2009 Iranian presidential election protests: Difference between revisions

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The [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|IRG]] and the Basij also attacked Universities and students' dorms at night, destroying property and killing students.<ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=Kooye daneshgah - کوی دانشگاه|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hu84MihcOU| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=Tehran University Dorms, Ravaged by pro government armed militia. June 15th|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K4LIeSWTCI| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=حمله به كوي دانشگاه 24 خرداد 88|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T3lGXDP4VA| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref>
The [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|IRG]] and the Basij also attacked Universities and students' dorms at night, destroying property and killing students.<ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=Kooye daneshgah - کوی دانشگاه|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hu84MihcOU| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=Tehran University Dorms, Ravaged by pro government armed militia. June 15th|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K4LIeSWTCI| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|publisher=[[Youtube]]|title=حمله به كوي دانشگاه 24 خرداد 88|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T3lGXDP4VA| accessdate = June 18, 2009| date = June 18, 2009}}</ref>


A journalist for ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that she witnessed Arabic-speaking men who were using chains as weapons against a fleeing crowd of protesters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ulrike Putz|publication=Spiegel Online|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,630463-2,00.html| accessdate = June 18, 2009}}</ref>
According to unconfirmed reports, Iranian authorities have enlisted foreign Arab militant groups to assist in quelling protests. ''[[Voice of America]]'' reported that the government recruited up to 5,000 fighters from the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Hezbollah]] militia to clash with protesters.<ref>Ulrike Putz, [http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,630463-2,00.html "Betet für uns!"], Der Spiegel 15-06-2009</ref> In addition, On 16 June two protesters told ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' that [[Palestinian]] [[Hamas]] members were helping the Iranian authorities crush street protests. Hamas, which had formally welcomed incumbent Ahmadinejad's ostensible reelection victory, receives arms and funding from Iran, and its members have often received training there.<ref>JPost staff and Sabina Amidi, [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1245184848467&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Obama: Ahmadinejad and Mousavi not very different], Jerusalem Post 17-06-2009</ref> A journalist for ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' reported that she witnessed Arabic-speaking men who were using chains as weapons against a fleeing crowd of protesters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ulrike Putz|publication=Spiegel Online|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,630463-2,00.html| accessdate = June 18, 2009}}</ref>


===Censorship===
===Censorship===

Revision as of 21:28, 18 June 2009

2009 Iranian election protests
Protests against the election results on the streets of Tehran, June 13.
LocationIran
Tehran, Ahvaz, Arak, Bandar Abbas, Birjand, Babol, Bushehr, Isfahan, Karaj, Kermanshah, Khoy, Mashhad, Qazvin, Rasht, Sari, Shahr Kord, Shiraz, Tabriz, Urmia, Zahedan, Iran

Template:Country data World
Sydney, Melbourne, Australia
Auckland, New Zealand
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Paris, France
Bochum, Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne, Hamburg, Germany
The Hague, Amsterdam, Delft, Netherlands
Stockholm, Sweden
London, United Kingdom
Lisbon, Portugal
Toronto, Calgary, Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Ottawa, London, Ontario, Canada
New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia United States
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Vienna, Austria
Rome, Milan, Florence, Italy
Geneva, Switzerland
DateJune 13, 2009 – present
DeathsConfirmed 15 (7 students)

Following the 2009 Iranian presidential election, protests against alleged electoral fraud and in support of opposition candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi are currently underway in Tehran and other major cities in Iran and around the world.[1] In response, other groups have rallied in Tehran to support the victory of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[2] The protests have been called the Green Revolution because of presidential candidate Mousavi's campaign color.

Some analysts called the controversial election results a coup[3][4][5] (or "کودتای ۲۲ خرداد" in Persian—the Anno Persarum 1388 Khordad 22nd Coup d'etat). All three opposition candidates have claimed that the votes were manipulated and the election was rigged, and candidates Mohsen Rezaee and Mousavi have lodged official complaints. Mousavi announced that he "won't surrender to this manipulation" before lodging an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June.[2]

The Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei declared the unprecedented voter turnout and coinciding religious holidays as a "divine assessment", and urged the nation to unite,[6] and later ordered an investigation into the claims of vote fraud.[7][8] Mousavi is not optimistic about his appeal, saying that many of the group's members "during the election were not impartial".[9] Ahmadinejad called the election "completely free" and the outcome "a great victory" for Iran, dismissing the protests as little more than "passions after a soccer match".[10]

Police and a pro-government group called the Basij have violently suppressed the protests, firing into crowds and using batons, pepper spray, and other weapons. There have been twenty confirmed deaths during the protests.[11] Iranian authorities have banned rallies and blocked web sites and text messaging of Mousavi supporters.[7]

Introduction

The election of the president of Iran was preceded by an independent survey by the US-based Terror Free Tomorrow organization.[12] Their opinion poll, conducted from May 11–20, 2009 (thus only during the first week of the 30 days election campaigns) predicted the high participation and showed similar ratios for the candidates to the later official result, with over a quarter yet undecided.[13] The many Iranian surveys show a wide range of differing results.

The election for presidency took place on June 12, 2009, but the official results were rejected by all three opposition candidates, who claimed that the votes were manipulated and the election was rigged. Candidates Mohsen Rezaee and Mousavi have lodged official complaints. Mousavi announced that he "won't surrender to this manipulation" before lodging an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June.[2]

The Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei declared the unprecedented voter turnout and coinciding religious holidays as a "divine assessment", and urged the nation to unite,[6] and later ordered an investigation into the claims of vote fraud.[8] Referring to Mousavi's appeal letter about the irregularities, Khamenei said that "the Guardian Council has been emphasized to carry out investigation into this letter carefully," and probe allegations of electoral fraud.[8] Mousavi is not optimistic about his appeal, saying that many of the group's members "during the election were not impartial".[14]

Ahmadinejad called the election "completely free" and the outcome "a great victory" for Iran, dismissing the protests as little more than "passions after a soccer [UK: football] match".[10]

According to a scientific analysis by Professor Walter R. Mebane, Jr., from Department of Statistics of University of Michigan, considering data from the first stage of the 2005 presidential election produces results that "give moderately strong support for a diagnosis that the 2009 election was affected by significant fraud."[15]

Timeline

June 12

June 12 was the only election day.

June 13

Clashes broke out between police and groups protesting the election results from early Saturday morning onward. The protests were initially mostly peaceful but became increasingly violent. Angry crowds in Tehran broke into shops, tore down signs and smashed windows.[1] The worst civil unrest in Iran for over a decade took place as protesters set fire to tires outside the Interior Ministry building and others formed a human chain of around 300 people to close off a major Tehran street.

File:Iranian presidential election, 2009, protests (1).jpg
Protesters in Tehran, June 13, 2009

Anonymous sources said that the police stormed the headquarters of the Islamic Iran Participation Front and arrested a number of people.[6][16] Two hundred people protested outside Iran's embassy in London on June 13.[17] Ynet has stated that "tens of thousands" protested on June 13.[18] Demonstrators chanted phrases such as "Down with the dictator", "Death to the dictator", and "Give us our votes back".[18][19] Mousavi has urged for calm and asked that his supporters refrain from acts of violence.[19] Protests led by Iranian-Americans were also held outside the Iranian consulate in New York City.[20]

On June 13, modern Middle Eastern and South Asian historian Juan Cole commented that "public demonstrations against the result don't appear to be that big... reformers have always backed down in Iran when challenged by hardliners, in part because no one wants to relive the horrible Great Terror of the 1980s after the revolution, when faction-fighting produced blood in the streets."[21] Independent journalist Michael Totten stated that day that "Tehran almost looks like a war zone already", and he compared Ahmadinejad to Baghdad Bob.[22]

June 14

By June 14 the protests had grown considerably and had become more violent. Burning buses and trash cans and parked cars blocked streets and highways in Tehran and routes leading into the city. Protesters attacked shops, government offices, police stations, police vehicles, gas stations and banks.[23] Large protests, which escalated into riots, had also broken out at Tehran University, Amirkabir University, and Shahid Beheshti University, where students started burning and destroying various buildings and items around the campuses. Valiasr Street was packed with protesters and young students attacking policemen and IRGC officials. The police had installed a barricade around Mehrabad Airport and Imam Khomeini International Airport fearing that the protesters were planning to attack them and had also blocked all streets leading to the Interior Ministry, where protesters were burning tires outside of the building and throwing rocks and Molotov cocktails.[1]

In an attempt to quell the protests,[citation needed] many internet sites have been blocked, especially social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, foreign broadcasting websites, and reformist websites as well. Text and SMS, and international calls from Tehran were blocked, and by late Sunday, the cell phone services had been shut down.

Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster RAI stated that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers then confiscated the cameraman's tapes.[6] Also several BBC cameramen were beaten and arrested by IRGC officials and had their tapes confiscated.[23][24]

By the middle of the day, the protests had spread to Ahwaz, Shiraz, Gorgan, Tabriz, Rasht, Babol, and Mashhad where they have been increasing in size. On June 14, large scale protests had broken out in Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan. Protests are reported in Zahedan, Qazvin, Sari, Karaj, Tabriz, Shahsavar, Orumieh, Bandar Abbas, Arak, Birjend.[25] Since riot police are largely limited to Tehran, the IRGC and the Basij have been dispatched to quell protests in other cities.

Protesters in Tehran, June 13, 2009

Al Jazeera English described the situation as the "biggest unrest since the 1979 revolution." It also reported that protests seemed spontaneous without any formal organization.[26]

According to Ynetnews, by June 14, two people had died in the rioting.[18]

Burning bus during the election protests in Tehran, June 13.

On June 14, protests were organized outside the United Nations in New York City;[27] in front of the Iranian embassies in Paris,[28] Berlin,[29] London, and Iranian consulate in Sydney;[30] and in a public square in Toronto.[31] Protests also occurred in Kuala Lumpur,[32] Los Angeles[33], San Francisco,[34] and Dubai.[35] Other protests had been organized in front of the Iranian embassies in Turkey, Paris,[36] Berlin,[36] London,[37] Rome,[38] Vienna,[36] and The Hague.[39]

On the night between the June 14 and 15, 15 students were severely injured by beating or killed when police and basij brutally attacked Tehran University dormitories. Many of the students were not expecting the unprovoked attack and were not involved in any civil disturbance at the time. [40] On June 14, 120 faculty members of Sharif University of Technology resigned in protest of the alleged electoral fraud and began a protest against Ahmadinejad's re-election as President.[41]

Iranian authorities arrested more than 100 prominent anti-government figures during the unrest,[42] including Abdolfattah Soltani, Abdolreza Tajik, Saeed Hajjarian, and former Vice President of Iran Mohammad Ali Abtahi.[43]

Also on June 14, tens of thousands of people rallied in central Tehran to celebrate the re-election of Ahmadinejad.[44] The crowd consisted of local Tehran residents as well as bussed in regime diehards from the provinces.

June 15

On June 15, Mousavi made his first post-election appearance with a varied number of people presented as either more than 100.000[45] or hundreds of thousands of his supporters in a rally in Tehran, despite being warned by state officials that any such rally would be illegal.[46][47] This formed a five mile (9 km) long crowd.[48] Shots were fired from a compound used by Basij pro-government militia, allegedly killing seven demonstrators. The shots were fired after the crowd allegedly attacked the militia's compound. Iranian authorities have arrested one man over the shooting.[11][49] Besides this incident, the protest appeared peaceful. The pro-government Basij militiamen largely stayed on the sidelines after having been stunned by the magnitude of the protesting crowd.[50]

Several rallies of smaller scale took place in other Iranian cities.[51]

A protester holds a sign reading "Be patient! The morning is coming...", June 16

The protesters gathered at Freedom Square in Tehran, chanted "Death to the dictator", in a strong rebuke against the election outcome, while also chanting "Mousavi! Mousavi!" in support of the former prime minister and using slogans dating to the 1979 Islamic Revolution. People have chanted "God is Great" ("Allahu Akbar") from their rooftops, and youths have driven around the city with green ribbons in support of Mousavi. A protest was planned for June 16.[50]

Protests across the world continued on June 15 in Montreal at Place des Art.[52] In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia police fired tear gas to break up a protest at the city's United Nations building.[53] A couple hundred Chicago Iranian-Americans protested on June 16 to support for the Iranians living in Iran. Hundreds of Iranian expatriates were joined by Danes in a demonstration supporting Mousavi's backers in Copenhagen.[54]

June 16

Protesters in Tehran, June 16

On June 16, thousands of people began massing the streets of Tehran again, in what is believed to be a protest "even bigger" than Monday's.[55][56] The Guardian Council said Tuesday it was prepared to order only a partial recount, and it ruled out an annulment of the vote.[56] The concession was rejected by the main opposition candidate, Mir-Hossein Mousavi, demanding that a new election be held.[56]

Due to the difficulties faced by foreign reporters, no international old media centers have yet declared a sophisticated report on the rallies. However, footage showing violence in the crowds appeared on various Internet networks almost immediately after it took place.

Over 120 university professors resigned and joined the protests after security forces had violently raided university dormitories.[57]

There is a report of special police keeping Basijs and demonstrators separated.[58]

June 17

The Iranian national football team played against South Korea's team in Seoul. Some members of the Iranian team wore green armbands in the first half of the match but were forced to remove their pro-Mousavi emblems in the second half. In the second half of the match against South Korea, only Mehdi Mahdavikia wore the symbol in support of Mousavi.[59]

Another demonstration was held in Tehran on June 17 centering around the 7 Tir Square. Estimates of the number of participants ranged between 70,000 and 500,000.[60]

June 18

Candle-bearing protesters massed in central Tehran on Thursday near Toopkhaneh square, even as the Iranian government made its first move toward some form of dialogue to defuse the outrage over last week’s disputed presidential election, with an invitation from the country’s powerful Guardian Council to the three major challengers to meet to discuss their grievances.[61] Mousavi has called for the protest to commemorate those who were killed on Monday's protests.[60] Varying reports have placed the crowd size between "tens of thousands"[62] to "more than 100,000."[63] A second, and simultaneous protest, also too place near the UN headquarters consisting of several hundred protesters.

Reports have begun surfacing of discrete efforts by reformists to identify Basij and police members who have conducted violence against protesters. Consequently, the Basij have begun to wear balaclavas to prevent their identification.[citation needed] A counter rally was held by hard line students protesting former President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani's role in the pro-Mousavi protests.[63]

Government reaction

"The question mark remains how long Iran’s rulers will tolerate the demonstrations, and indeed how long the protesters will stay in the streets until what many analysts expect will be a Tiananmen moment."

— Neil MacFarquhar, The New York Times, June 16th 2009 [64]

Arrests

By 14 June, in a series of raids across Tehran, the government had arrested 170 people from all the major opposition factions. Reformist politicians arrested included the former president Mohammad Khatami's brother Mohammad-Reza Khatami, MIRO founder Behzad Nabavi, and IIPF leader Mohsen Mirdamadi.[65][66] Khatami was taken from his home but later released.[67] Also arrested were Mostafa Tajzadeh and Mohsen Aminzadeh, whom the IRNA said were involved in orchestrating protests on 13 June.[66] Anonymous sources said that the police stormed the headquarters of the IIPF and arrested a number of people.[6][68] Iranian journalist Mashallah Shamsolvaezin claimed that presidential candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi was put under house arrest, although officials denied this.[69]

Acting Police Chief Ahmad-Reza Radan stated via the state press service on the 14th that “in the interrogation of related rebels, we intend to find the link between the plotters and foreign media".[70] A judiciary spokesman said they had not been arrested but that they were summoned and "warned not to increase tension," and later released.[71] Intelligence minister Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei linked some arrests to terrorism supported from outside Iran, stating that "more than 20 explosive consignments were discovered".[72] Others, he said, were "counter-revolutionary groups" who had "penetrated election headquarters" of the election candidates.[72]

Aaron Rhodes, a spokesman for the international campaign for human rights in Iran, stated that "Iranian intelligence and security forces are using the public protests to engage in what appears to be a major purge of reform-oriented individuals whose situations in detention could be life-threatening".[73]

On 16 June, Reuters reported that former vice-president Mohammad-Ali Abtahi and former presidential advisor Saeed Hajjarian had been arrested.[74] Human rights lawyer Abdolfattah Soltani, who had been demanding a recount of all votes, was also arrested on the 16th according to Shirin Ebadi, who said that security officials had posed as clients.[75]

An estimated 200 people were detained after clashes with students at Tehran university, many later released, and over 100 were arrested after security forces fired tear gas at protesters at Shiraz university on 16 June.[73] Mohammad Atrianfar and Saeed Leylaz were among 11 Iranian journalists arrested between June 12 and June 16, according to Reporters Without Borders.[73] The organisation reported that five were still detention as of June 16, and that a further 10 journalists were unaccounted for and may have been arrested.[73]

On June 17 it was reported that former foreign minister Ebrahim Yazdi was arrested while undergoing tests at the Tehran hospital according to the Freedom Movement of Iran website.[73]

Prosecutors

The pro-government Fars News agency reported that an Iranian provincial prosecutor named Mohammadreza Habibi, who is the prosecutor-general in the central province of Isfahan, had warned that the "few elements" behind post-election unrest could face the death penalty. He also accused the protesters of being a "few elements controlled by foreigners", who were "disrupting security by inciting individuals to destroy and to commit arson" and urged them to stop their "criminal activities". It was not clear if his warning applied only to Isfahan or to the country as a whole. [76]

Militia violence

Several Basij members have been filmed breaking into houses and shooting into crowds.[77][78][79][80][81] A number of hospital staff protested after people have been transported to the hospitals dead or in critical condition because of gunshots. One person has been brought to the hospital after he was killed by a sniper shot to the head.[82]

The IRG and the Basij also attacked Universities and students' dorms at night, destroying property and killing students.[83][84][85]

According to unconfirmed reports, Iranian authorities have enlisted foreign Arab militant groups to assist in quelling protests. Voice of America reported that the government recruited up to 5,000 fighters from the Lebanese Hezbollah militia to clash with protesters.[86] In addition, On 16 June two protesters told The Jerusalem Post that Palestinian Hamas members were helping the Iranian authorities crush street protests. Hamas, which had formally welcomed incumbent Ahmadinejad's ostensible reelection victory, receives arms and funding from Iran, and its members have often received training there.[87] A journalist for Der Spiegel reported that she witnessed Arabic-speaking men who were using chains as weapons against a fleeing crowd of protesters.[88]

Censorship

See also: Censorship in Iran and Communications in Iran

News media

File:Tehran protests (18).jpg
A protester holding up a photo of a bloodied protester casualty and men carrying him to safety, Tehran, June 16

According to the Telegraph, on 14 June "Iran's regime was doing its utmost to choke off the flow of news from its capital."[89] Al Jazeera English has leveled allegations of direct media censorship by the Iranian government, stating that "some of the newspapers have been given notices to change their editorials or their main headlines".[90] The Al Arabiya's offices in Tehran were closed on June 14 for a week by Iranian authorities, who gave no explanation for the decision.[91] NBC News offices in Tehran were raided, with cameras and other equipment confiscated. Meanwhile, the director of BBC World Service accused the Iranian Government of jamming its broadcasts to the country. Peter Horrocks said audiences in Iran, the Middle East and Europe had been affected by an electronic block on satellites used to broadcast the BBC Persian Television signal to Iran, adding: "It seems to be part of a pattern of behaviour by the Iranian authorities to limit the reporting of the aftermath of the disputed election".[24][67] A BBC corporate official has referred to the his network's conflict with the regime as 'electronic warfare'.[92]

On June 16, the Culture Ministry issued a directive banning all foreign media from leaving their offices and reporting on the protests.[93]

BBC correspondent John Simpson was arrested, his material confiscated, and then released.[94] Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster RAI stated that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers then confiscated the cameraman's tapes.[6] ABC News reporter Jim Sciutto has also had material taken. People from the German public broadcasters ZDF and ARD have been harassed as well, with men carrying batons and knives reportedly storming the ARD's Tehran office.

Ahmadinejad has responded to concerns by saying, "[d]on't worry about freedom in Iran... Newspapers come and go and reappear. Don't worry about it."[95]

Internet

On 13 June 2009, when thousands of opposition supporters clashed with the police, Facebook was filtered again. Some news websites were also blocked by the Iranian authorities. Mobile phone services including text messaging also stopped or became very difficult to use.[26] Specifically, all websites affiliated with the BBC were shut off,[19] as were ones with The Guardian.[citation needed] Associated Press labeled the actions "ominous measures apparently seeking to undercut liberal voices".[6] The restrictions were likely intended to prevent Mousavi's supporters from organizing large-scale protests.[71] The protesters used phone calls, e-mails, and word of mouth to get around the measures.[75]

In response to the crackdown, anti-regime activists have repeatedly taken down Ahmadinejad's and Khamenei's websites. According to CNN, the United States State Department has worked with Twitter to expand the website's access in Iran.[92]

Statements by Iranian figures

Government figures

  • Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei initially urged the nation to unite behind Ahmadinejad, labeling a victory by him as a "divine assessment."[6] On June 15, however, Iran's supreme leader ordered an investigation into the claims of vote fraud.[96] Referring to Mousavi's appeal letter about the irregularities, Khamenei said that "the Guardian Council has been emphasized to carry out investigation into this letter carefully," and probe allegations of Ahmadinejad cheating.[97]
  • Interior Minister Sadeq Mahsouli said that he had not received any "written complaint" about election fraud or irregularities. He also remarked that the vote proceeded in a way that "ruled out the possibility of cheating."[98]
  • Chairman of the Assembly of Experts Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was reported to have called a meeting of the Assembly, as they have the constitutional power to elect and dismiss the Supreme Leader.[99]
  • Speaker of Parliament Ali Larijani condemned the attack by police and militia at Tehran University, saying that the "interior minister is responsible in this regard."[100]

Candidates

File:Tehran protests (17).jpg
A protester holding a photo of Mousavi in the silent demonstration from Hafte tir Square to Enghelab Square, Tehran, June 16
  • Incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, in a live address on state run television on 13 June, called the election "completely free" and the outcome "a great victory" for Iran. He also said, "[t]oday, the people of Iran have inspired other nations and disappointed their ill-wishers... propaganda facilities outside Iran and sometimes inside Iran were totally mobilized against our people." Ahmadinejad praised the country’s youth as well, but made no direct mention of the protests.[26] He later dismissed the protests, comparing them to "the passions after a football match."[67]
  • Mir-Hossein Mousavi, the main opposition candidate, issued a statement saying, "I'm warning that I won't surrender to this manipulation." Mousavi lodged an official appeal against the result to the Guardian Council on 14 June.[2] He is not optimistic about his appeal, saying that many of the group's members "during the election were not impartial".[101]
  • Reformist cleric Mehdi Karroubi, another opposition candidate, echoed Mr. Moussavi’s demand for the election to be canceled. He said, "I am announcing again that the elections should not be allowed and the results have no legitimacy or social standing... Therefore, I do not consider Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president of the republic."[65] He later declared in a speech to his supporters in Khoramabad that "this phase [Election dispute] will not subside until we [Reformist leaders] suggest so". [102]
  • Conservative candidate Mohsen Rezai, on 17 June, gave an ultimatum to Interior Ministry to release details of the results by that day, otherwise he would call for re-election. He said "The unprecedented delay has raised doubts about the possibility of manipulation in the results." [103]

Other

  • Gholam Ali Haddad Adel, a former Iranian parliamentary speaker, called on Moussavi to concede defeat, saying that then "everyone will benefit".[104]
  • The Combatant Clergy Association, a moderate clerical body headed by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, issued a statement posted on reformist web sites saying the election was rigged and calling for it to be canceled, warning that "if this process becomes the norm, the republican aspect of the regime will be damaged and people will lose confidence in the system."[65]
  • Former Foreign Minister Ibrahim Yazdi has said, "[w]e don't have any doubt. And as far as we are concerned, it is not legitimate. There were many, many irregularities." He also described the process as a "coup".[105] On 17 June, he was arrested and transferred to prison.[92]
  • Reformist politician Ata'ollah Mohajerani blasted the election as "The End of the Islamic Republic".[92]
  • Hadi Ghaemi, spokesman for the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, denounced the outcome. He also compared the government's post-election activities to those of the Chinese government during the Tiananmen Square protests.[6]
  • In a letter published on his website, reformist cleric Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri stated that government used elections "in the worst way possible. Declaring results that no one in their right mind can believe, and despite all the evidence of crafted results, and to counter people protestations, in front of the eyes of the same nation who carried the weight of a revolution and 8 years of war, in front of the eyes of local and foreign reporters, attacked the children of the people with astonishing violence. And now they are attempting a purge, arresting intellectuals, political opponents and Scientists."[106]
  • The Iranian national soccer team playing in their World Cup Qualifier wore green wristbands in support for Mousavi.[92]
  • Popular classical musician Mohammad Reza Shajarian demanded that Iranian government television and radio never play his music again after Ahmadinejad called Mousavi supporters "brushwood and thorns". Shajarian remarked, "my voice is like brushwood and thorns".[92]
  • Iranian television personality George Galloway has stated that Ahmadinejad "is the president of an important country and we'll just have to accept it."[107]

Since June 12, the Iranian film director Mohsen Makhmalbaf has been appointed the official spokesman of Mir-Hossein Moussavi's campaign abroad.[108]

International response

  • European Union On 15 June, EU foreign ministers meeting in Luxembourg issued a joint statement expressing concern about the use of violence against peaceful demonstrators in Tehran. "This is a situation that the Iranian authorities must investigate," their statement said.[109]
    • United Kingdom British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said on 16 June: "There must be no violence in response to peaceful protests... the relationship they [the Iranian authorities] will have and the respect they will have from the rest of the world will depend on how they respond to what are legitimate grievances that are being expressed and have to be answered."[110]
    • France French foreign minister Bernard Kouchner called the government response to the protests "brutal".[111] On 16 June, President Nicolas Sarkozy said the unrest was a direct result of Ahmadinejad's failings in his first term.[112]
    • Germany German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that "the German government is very concerned about the current situation." She also criticised the use of "completely unacceptable force against protesters," the "wave of arrests" during the demonstrations and the fact that foreign media were being hampered from reporting on the developments.[109][113]
    • Netherlands On 16 June, Dutch Foreign Minister Maxime Verhagen summoned an Iranian diplomat to protest Tehran's crackdown on protesters and to call for the immediate release of detainees. He also protested against interference with foreign journalists and the arrest of a Dutch television crew, and demanded an explanation from the Iranian authorities for the intimidation and seizure of footage of Dutch journalists.[114]
    • Poland The Polish Foreign Ministry announced: "[The ministry] calls on the government in Tehran to avoid actions which could result in bloodshed, and also expects the government to take responsibility for finding a peaceful solution to the crisis, according to its obligations within the international community."[115]
  • Australia On 16 June, Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith told Parliament: "We are very gravely concerned about the very serious breaches of human rights we have seen."[116]
  • Canada Canadian Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon said: "The security force's brutal treatment of peaceful demonstrators is unacceptable." Canada also summoned Iran's top diplomat to explain the reported beating and detention of a freelance Canadian journalist in Tehran.[117]
  • United States Vice President of the United States Joe Biden said, "[i]t sure looks like the way they're suppressing speech, the way they're suppressing crowds, the way in which people are being treated, that there's some real doubt [about the true election results]".[95] On 15 June, State Department spokesman Ian Kelly declared that the US was "deeply troubled by the reports of violent arrests and possible voting irregularities."[118] President Obama echoed the statement later that day.[92]
  • Japan Japanese Foreign Minister Hirofumi Nakasone said on 16 June: "We are extremely concerned about the confusion in Iran. We are carefully monitoring the situation... We hear about shootings. We hope that the situation will come to an end as soon as possible."[110]
  • New Zealand On 16 June, Foreign Minister of New Zealand Murray McCully said: "The New Zealand government is concerned at the reports coming out of Iran of mounting violence, and calls on all involved to help restore calm... New Zealand shares the view of United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and several European Union leaders, that the election process needs to be carefully explained."[119]
  • Norway Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre said: "There is much unrest in Iran around the results, and there are allegations of electoral fraud. This is alarming".[120]

Use of social networking

The Internet and, specifically, social networking has been instrumental to organizing many of the protests in Iran.[121] Online sites have been uploading amateur pictures and video, and Twitter, Facebook, and blogs have been places for protesters to gather and exchange information.[121] Twitter has also been used to organize protests.[122][123]

Through social networking sites Mir Hossein Mousavi's supporters exchanged scripts for launching distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) against Ahmedinejad's website.[123][124] British citizens were reported to support the DDoS attacks against president Ahmadinejad by providing software for launching them.[125] The DDoS attacks have slowed down connections throughout Iran and those who have been DDoSing websites have been asked to call off their attacks to help the Green party communicate.[citation needed]

The Pirate Bay's front page showing support

Twitter in particular has been a key central gathering site during the protests.[126] The U.S. State Department urged the company to postpone a scheduled network upgrade that would have briefly put the service offline.[127][128] Twitter delayed the network upgrade from midnight American time/morning Iran time to afternoon American time/midnight Iran time "because events in Iran were tied directly to the growing significance of Twitter as an important communication and information network".[129][130]

Some foreign activists have engaged in DDoS attacks against Iranian ISPs, but their actions have been criticised as cutting off Internet access for protesters within Iranian borders.[131] Many anti-Ahmedinejad activists have attacked the websites of Ahmedinejad and the government, rendering them inaccessible. The government's official website (ahmedinejad.ir) has at various times been rendered inaccessible.[132]

Popular culture

  • The file-sharing website The Pirate Bay renamed its homepage to "The Persian Bay" and changed to a green theme while providing a link to a new website, "Anonymous Iran", a joint effort between The Pirate Bay and Anonymous dedicated to helping Iranians communicate.[133]

See also

References

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  133. ^ Pocket-link.com Pirate Bay becomes Persian Bay

External links

Wikinews has related news:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranian presidential election 2009 protests.
Media coverage
In pictures
Communication
  • Why We Protest - Iran A forum for Iranians to anonymously communicate with others during the media blackout.
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