Caldera

Dansk: En caldera er en kraterlignende formation, der fremkommer når en vulkan synker sammen efter et stort udbrud.

Deutsch: Eine caldera (spanisch für Kessel; portugiesisch Caldeira ) ist eine kesselförmige Struktur vulkanischen Ursprungs.

English: A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature on big central volcanoes, a special sort of big volcanic crater (from 1 to several kilometers in diameter), formed when a magma chamber was emptied. The depression then originated either in very big explosive eruptions or in erosion and collapse of the magma chamber roof as some sort of overdimensioned pit crater. The previous emptying of this magma chamber is often accomplished during a series of effusive eruptions in the volcanic system, even kilometers away from the magma chamber itself.

Français : Une caldeira, ou caldera, est une vaste dépression circulaire ou elliptique, généralement d'ordre kilométrique, souvent à fond plat, située au cœur de certains grands édifices volcaniques et résultant d'une éruption qui vide la chambre magmatique sous-jacente.

Íslenska: (gos)askja er dæld á fjalli sem getur myndast við ýmsar aðstæður, oftast myndast þeir þegar eldfjallið fellur saman sökum holrúms sem myndast hefur undir því við tæmingu kvikuþróar þess, en þeir geta einnig myndast við sprengingar í eldfjallinu.

日本語: カルデラ

Polski: Kaldera – to wielkie, przeważnie koliste zagłębienie w szczytowej części wulkanu, w którym znajduje się nowy stożek z kraterem

Українська: Кальдера

Caldera forming eruptions

Explosive style

Diagrams showing the caldera forming explosive eruptions of Mount Mazama, Oregon, United States

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Effusive eruptions and roof collapse

Piton de la Fournaise, 2007, La Réunion

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  Flank eruptions on shield volcano Piton de la Fournaise, 2007
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  Piton, mixed eruptions in 2007
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  In 2007, the Dolomieu (here in 2005) collapsed after the mixed eruptions

Bárðarbunga, 2014-15, Iceland

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  From August 2014 til February 2015, a mostly effusive eruption took place within the fissure system of Bárðarbunga in Iceland
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  At the same time, a new depression of a depth of up to 86 m formed within the subglacial caldera of the central volcano itself

Some other calderas

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  Fogo, Cape Verde
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  Panoramic view of Santorini, Greece
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  Mount Tambora, Indonesia
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  Mount Bromo (smoking), Indonesia
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  Mount Aso, Japan
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  Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
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  Mount Sidley, Antarctica, from the southwest
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  Aerial view looking north of Okmok on the northeastern part of Umnak Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands
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  Aniakchak, Alaska
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  Mount Saint Helens, Washington
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  Caldera of South Sister of Three Sisters volcanic center, Oregon, USA
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  Crater Lake, Oregon, USA
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  The caldera of Lassen volcano, California, USA
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  Long Valley Caldera, California