Franz Kafka

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Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka in 1906
Franz Kafka in 1906
Born(1883-07-03)3 July 1883
Prague, Austria-Hungary
Died3 June 1924(1924-06-03) (aged 40)
Kierling near Vienna, First Republic of Austria
OccupationInsurance officer, factory manager, novelist, short story writer
LanguageGerman
NationalityAustria-Hungary
GenreFiction, short story
Literary movementModernism, magic realism, existentialism
Notable worksThe Trial, The Castle, The Metamorphosis
Signature

Franz Kafka (German pronunciation: [fʁants ˈkafka] Czech pronunciation: [ˈfrants kafka]; 3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was an influential German-language author of novels and short stories. Critics and academics, including Vladimir Nabokov,[3] regard Kafka as among the greatest writers of the 20th century. W. H. Auden called him the Dante of the twentieth century.[4] The term "Kafkaesque" has become part of the English language.

Kafka was born to middle class, German-speaking, Jewish parents, in Prague, Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The house in which he was born, on the Old Town Square next to Prague's Church of St Nicholas, now contains a permanent exhibition devoted to the author.

Most of Kafka's writing, including the large body of his unfinished work, was published posthumously.[5]

Life and work

Kafka at the age of five

Kafka was born into a middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish family in Prague (now the Czech Republic). His father, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), was described as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"[6] and by Kafka himself as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature".[7] Hermann was the fourth child of Jacob Kafka, a shochet or ritual slaughterer, and came to Prague from Osek, a Czech-speaking Jewish village near Písek in southern Bohemia. After working as a traveling sales representative, he established himself as an independent retailer of men's and women's fancy goods and accessories, employing up to 15 people and using a jackdaw (kavka in Czech) as his business logo. Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous brewer in Poděbrady, and was better educated than her husband.[8]

Franz was the eldest of six children.[9] He had two younger brothers: Georg and Heinrich, who died at the ages of fifteen months and seven months, respectively, before Franz was seven; and three younger sisters, Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889–1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1944) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). On business days, both parents were absent from the home. Franz's mother helped to manage her husband's business and worked in it as many as 12 hours a day. The children were largely reared by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's relationship with his father was troubled, as described in the Letter to His Father in which he complained of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character.

During World War II, the Nazi Germans deported Kafka's sisters with their families to the Łódź Ghetto, where they perished. Ottla was sent to the concentration camp at Theresienstadt. On 7 October 1943, she was transferred to the death camp at Auschwitz.[10]

Education

Kinsky Palace where Kafka attended Gymnasium and his father later owned a shop

Kafka's native language was German, in which he composed all his literary works. He was also fluent in Czech[11] and took an interest in Czech literature.[12] Later, Kafka acquired some knowledge of French language and culture; one of his favorite authors was Flaubert. From 1889 to 1893, he attended the Deutsche Knabenschule, the boys' elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), the street now known as Masná street. His Jewish education was limited to his Bar Mitzvah celebration at 13 and going to the synagogue four times a year with his father, which he loathed.[13] After elementary school, he was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state Gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school with eight grade levels, where German was also the language of instruction, at Old Town Square, within the Kinsky Palace. He completed his Matura exams in 1901.[14]

Admitted to the Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague, Kafka first studied chemistry, but switched after two weeks to law. This offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father, and required a longer course of study that gave Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history. At the university, he joined a student club, named "Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten", which organized literary events, readings and other activities. In the end of his first year of studies, he met Max Brod, who would become a close friend of his throughout his life, together with the journalist Felix Weltsch, who also studied law. Kafka obtained the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 June 1906 and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as law clerk for the Civil and criminal courts.[5]

Employment

The former house of Franz Kafka. It now stands as a memorial open to the public without fee, but also contains items related to Kafka and Prague for sale.

On 1 November 1907, he was hired at the Assicurazioni Generali, an Italian insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence during that period witnesses that he was unhappy with his working time schedule—from 8 a.m. (8:00) until 6 p.m. (18:00)[15]—as it made it extremely difficult for him to concentrate on his writing. On 15 July 1908, he resigned, and two weeks later found more congenial employment with the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. The job involved investigating personal injury to industrial workers, such as lost fingers or limbs, and assessing compensation. Industrial accidents of this kind were commonplace at this time. Management professor Peter Drucker credits Kafka with developing the first civilian hard hat while he was employed at the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute, but this is not supported by any document from his employer.[16] His father often referred to his son's job as insurance officer as a "Brotberuf", literally "bread job", a job done only to pay the bills. While Kafka often claimed that he despised the job, he was a diligent and capable employee. He was also given the task of compiling and composing the annual report and was reportedly quite proud of the results, sending copies to friends and family. In parallel, Kafka was also committed to his literary work. Together with his close friends Max Brod and Felix Weltsch, these three were called "Der enge Prager Kreis", the close-knit Prague circle, which was part of a broader Prague Circle, "a loosely knit group of German-Jewish writers who contributed to the culturally fertile soil of Prague from the 1880s till after World War I."[17]

In 1911, Karl Hermann, spouse of his sister Elli, asked Kafka to collaborate in the operation of an asbestos factory known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann and Co. Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business. During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of Yiddish theatre, despite the misgivings of even close friends such as Max Brod, who usually supported him in everything else. Those performances also served as a starting point for his growing relationship with Judaism.[18]

Personality

Some sources have claimed that Kafka possessed a schizoid personality disorder.[19] His work, they claim, not only in The Metamorphosis, but in various other writings, appear to show low to medium-level schizoid characteristics, which explain much of his surprising work.[20][unreliable source?] However, a study of Kafka's family and early life by psychoanalyst Alice Miller in her book Thou Shalt Not Be Aware offers a different angle on the sources of Kafka's psychological anguish and his expression of his painful early life in his writings.[21] [full citation needed]

There are speculations regarding Kafka's sexuality and a possible eating disorder. In a 1988 paper published by the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Munich "evidence for the hypothesis that the poet Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa is presented."[22] In his 1995 book Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, Sander Gilman investigated "why a Jew might have been considered 'hypochondriac' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self-image and writing."[23]

Later years

In 1912, at Max Brod's home, Kafka met Felice Bauer, who lived in Berlin and worked as a representative for a dictaphone company. Over the next five years they corresponded a great deal, met occasionally, and were engaged twice. Their relationship finally ended in 1917.

That same year, Kafka began to suffer from tuberculosis, which required frequent convalescence during which he was supported by his family, most notably his sister Ottla. Despite his fear of being perceived as both physically and mentally repulsive, he impressed others with his boyish, neat and austere good looks, a quiet and cool demeanor, obvious intelligence and dry sense of humor.[24]

From 1920 Kafka developed an intense relationship with Czech journalist and writer Milena Jesenská. In July 1923, throughout a vacation to Graal-Müritz on the Baltic Sea, he met Dora Diamant and briefly moved to Berlin in the hope of distancing himself from his family's influence to concentrate on his writing. In Berlin, he lived with Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family, who was independent enough to have escaped her past in the ghetto. She became his lover, and influenced Kafka's interest in the Talmud.[25]

Kafka's tuberculosis worsened and he returned to Prague. He went to Dr. Hoffmann's sanatorium in Kierling near Vienna for treatment, where he died on 3 June 1924, apparently from starvation. The condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition had not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him. He was aged 40 years and 11 months. His body was ultimately brought back to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Jewish Cemetery (sector 21, row 14, plot 33) in Prague-Žižkov.

Political views

Kafka attended meetings of the Klub Mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist and anti-clerical organization.[26] Hugo Bergmann, who attended both the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, had a falling out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident." "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist." Bergmann claims that Kafka openly wore a red carnation to school to show his support for socialism.[27] In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"[28] He later stated, regarding the Czech anarchists: "They all sought thanklessly to realise human happiness. I understood them. But ... I was unable to continue marching alongside them for long."[29]

Judaism and Zionism

He was deeply fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe, whom he regarded as having an intensity of spiritual life Western Jews did not have. His diary is full of references to Yiddish writers, known and unknown.[30] Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life: "What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe."[31]

In his essay, Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection to Zionism. "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance, are both wrong. The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles."[30]

According to James Hawes, Kafka, though much aware of his own Jewishness, did not incorporate his Jewishness into his work. "There is zero actual Jewishness" nor any Jewish characters or specifically Jewish scenes in his work, says Hawes.[32] In the opinion of literary critic Harold Bloom, author of The Western Canon, however, "Despite all his denials and beautiful evasions, [Kafka's writing] quite simply is Jewish writing."[18] Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt."[33] Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets the classic, The Trial, as the "triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague is embodied in Kafka's The Trial: his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich) and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the modern world, although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew."[34]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era." His era included numerous other Jewish writers (Czech, German and national Jews) who were sensitive to German, Czech, Austrian and Jewish culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka."[34]

Literary career

Franz Kafka's grave in Prague-Žižkov.

Kafka's writing attracted little attention until after his death. During his lifetime, he published only a few short stories. He finished the novella The Metamorphosis, but never finished any of his full length novels. Kafka left his published and unpublished work to his friend and literary executor Max Brod with explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on his (Kafka's) death; Kafka wrote: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me ... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread."[35][36] Brod decided to ignore this request and went on to publish the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935. The remaining papers were consigned to suitcases which he carried with him when he fled to Palestine in 1939.[37] (His lover, Dora Diamant, also ignored his wishes, secretly keeping up to 20 notebooks and 35 letters until they were confiscated by the Gestapo in 1933. An ongoing international search is being conducted for these missing Kafka papers.) Brod, in fact, would oversee the publication of most of Kafka's work in his possession, which soon began to attract attention and high critical regard.

Max Brod encountered significant difficulty in compiling Kafka's notebooks into any chronological order as Kafka was known to start writing in the middle of notebooks, from the last page towards the first, etc.

All of Kafka's published works, except several letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesenská, were written in German.

Translation of Kafka's work into English

Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to the German language allowing for long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop—that being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is achieved due to the construction of certain sentences in German which require that the verb be positioned at the end of the sentence. Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English, so it is up to the resourceful translator to provide the reader with the same (or at least equivalent) effect found in the original text.[38]

Another virtually insurmountable problem facing translators is how to deal with the author's intentional use of ambiguous terms and of words that have several meanings. One such instance is found in the first sentence of The Metamorphosis. English translators have often sought to render the word Ungeziefer as "insect"; in Middle German, however, Ungeziefer literally means "unclean animal not suitable for sacrifice"[39] and is sometimes used colloquially to mean "bug" – a very general term, unlike the scientific sounding "insect". Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor, the protagonist of the story, as any specific thing, but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation. Another example is Kafka's use of the German noun Verkehr in the final sentence of The Judgment. Literally, Verkehr means intercourse and, as in English, can have either a sexual or non-sexual meaning; in addition, it is used to mean transport or traffic. The sentence can be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge."[40] What gives added weight to the obvious double meaning of 'Verkehr' is Kafka's confession to Max Brod that when he wrote that final line, he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation".[41]

Critical interpretations

Jaroslav Róna's bronze statue of Franz Kafka in Prague.

The multivalent nature of Kafka's prose allows for diverse interpretation—and for critics placing his works into a variety of literary schools.[42] The hopelessness and absurdity populating his works are seen as emblematic of existentialism.[citation needed] Some see a Marxist influence in his satirizing of bureaucracy as in The Castle, The Trial and In the Penal Colony;[42] others point to anarchism as inspiring his skewering of bureaucracy.[citation needed] Still others interpret his works through the lens of Judaism, especially Freudianism; (Borges made remarks in this regard).[42] Or, as allegory of a metaphysical quest for God; (Thomas Mann was a proponent of this thesis).[43]

The alienation and persecution found in Kafka's work are emphasized by critics—with good reason—but over-emphasis of these themes inspired counter-criticism by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. They argue that Kafka's work is more deliberate and subversive—and more "joyful"—than may first appear. They point out that reading his work while focusing on the futility of his characters' struggles reveals Kafka's play at humor; that his work here isn't necessarily a reflection of his own struggles—rather it describes how people often invent struggles.[citation needed] Biographers have noted that Kafka would read drafts of his works to his friends, typically concentrating on his humorous prose. Milan Kundera refers to Kafka's essentially surrealist humour as a main influence on later writers such as Federico Fellini, Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes and Salman Rushdie.[citation needed] García Márquez noted it was the reading of Kafka's The Metamorphosis that showed him "that it was possible to write in a different way."[citation needed]

Law in Kafka's fiction

Many attempts[which?] have been made to examine Kafka's legal background and the role of law in his fiction. These attempts remain relatively few in number compared to the vast collection of literature devoted to the study of his life and works, and marginal to legal scholarship. Mainstream studies of Kafka's works normally present his fiction as an engagement with absurdity, a critique of bureaucracy or a search for redemption, failing to account for the images of law and legality which constitute an important part of "the horizon of meaning" in his fiction. The law in Kafka's works is not usually interpreted to represent any particular legal or political entity. Rather, it is thought to represent the collection of anonymous, incomprehensible forces, hidden from the will and understanding of the individual, that control the lives of the people – innocent victims of systems beyond their control. Critics who support this absurdist interpretation of Kafka cite instances in which Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe, such as the following entry from his diary:

Enclosed in my own four walls, I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country...I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs, rites, and very language defied comprehension...though I did not want it, they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals...I could not resist.[44]

However, James Hawes argues many of Kafka's descriptions of the legal proceedings in The Trial – metaphysical, absurd, bewildering and "Kafkaesque" as they might appear – are, in fact, based on accurate and informed (although exaggerated) descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time, not well understood by many British or American people, who were familiar with an adversarial rather than inquisitorial system of justice.[45] Similarly, the requirement for the traveller to register with the authorities in The Castle to stay a night seems repressive and odd to Britons and Americans, whereas in the present-day Germans (and most continental Europeans) are required to register their address (and hoteliers their guests) with the local authorities.[46]

The significance of law in Kafka's fiction is also neglected within legal scholarship, for as Richard Posner pointed out, most lawyers do not consider writings about law in the form of fiction of any relevance to the understanding or the practice of law. Regardless of the concerns of mainstream studies of Kafka with redemption and absurdity, and what jurists such as Judge Posner might think relevant to law and legal practice, the fact remains that Kafka was an insurance lawyer who, besides being involved in litigation, was also "keenly aware of the legal debates of his day" (Ziolkowski, 2003, p. 224).[47]

In a recent study which uses Kafka's office writings[48] as its point of departure, Reza Banakar argues that "legal images in Kafka's fiction are worthy of examination, not only because of their bewildering, enigmatic, bizarre, profane and alienating effects, or because of the deeper theological or existential meaning they suggest, but also as a particular concept of law and legality which operates paradoxically as an integral part of the human condition under modernity.[49] To explore this point Kafka's conception of law is placed in the context of his overall writing as a search for Heimat which takes us beyond the instrumental understanding of law advocated by various schools of legal positivism and allows us to grasp law as a form of experience" (see Banakar 2010).

Publications

Much of Kafka's work was unfinished, or prepared for publication posthumously by Max Brod. The novels The Castle (which stopped mid-sentence and had ambiguity on content), The Trial (chapters were unnumbered and some were incomplete) and Amerika (Kafka's original title was The Man who Disappeared) were all prepared for publication by Brod. It appears Brod took a few liberties with the manuscript (moving chapters, changing the German and cleaning up the punctuation), and thus the original German text was altered prior to publication. The editions by Brod are generally referred to as the Definitive Editions.

According to the publisher's note[50] for The Castle,[51] Malcolm Pasley was able to get most of Kafka's original handwritten work into the Oxford Bodleian Library in 1961. The text for The Trial was later acquired through auction and is stored at the German literary archives[52] at Marbach, Germany.[51]

Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit and Jürgen Born) in reconstructing the German novels and S. Fischer Verlag republished them.[53] Pasley was the editor for Das Schloß (The Castle), published in 1982, and Der Prozeß (The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene (Amerika) published in 1983. These are all called the "Critical Editions" or the "Fischer Editions." The German critical text of these, and Kafka's other works, may be found online at The Kafka Project.[54] This site is continuously building the repository.

There is another Kafka Project based at San Diego State University, which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings. Consisting of 20 notebooks and 35 letters to Kafka's last companion, Dora Diamant (later, Dymant-Lask), this missing literary treasure was confiscated from her by the Gestapo in Berlin 1933. The Kafka Project's four-month search of government archives in Berlin in 1998 uncovered the confiscation order and other significant documents. In 2003, the Kafka Project discovered three original Kafka letters, written in 1923. Building on the search conducted by Max Brod and Klaus Wagenbach in the mid-1950s, the Kafka Project at SDSU has an advisory committee of international scholars and researchers, and is calling for volunteers who want to help solve a literary mystery.[55]

In 2008, academic and Kafka expert James Hawes accused scholars of suppressing details of the pornography Kafka subscribed to (published by the same man who was Kafka's own first publisher) in order to preserve his image as a quasi-saintly "outsider".[32]

In 2010 a series of boxes containing writings, letters and sketches of the author thought to be lost were opened. Among the writings was a short story by Kafka.[56]

Translations

There are two primary sources for the translations based on the two German editions. The earliest English translations were by Edwin and Willa Muir and published by Alfred A. Knopf. These editions were widely published and spurred the late-1940s surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States. Later editions (notably the 1954 editions) had the addition of the deleted text translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. These are known as "Definitive Editions." They translated both The Trial, Definitive and The Castle, Definitive among other writings. Definitive Editions are generally accepted to have a number of biases and to be dated in interpretation.

After Pasley and Schillemeit completed their recompilation of the German text, the new translations were completed and published – The Castle, Critical by Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 1998), The Trial, Critical by Breon Mitchell (Schocken Books, 1998) and Amerika: The Man Who Disappeared by Michael Hoffman (New Directions Publishing, 2004). These editions are often noted as being based on the restored text.

Published works

Main article: Franz Kafka bibliography
Short stories

Many collections of the stories have been published, and they include:

  • The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces. New York: Schocken Books, 1948.
  • The Complete Stories, (ed. Nahum N. Glatzer). New York: Schocken Books, 1971.
  • The Basic Kafka. New York: Pocket Books, 1979.
  • The Sons. New York: Schocken Books, 1989.
  • The Metamorphosis, In the Penal Colony, and Other Stories. New York: Schocken Books, 1995.
  • Contemplation. Twisted Spoon Press, 1998.
  • Metamorphosis and Other Stories. Penguin Classics, 2007
  • Kafka's Greatest Stories. Vook, 2010. (Enhanced with video providing historical background on Kafka's life and influences.)
  • Essential Kafka: Rendezvous with Otherness. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2011.
Novellas
Novels
Diaries and notebooks
Letters

Commemoration

"Kafkaesque" redirects here. For the Breaking Bad episode, see Kafkaesque (Breaking Bad).
The entrance to the Franz Kafka museum in Prague

Franz Kafka has a museum dedicated to his work in Prague, Czech Republic.

The term "Kafkaesque" is widely used to describe concepts, situations and ideas which are reminiscent of Kafka's works, particularly The Trial and The Metamorphosis.

The term has been described as "marked by a senseless, disorienting, often menacing complexity: Kafkaesque bureaucracies"[57] and "marked by surreal distortion and often a sense of impending danger: Kafkaesque fantasies of the impassive interrogation, the false trial, the confiscated passport ... haunt his innocence."[58] It can also describe an intentional distortion of reality by powerful but anonymous bureaucrats. "Lack of evidence is treated as a pesky inconvenience, to be circumvented by such Kafkaesque means as depositing unproven allegations into sealed files..." Another definition would be an existentialist state of ever-elusive freedom while existing under unmitigable control. The adjective refers to anything suggestive of Kafka, especially his nightmarish style of narration, in which characters lack a clear course of action, the ability to see beyond immediate events, and the possibility of escape. The term's meaning has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.

In Mexico, the phrase "Si Franz Kafka fuera mexicano, sería costumbrista" (If Franz Kafka were Mexican, he would be a Costumbrista writer) is commonly used in newspapers, blogs and online forums to tell how hopeless and absurd the situation in the country is.[59]

Asteroid 3412 Kafka was named after the author.

The Franz Kafka Prize was established in 2001, to recognize the artwork's "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times."[60]

Literary and cultural references

References

  1. ^ "Franz Kafka: The Absurdity of Everything", tamari.com. "[...] Jean-Paul Sartre recognized him as an existentialist and Albert Camus considered him an absurdist. If Sartre and Camus considered Kafka a like-minded writer, that’s good enough for me."
  2. ^ FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago", Financial Times (subscription required). "Everything I've read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
  3. ^ Strong opinions, Vladimir Nabokov, Vintage Books, 1990
  4. ^ Bloom (2002). [www.scribd.com/doc/34492000/Harold-Bloom-Genius Genius:A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds]. New York city: Warner Books. p. 205. ISBN 0-446-52717-3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |fast= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b Template:Es iconContijoch, Francesc Miralles (2000) "Franz Kafka". Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. Barcelona. ISBN 84-494-1811-9.
  6. ^ Corngold 1973
  7. ^ Letter To Father[full citation needed]
  8. ^ Gilman, Sander L. (2005) Franz Kafka. Reaktion Books Ltd. London, UK. p. 20–21. ISBN 1-881872-64-5.
  9. ^ Hamalian ([1975], 3).
  10. ^ Danuta Czech: Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz, Oświęcim 1992, p. 534. In the archives of the camp a list with the names of the guardians was preserved.
  11. ^ James Hawes, Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2008, p. 29
  12. ^ Derek Sayer, "The language of nationality and the nationality of language: Prague 1780–1920 – Czech Republic history", Past and Present, 1996; 153: 164–210.
  13. ^ Letter to his Father, p. 150
  14. ^ Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka S. Corngold, 2004
  15. ^ Frederick R. Karl, Franz Kafka: Representative Man (1991), p. 210, "the position was no sinecure, but mere drudgery, with daily hours from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M., low pay to begin with and no pay for overtime; chances of advancement were small for a Czech Jew with no Italian.", cited in Patrick J. Glen, The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's 'Before the Law' and the Trial, 17 S.Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 23 (2007)[1], pp. 23–66
  16. ^ Drucker, Peter. Managing in the Next Society. See: Franz Kafka, Amtliche Schriften. Eds. K. Hermsdorf & B. Wagner (2004) (Engl. transl.: The Office Writings. Eds. S. Corngold, J. Greenberg & B. Wagner. Transl. E. Patton with R. Hein (2008)); cf. H.-G. Koch & K. Wagenbach (eds.), Kafkas Fabriken (2002).
  17. ^ The Metamorphosis and Other Stories, notes. Herberth Czermak. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliffs Notes 1973, 1996.
  18. ^ a b "Kafka and Judaism". Victorian.fortunecity.com. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  19. ^ Pérez-Álvarez, Marino. "The Schizoid Personality of Our Time". International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 2003, Vol. 3, Nº 2, pp. 181–194
  20. ^ "Kafka and his schizoid style"
  21. ^ Miller, Alice (1984). Thou Shalt Not Be Aware:Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux. pp. 242–306.
  22. ^ "Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa". Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie. 56 (7). Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität München: 231–8. 1988. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1001787. PMID 3061914. Retrieved 24 November 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Gilman, Sander (1995). Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91391-1.
  24. ^ Ryan McKittrick speaks with director Dominique Serrand and Gideon Lester about Amerika www.amrep.org
  25. ^ Lothar Hempel www.atlegerhardsen.com
  26. ^ "Franz Kafka and libertarian socialism". libcom.org. 9 December 1910. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  27. ^ Kafka and cultural Zionism: dates in ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  28. ^ The Cambridge companion to Kafka (Google Books). Books.google.com. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  29. ^ Janouch, G. (1978). Conversations avec Kafka. Maurice Nadeau. pp. 118–119).
  30. ^ a b "Sadness in Palestine". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  31. ^ Franz Kafka Writing
  32. ^ a b Franz Kafka's porn brought out of the closet – Times Online at entertainment.timesonline.co.uk
  33. ^ Lothar Kahn, in Between Two Worlds: a cultural history of German-Jewish writers, page 191
  34. ^ a b Livia Rothkirchen, The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: facing the Holocaust, University of Nebraska Press, 2005 p. 23
  35. ^ Quoted in Publisher's Note to The Castle, Schocken Books.
  36. ^ Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem (25 October 2009). "Israel's National Library adds a final twist to Franz Kafka's Trial". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  37. ^ Butler, Judith (3 March 2011). "Who Owns Kafka". London Review of Books. 33 (5): 3–8. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  38. ^ Kafka (1996, xi).
  39. ^ ungeziefer : Dictionary / Wörterbuch (BEOLINGUS, TU Chemnitz)
  40. ^ Kafka (1996, 75).
  41. ^ Brod. Max: "Franz Kafka, a Biography". (trans. Humphreys Roberts) New York: Schocken Books,1960. p. 129.
  42. ^ a b c Franz Kafka 1883 – 1924 www.coskunfineart.com
  43. ^ Thomas Mann, the ironic German. E Heller, T Mann – 1981
  44. ^ Sokel, Walter H. "Education for Tragedy." Tropes, Parables, and Performatives. . . Rpt. in The Cambridge Companion to Kafka. Ed. Julian Preece. Vol. 12. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 15–31. Print.
  45. ^ James Hawes, Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008, pp. 212–4
  46. ^ James Hawes, Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008, p. 217
  47. ^ For an overview of studies which focus on Kafka's images of law see Banakar, Reza. "In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law". Forthcoming in Law and Literature 2010. An e-copy available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1574870
  48. ^ Corngold, Stanley et. al., (eds.) Franz Kafka: The Office Writings. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009.
  49. ^ "In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law" at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1574870
  50. ^ A Kafka for the 21st Century by Arthur Samuelson, publisher, Schocken Books www.jhom.com
  51. ^ a b (publisher's note, The Trial, Schocken Books, 1998
  52. ^ Template:De icon Herzlich Willkommen www.dla-marbach.de
  53. ^ Stepping into Kafka's head, Jeremy Adler, Times Literary Supplement, 13 October 1995 <http://www.textkritik.de/rezensionen/kafka/einl_04.htm> (subscription required)
  54. ^ The Kafka Project – all Kafka text in German According to the Manuscript www.kafka.org
  55. ^ Sources: Kafka, by Nicolas Murray, pages 367, 374; Kafka's Last Love, by Kathi Diamant; "Summary of the Results of the Kafka Project Berlin Research 1 June – September 1998" published in December 1998 Kafka Katern, quarterly of the Kafka Circle of the Netherlands. More information is available at http://www.kafkaproject.com
  56. ^ "Kafka's Last Trial" by from Elif Batuman, The New York Times, 22 September 2010
  57. ^ "Kaf•ka•esque". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  58. ^ "Kafkaesque". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  59. ^ Aquella, Daniel (22 November 2006). "México kafkiano y costumbrista". Daquella manera:Paseo personal por inquietudes culturales, sociales y lo que tengamos a bien obrar. Retrieved 16 February 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  60. ^ Franz Kafka Prize, The Franz Kafka Society, www.franzkafka-soc.cz, retrieved on 23 February 2008
  61. ^ Bashevis Singer, Isaac (1970). A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 311. ISBN 0-374-15880-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  62. ^ "Drama on BBC Radio 3, Kafka the Musical". BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2011.

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  • Ziolkowski, Theodore, The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003 (first ed. 1997)

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