps apochryphal - that a choice was made to fund a mural rather than a pool in the new building; but the mural continues to epitomize the special nature of the Bronx High School of Science.[4]

When Bronx Science celebrated its silver anniversary in June 1963, President Kennedy hailed it as "a significant and pathfinding example of a special program devoted to the development of the student gifted in science and mathematics." The President had occasion to know the quality of the school's product since he had recently selected one of its graduates, Dr. Harold Brown, of the class of 1943, for the position of Director of Defense Research and Engineering; he'd later serve as Secretary of Defense under President Carter.

File:Bxsciholocaust.png
The Stuart S. Elenko Holocaust Museum and Studies Center

Stuart S. Elenko Holocaust Museum and Studies Center

In 1978, a popular Social Studies faculty member, Stuart Elenko, founded a Holocaust Museum and Studies Center at Bronx Science practically single-handedly. It has been funded by grants, donations, and the New York City Council. The Museum was one of the first of its kind in the United States, and houses an impressive collection of rare documents, photographs, artifacts and other material from the Nazi era; the Studies Center sponsors speakers and puts together and distributes educational materials about the Holocaust. The Museum has had over 60,000 visitors, and has received wide acclaim from leaders in the field. In 2004 an anonymous benefactor - an alumnus of the school - made a very large donation which is allowing the Museum to modernize and be totally revamped; eventually it will move out of the Library where it now resides, and turn into a full-sized Museum.[5]

Recent administration

When Dr. Taffel retired in 1979, the chairman of the Biological Science Department, Dr. Milton Kopelman, became Principal. He remained so for over ten years.

Upon his retirement in 1990, long-time faculty member and Biology Assistant Principal Vincent Galasso became Principal. He was followed by Physical Science Department Assistant Principal Stanley Blumenstein, a 1963 graduate of Bronx Science.

In 2000 William Stark, a popular Assistant Principal of the Social Studies Department, was appointed Acting Principal. He was expected to move up to the Principal's office, when Chancellor Harold O. Levy decided to try to find a Nobel laureate to become Principal; that effort failed, and before being offered the job as Science's Principal, Stark accepted a job as Principal of Manhasset High School. Many faculty and parents were upset that Stark was not appointed in a timely way and thus had left the school; Vincent Galasso agreed to step up again, for one term, in 2001.

Although not a popular choice, Valerie J. Reidy, Assistant Principal of the Biology department, was appointed Principal in September 2001; she is the first woman Principal in the school's history. Despite that distinction, she has been a controversial figure. [6][7]

Enrollment

The Bronx High School of Science has a student body of about 2,800 students. Admission is based exclusively on an entrance examination, known as the Specialized Science High School Admissions Test (SSHSAT)[8], open to all eighth and ninth grade New York City students interested in attending one of the specialized schools. Each year, thousands of students from the five boroughs of New York City take this comprehensive examination covering math (word problems and computation) and verbal (reading comprehension, logical reasoning, unscrambling paragraphs). Out of the 26,000 students taking the entrance examination only about 700 are admitted to Science, based on a system of ranked scores.

The student body comprises an extremely diversified group: almost every ethnic group in New York City can be found at Bronx Science. Currently, about 60% of the school is of Asian descent. The students are fairly evenly split between males and females.[9].

There are no feeder patterns. All New York City students entering high school must apply to schools, as there are no zoning boundaries for high schools in New York City.

Facilities and resources

A monitor in the front lobby of Bronx Science allows students and faculty to monitor the status of the school's rooftop solar array.
  • Computerized & renovated science laboratories, including the Syracuse University @ Bronx Science Crime Lab and DNA Research Lab
  • Television studio
  • Computer laboratories
  • Weather Station
  • Rooftop planetarium
  • High speed internet access in every room
  • Televisions equipped with DVD/VHS players in every room
  • State-of-the-art library
The Bronx Science Library is committed to supporting the student body by providing extensive resources ranging from traditional print and microform to electronic subscription e-journals and databases rivaling many higher institutions. Located on the first floor just off the main lobby, the library is composed of three smaller rooms encompassing approximately 65, 000 square feet with a seating capacity of 100. Holdings include over 30,000 volumes, 135 different magazines, microforms (including the New York Times on microfilm dating back to 1851) and readers, and computers in the computer room. Every available space is productively used, and presents a comfortable and attractive environment for students who use the library for study, relaxation, and computer activities.
Especially notable among its electronic resources is ScienceDirect, a free science journal service by Elsevier to a select few science high schools. It is used by students in their own original research endeavors as a gateway to firsthand experience with published scientific research. The library currently also holds the renowned Holocaust Museum and Studies Center.[10]
Completed in February of 2006, the installment of solar panels on the roof epitomizes Bronx Science's constant efforts to employ innovative technological solutions to advance and improve instructional facilities for its talented student body. The turn-key 33.6 kW (DC) photovoltaic (PV) arrays consist of 168 Sharp Solar 200 watt DC PV modules laminated to PowerLight's flat-roof PowerGuard mounting system and utilizes a Xantrex PV-30208 30 kW AC 3 phase inverter. Integration with the school's computer network provides a hands-on approach with an economical and ecological power source by allowing students to monitor the solar panels' production of electricity in real time, while reaping savings on energy cost. A screen just off the main lobby displays production data at every moment. [11]

Collaborations

Colleges & Universities

Major corporations

Academics

Students relaxing on Science campus in warm weather.

Bronx Science students take a rigorous, well-rounded, college preparatory curriculum that includes four years of life science (biology) and physical science (chemistry/physics), math, English, foreign language, social studies, and fine arts, with required courses and a wide selection of electives, including AP classes. Over 600 classes are offered.[12] Students have an opportunity to do independent research, and many compete in the annual Intel Science Talent Search (formerly known as "Westinghouse"). After the completion of four years at Bronx Science, and the fulfillment of the Bronx Science academic track, students graduate with a Bronx Science degree - more advanced and more prestigious than a typical New York State Regents Degree.

The basic science courses chosen are typically earth sciences, biology, chemistry, and physics; many students choose to take the Advanced Placement version of these courses, which allows for students to place out of introductory science courses in college. In the life sciences, the students have the additional option of taking a special "double honors" biology course, which features extra laboratory exposure. Science electives include microbiology, physiology, forensic science, human genetics, evolution, astronomy, organic chemistry, electronics and others.

In mathematics, beyond the standard AP courses in AB/BC calculus and statistics, courses in multivariate calculus, probability and statistical inference, and computer science courses are among the choices.

Students take four years of English, which also allows for electives, including courses in journalism, Shakespeare, creative writing and AP English.

Social studies and history classes are required, and include US and world history, economics, with electives in psychology, law, finance, and global studies, among others.

Three years of languages are required. Bronx Science offers French, Spanish, Latin, Russian, Italian, Modern Greek, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. At one time Hebrew and German were also offered.

Students are required to take Technical Drawing (formerly known as Mechanical Drawing) and a Science Techniques Laboratory course; technology courses include engineering and architectural drawing, telescope making, computerized graphics, robotics technology, and medical illustration. Art and Music Appreciation are also required courses, with a range of studio art electives and music performance electives available.

Health and Physical Education courses are also required, with many activities to choose from.

Representative Electives

  • ENGLISH- Ethics in America, Dramatic Tragedy & Comedy, Women in Literature, A Study in Evil, Shakespeare: Behind the Scenes, Poetry & Inner Visions, Basic and Advanced Acting, Play Production, Journalism Workshop, Yearbook Workshop, Introduction to College Health
  • SOCIAL STUDIES- Mock Trials, Introduction to Psychology, Introduction to Constitutional Law, The Principles of Economics and Finance, Film Studio, Holocaust Leadership Class, Social Science Research Projects
  • MATHEMATICS- Calculus, Multivariable Calculus, Pre-Calculus, Senior Math Team, Junior Math Team, Math Projects, Visual Basic, Advanced Computer Programming
  • BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES- Biology Research, Animal Behavior & Human Psychology, Human Genetics & Evolution, Plant Physiology and Horticulture, Nutritional Science, Microbiology, Forensic Biology, Biomedical Ethics
  • PHYSICAL SCIENCES - Physical Science Research, Organic Chemistry, Earth System Science (Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanography, Geology), Modern Frontiers in Chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Electronics, Advanced Topics in the Physics of Sports
  • FOREIGN LANGUAGE- Honors Literature Courses in French, Modern Greek and Spanish. Conversation courses in French, Italian & Spanish. College level Russian. Intermediate Korean Language and Culture.
  • TECHNOLOGY- Photography, Internetworking, Architectural Drafting, Computer Technology, Principles of Engineering, Computer Graphics, Cisco Networking, Advanced Internetworking, Theater Technology, Robotics Technology, Television Production Technology
  • FINE ARTS and MUSIC- Studio in Drawing and Design, Studio in Painting, Studio in Sculpture, Orchestra, Chorus, Band
  • HEALTH & PHYSICAL EDUCATION- Basketball, Baseball, Aerobatics, Whiffle Ball, Gymnastics, Yoga, Weight Training, Fitness, Flag Football, Soccer, Ultimate, In-Line Skating

Advanced Placement courses

  • ENGLISH- English Literature, English Language and Composition
  • SOCIAL STUDIES- American History, European History, World History, U.S. Government and Politics, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics
  • MATHEMATICS- Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Computer Science (JAVA)
  • SCIENCE- Biology, Environmental Science, Psychology, Chemistry, Physics without Calculus, Physics with Calculus
  • LANGUAGE- Spanish Language, Spanish Literature, French Language, French Literature, Italian Language & Culture, Latin (Virgil), Latin Poetry (Catullus/Ovid)
  • ARTS- Art, Art History, Music Theory

Student opportunities

Research

Along with a rigorous academic foundation, and an array of extracurricular choices, students are provided with original research opportunities in the biological, physical, and social sciences, and programs that hone students' investigation skills and prepare for academic competitions. Interested students apply for research programs in their freshman year and begin a three year sequence of voluntary work on their projects in their sophomore year. During this time, students collaborate with scientists at local laboratories to develop and complete an independent research project, usually concentrated during two summers. The program culminates in the writing of a scientific paper in the senior year, which is submitted to various competitions, such as the Intel Science Talent Search ("Westinghouse") competition. Since the inception of this prestigious national competition in 1942, often referred to as the "junior Nobel Prize," Bronx Science has accumulated the highest number of finalists, leading the nation with 125.

Publications

Bronx Science students working on the publication of the Science Survey in the newspaper publication room.
  • Science Survey is Bronx Science's entirely student-run newspaper. Students manage everything from reporting, layout, design, editing and final production. The paper is distributed 5 times per year, gratis. Survey has been the name of the Bronx Science student newspaper since the founding of the school in 1938.
  • Math Bulletin is the annual publication of the Bronx Science Mathematics Department. Student term-papers, original student mathematics research, and interesting topics in Mathematics are featured.
  • Reactions is a school publication written by Physical Science students.
  • Dynamo is the literary magazine of the Bronx Science English Department. The entire student body is encouraged to submit original poems and other works which are considered for publication.
  • Bronx Science publishes a Biology Journal annually. It is a joint venture between students and the faculty of the Biology Department to document advances in the field of Biology, both within Bronx Science and in the outside world. Each themed issue contains interviews, commentaries, artwork, featured student research papers and abstracts from every student Biology research project that year (See Research).
  • Exposition is an annual production of the Bronx Science Social Studies Department.[13]


Extra-curricular activities

Sports

Boys Outdoor Cross Country Track team competing at Van Cortlandt Park
  • Baseball: Boys, J.V. & Varsity
  • Basketball: Boys & Girls, J.V. & Varsity
  • Bowling: Co-ed, Varsity
  • Crew: Co-ed, Varsity
  • Cross Country: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Fencing: Coed, Varsity
  • Golf: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Gymnastics: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Handball: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Indoor and Outdoor Track: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Soccer: Boys & Girls, Varsity
  • Softball: Girls, J.V. & Varsity
  • Swimming: Boys & Girls[14], Varsity
  • Volleyball: Boys & Girls, J.V. & Varsity

Academic teams

  • Moot Court Team, that competes in the New York City Bar Association's Moot Court Competition
  • Mock Trials Team
  • Robotics Team. The Bronx Science Robotics Team (US First Team 1155[15]) competes annually in the FIRST Robotics Competition. The team is an extensive collaboration between students and faculty to design, fund and construct a winning robot.
  • Winners, 2006 Engineering Inspiration Award[16]
  • Winners, 2005 Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, and Byers Entrepreneurship Award[17]
  • Winners, 2004 Delphi Driving Tomorrow Award[18]

Clubs

Newly-renovated Bronx Science Auditorium

Student life

Dress code

The school's dress code has evolved over the years. Once boys were required to wear ties and "collar" shirts and not allowed to wear "patch-pocket" pants (jeans) or hats; girls were required to wear skirts or dresses, no matter what the weather. Offenders were sent home if they were not dressed according to the rules. Many girls, walking to school in the winter along wind-swept Goulden Avenue between the Jerome Park Reservoir and Clinton's football field, would wear slacks under their skirts and would have to remove them when they arrived at school. Boots also had to be removed.

In 1968 the students successfully demanded that the dress code be relaxed, and girls were allowed to wear slacks and boys could wear t-shirts.

Today's students still are not allowed to wear hats (a Department of Education rule), and the dress regulations are less specific, forbidding clothing that is "distracting", "offensive", or "degrading"; anything promoting drug use or offensive language is similarly banned; and "undergarments must not be visible, and tops and bottoms of outer garments must meet or overlap". [19]

Transportation

Bronx Science students, who come from all over New York City, use a wide variety of means of transportation to travel to its Bedford Park campus.

The school is located within short walking distance of the IRT Template:NYCS 4 and IND Template:NYCS D trains, several Bronx bus routes and the Manhattan BxM4A and Queens X32 Express Bus routes.

Private bus lines that service the school for students from Queens and Manhattan include Atlantic Express, Gagnon Bus Service, and Vallo Transportation.

Notable alumni and former students

The Bronx High School of Science counts seven Nobel Prize-winning physicists among its graduates:

No other secondary school in the world has seven Nobel laureates as alumni. If Bronx Science were a country, it would be tied at 21st for number of Nobel laureates (as of 2006). [20]

Bronx Science also has five Pulitzer Prize-winning graduates:

Six alumni have won the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor bestowed by the U.S. President and thus far awarded to 425 scientists and engineers. Bronx Science also counts among its graduates twenty-nine current members of the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS), an honor attained by only about 2,000 American scientists. Twenty-two current members of the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and ten current members of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) are Bronx Science graduates.

Other notable graduates and former students include:

References

  1. ^ http://www.bxscience.edu/faq.jsp
  2. ^ "(Former) Stuyvesant High School" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. 1997-05-20. Retrieved 2006-05-28. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ [http://www.bxscience.edu/about.jsp?rn=2690 from BxScience.edu
  4. ^ Tyson, Neil deGrasse. "Special Feature—City of Stars". Natural History Magazine. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
  5. ^ http://shalomriverdale.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=114174
  6. ^ "Teacher flight feared at elite high school". Columbia University Journalism School. 2001-03-05. Retrieved 2006-10-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Showdown At Bronx Science". The New York Sun. 2005-05-27. Retrieved 2006-10-31. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ http://schools.nyc.gov/OurSchools/HSDirectory/SpecializedHighSchoolsStudentHandbook.htm Specialized High Schools Student Handbook
  9. ^ According to Bronx Science FAQs, "The ratio of boys to girls at Science ranges from 51:49 to 49:51, averaging 50:50" [1]
  10. ^ "Teaching the Fourth 'R' of Science Education: Research". T.H.E. Journal. 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2006-11-02. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "Sunlight as Energy". New York Power Authority. Retrieved 2006-12-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Lists of classes
  13. ^ http://bxscience.ny.schoolwebpages.com/education/staff/staff.php?sectiondetailid=2591&sc_id=1165189992
  14. ^ (PSAL playoff team for past 15 years)
  15. ^ http://www.bxsciborgs.org
  16. ^ http://bxsciborgs.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=39
  17. ^ http://bxsciborgs.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=39
  18. ^ http://bxsciborgs.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=39
  19. ^ "Student Rules and Responsibilities" (January 2002) http://www.bxscience.edu/student_rules_responsibilities.jsp?rn=1128.
  20. ^ Nobel laureates by country


External links

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