List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 03:46, 31 January 2010

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Raised-relief map of the Pacific basin, showing seamounts and islands trailing the Hawaiʻi hotspot in a long line terminating near the Russian island of Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia.
The Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain. The two sects, the Emperor and Hawaiʻian strands, are separated by a large L-shaped bend.

The Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain is a series of volcanoes and seamounts extending across the Pacific Ocean. The chain has been produced by the movement of the ocean crust over the Hawaiʻi hotspot, an upwelling of hot material from the Earth's mantle that is responsible for the formation of the volcanoes in the chain. As the oceanic crust moves the volcanoes further away from their source of magma, their eruptions become less frequent and less powerful until they eventually cease to erupt altogether. At that point erosion of the volcano and subsidence of the seafloor cause the volcano to shrink. As the volcano sinks and is eroded, it first becomes an atoll and then an atoll island. Further subsidence causes the volcano to sink below the sea surface, becoming a seamount and/or guyot.[1] This list documents the most notable volcanoes in the chain, ordered by distance from the hotspot; however, there are many others that have yet to be properly studied.

The chain can be divided into three subsections. The first, the Hawaiian archipelago (also known as the Windward isles), is made up of the islands comprising the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi (not to be confused with the island of Hawaiʻi). As it is the closest to the hotspot, it is both the youngest part of the chain and also the part that is still volcanically active. The island of Hawaiʻi comprises of five volcanoes, of which two (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) are still active. Lōʻihi Seamount continues to grow offshore, and is the only known volcano in the chain that is in the submarine pre-shield stage.[1]

The second part of the chain is composed of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, collectively referred to as the Leeward isles. Erosion has long since overtaken volcanic activity at these islands, and most of them are atolls, atoll islands, and extinct islands. They contain many of the most northerly atolls in the world; one of them, Kure Atoll, is the northern-most atoll in the world.[2] On June 15, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush issued a proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The national monument, meant to protect the biodiversity of the isles, encompasses all of the northern isles, and is one of the largest such protected areas in the world. The proclamation limits tourism to the area, and calls for a phase-out of fishing by 2011.[3]

The oldest and most heavily eroded part of the chain are the Emperor seamounts. The Emperor and Hawaiian chains are separated by a large L-shaped bend in the chain that causes the orientations of the chains to differ by about 60°. This bend was long attributed to a relatively sudden change in the direction of plate motion, but research conducted in 2003 suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend.[4] All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below sea level, becoming seamounts and guyots (see also the seamount and guyot stages of Hawaiian volcanism). Many of the volcanoes are named after former emperors of Japan. The seamount chain extends to the West Pacific, and terminates at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, a subduction zone at the border of Russia.[5]

Hawaiian archipelago

Name Island Last eruption Coordinates Age Notes
Lōʻihi Seamount
—
 1996 (active)[6] 18°55′N 155°16′W / 18.92°N 155.27°W / 18.92; -155.27 present–approx. 400,000 years[6] The seamount is a submarine volcano approximately 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Hawaiʻi. It will eventually breach sea level and become the newest Hawaiian island.[6]
Kīlauea Big Island Erupting[7] 19°25′N 155°17′W / 19.417°N 155.283°W / 19.417; -155.283 present to approx. 300,000–600,000 years; breached surface approx. 50,000–100,000 years ago[7] Kīlauea is currently the most active volcano on Earth.[7]

Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cinder cone of Kīlauea, has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last six centuries.[8]

Mauna Loa Big Island 1984 (active)[9] 19°28′46.3″N 155°36′09.6″W / 19.479528°N 155.602667°W / 19.479528; -155.602667 present to approx. 700,000 1 million years; breached surface approx. 400,000 years ago[10] Largest volcano on Earth[9]
Hualālai Big Island 1801 (active)[11] 19°41′32″N 155°52′02″W / 19.69222°N 155.86722°W / 19.69222; -155.86722 present to ?; breached surface >300,000 years ago[11] Lies on the western edge of the Big Island[11]
Mauna Kea Big Island 4460 BP (dormant) 19°49′14.39″N 155°28′05.04″W / 19.8206639°N 155.4680667°W / 19.8206639; -155.4680667 ~ 4460 BP–1 million years[12] World's tallest mountain if below-sea elevation is counted[13]
Kohala Big Island 120,000 BP (extinct)[14] 20°05′10″N 155°43′02″W / 20.08611°N 155.71722°W / 20.08611; -155.71722 ~ 0.12–1 million years[14] Oldest volcano that makes up the island of Hawaiʻi[14]
Māhukona Big Island
—
 		20°01′0″N 156°1′0″W / 20.01667°N 156.01667°W / 20.01667; -156.01667 Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dates of 298±25 310±31 thousand years ago[15] Submerged, having long since disappeared into the sea[16]
Haleakalā Maui 18th century[17] 20°42′35″N 156°15′12″W / 20.70972°N 156.25333°W / 20.70972; -156.25333  18th Century–approx. 2 million years ago[17] Forms more than 75% of Maui[17]
West Maui Maui
—
 		20°54′N 156°37′W / 20.900°N 156.617°W / 20.900; -156.617 K-Ar date of 1.32±0.04 million years[18] Very eroded shield volcano that makes up the western quarter of Maui
Kahoʻolawe Kahoʻolawe
—
 		20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 K-Ar date > 1.03±0.18 million years[18][19] Smallest of the 8 principal Hawaiʻian islands;[14] uninhabited[20]
Lānaʻi Lānaʻi
—
 		20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 K-Ar date of 1.28±0.04 million years[18] Sixth-largest island[21] The only town is Lānaʻi City, a small settlement.
East Molokaʻi Molokaʻi
—
 		21°7′N 156°51′W / 21.117°N 156.850°W / 21.117; -156.850 K-Ar date of 1.76±0.04 million years[18] Volcano is today only what remains of the southern half[14]
West Molokaʻi Molokaʻi
—
 		21°9′N 157°14′W / 21.150°N 157.233°W / 21.150; -157.233 K-Ar date of 1.9±0.06 million years[18] The northern half suffered a large collapse 1.5 million years ago.[22]
Koʻolau Range Oʻahu
—
 		21°19′N 157°46′W / 21.317°N 157.767°W / 21.317; -157.767 2.7 million[23] A fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano which also suffered a large collapse sometime before the Molokaʻi collapse[22]
Waiʻanae Range Oʻahu 2.5 million BP[24] 21°30′N 158°9′W / 21.500°N 158.150°W / 21.500; -158.150 3.7–3.9 million years[18][23] The eroded remains of a shield volcano that comprised the western half of the island[24]
Kaʻula Kaʻula
—
 		21°39′N 160°32′W / 21.650°N 160.533°W / 21.650; -160.533 ~ 4 million years[18] Tiny crescent-shaped barren island; uninhabited except for divers and fishermen[25]
Niʻihau Niʻihau
—
 		21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 ~ 4.9 million years[18][26] Smallest inhabited island;[27] formed from a side vent of Kauaʻi
Kauaʻi Kauaʻi
—
 		22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 > 5 million years[18][28] Oldest and fourth largest of the main islands, and home to Mount Waialeale, one of the wettest areas on Earth in terms of precipitation[29]

Northwestern Hawaiʻian islands

Name Type Coordinates Age[30] Notes
Nihoa Extinct Island 23°03′38″N 161°55′19″W / 23.06056°N 161.92194°W / 23.06056; -161.92194 K-Ar date of 7.2 ± 0.3 million years[18] Small rocky island which supported a small population around 1000 CE; features over 80 cultural sites, including religious places, agricultural terraces, and burial caves[31]
Necker Island Extinct Island 23°03′N 161°55′W / 23.050°N 161.917°W / 23.050; -161.917 K-Ar date of 10.3 ± 0.4 million years[18] Small deserted island with Hawaiian religious shrines and artifacts[32]
French Frigate Shoals Atoll 23°52′08″N 166°17′10″W / 23.8689°N 166.2860°W / 23.8689; -166.2860 12 million[33] Largest atoll in the northwestern Hawaiʻian islands[34]
Gardner Pinnacles Atoll Island 25°01′N 167°59′W / 25.017°N 167.983°W / 25.017; -167.983 K-Ar date of 12.3 ± 1.0 million years[18] Two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef[35]
Maro Reef Atoll 25°25′N 170°35′W / 25.417°N 170.583°W / 25.417; -170.583
—[n 1]
 		Largest coral reef of the northwestern Hawaiian islands[36]
Laysan Atoll Island 25°46′03″N 171°44′00″W / 25.7675°N 171.7334°W / 25.7675; -171.7334 K-Ar date of 19.9 ± 0.3 million years[18] Originally named "Kauō" meaning egg, referring to its shape, and home to one of only five natural lakes in all of Hawaiʻi[37]
Lisianski Island Atoll Island 26°3′48.6564″N 173°57′57.346″W / 26.063515667°N 173.96592944°W / 26.063515667; -173.96592944
—[n 1]
 		A small island surrounded by a huge coral reef nearly the size of Oahu[38] Named after a captain in the Russian navy whose ship ran aground there in 1805.[39]
Pearl and Hermes Atoll Atoll Island 27°48′N 175°51′W / 27.800°N 175.850°W / 27.800; -175.850 K-Ar date of 20.6 ± 2.7 million years[18] A collection of small, sandy islands, with a lagoon and coral reef; named after two whaling ships which were wrecked on the reef in 1822[40]
Midway Atoll Atoll Island 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.200°N 177.350°W / 28.200; -177.350 K-Ar date of 27.7 ± 0.6 million years[18] Consists of a ring-shaped barrier reef and two large islets; named "Midway" because of its strategic location in the center of the Pacific Ocean, and was the site of a key battle during World War II[41]
Kure Atoll Atoll 28°25′N 178°20′W / 28.417°N 178.333°W / 28.417; -178.333
—[n 1]
 		Northernmost coral atoll in the world[2]
  1. ^ a b c The age of the volcano is unknown, but will be somewhere between the ages of the volcanoes on either side of it in the chain.

Emperor seamounts

Name Type Coordinates[42] Age Notes
Hancock Seamount 30°15′N 178°50′E / 30.250°N 178.833°E / 30.250; 178.833 Unknown
—
Colahan Seamount 31°15′N 176°0′E / 31.250°N 176.000°E / 31.250; 176.000 38.6 million ± 0.3[43]
—
Abbott Seamount 31°48′N 174°18′E / 31.800°N 174.300°E / 31.800; 174.300 38.7 million ± 0.9[43]
—
Daikakuji Guyot 32°5.00′N 172°18′E / 32.08333°N 172.300°E / 32.08333; 172.300 42.4 million ± 2.3[18] Also the name of a Japanese temple
Kammu Guyot 32°10′N 173°0′E / 32.167°N 173.000°E / 32.167; 173.000 Unknown Named after Emperor Kammu, former ruler of Japan
Yuryaku Guyot 32°40.20′N 172°16.20′E / 32.67000°N 172.27000°E / 32.67000; 172.27000 43.4 million ± 1.6[18] Named after Emperor Yūryaku, former ruler of Japan
Kimmei Seamount 33°40.84′N 171°38.07′E / 33.68067°N 171.63450°E / 33.68067; 171.63450 39.9–50 million years[18][44] Named after Emperor Kimmei, former ruler of Japan
Koko Guyot 35°15.00′N 171°35.00′E / 35.25000°N 171.58333°E / 35.25000; 171.58333 48.1 million ± 0.8[18] Named after Emperor Kōkō, former ruler of Japan
Ojin Guyot 37°58.20′N 170°22.80′E / 37.97000°N 170.38000°E / 37.97000; 170.38000 55.2 million ± 0.7[18] Named after Emperor Ōjin, former ruler of Japan
Jingu Guyot 38°50′N 171°15′E / 38.833°N 171.250°E / 38.833; 171.250 55.4 million ± 0.9[45] Named after Empress Jingū, former ruler of Japan
Nintoku Guyot 41°4.80′N 170°34.20′E / 41.08000°N 170.57000°E / 41.08000; 170.57000 56.2 million ± 0.6[18] Named after Emperor Nintoku, former ruler of Japan
Yomei Guyot 42°18′N 170°24′E / 42.300°N 170.400°E / 42.300; 170.400 Unknown Named after Emperor Yomei, former ruler of Japan
Suiko Guyot 44°35′N 170°20′E / 44.583°N 170.333°E / 44.583; 170.333 59.6 million ± 0.6 –64.7 million ± 1.1[46] Named after Empress Suiko, former ruler of Japan
Detroit Seamount 51°28.80′N 167°36′E / 51.48000°N 167.600°E / 51.48000; 167.600 76–81 million years[47][48] Well-documented seamount, second-oldest
Meiji Seamount 53°12′N 164°30′E / 53.200°N 164.500°E / 53.200; 164.500 81–86 million years[47][48] Named after Emperor Meiji, former ruler of Japan; oldest known seamount

References

  1. ^ a b "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS). September 8, 1995. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Kure Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  3. ^ "Bush creates new marine sanctuary". BBC News. June 15, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ John Roach (August 14, 2003). "Hot Spot That Spawned Hawaii Was on the Move, Study Finds". National Geographic News. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
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  6. ^ a b c "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi" (PDF). This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108. University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. September 20, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Pre-press version
  7. ^ a b c "Kīlauea – Perhaps the World's Most Active Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. May 7, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  8. ^ "The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1983 to 2003". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 2002. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  9. ^ a b School Specialty Publishing (2006). World Atlas (Illustrated ed.). School Specialty Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0769642608. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
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  12. ^ "Mauna Kea Hawai`i's Tallest Volcano". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  13. ^ Staff authors. "Highest Mountain in the World". Geology.com. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d e "USGS Open-File Report 2007–1089 (pamphlet to accompany geologic map)" (PDF). Geological Map of the State of Hawaii. United States Geological Survey. 2007. pp. 41–43. Retrieved April 12, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Clague, David A.; Calvert, Andrew T. (2008). "Postshield stage transitional volcanism on Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii". Bulletin of Volcanology. 71: 553–559. doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0240-z.
  16. ^ Geology and Petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii. Vol. 53. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1991. pp. 159–172. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b c "East Maui, or Haleakala—A Potentially Hazardous Volcano". United States Geological Survey. February 2003. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Vulcanology. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
  19. ^ "Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02, Maui County, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |b= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bo= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cx= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cy= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dh= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dt= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dw= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |fl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ft= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |g= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |if= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |l= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ms= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |pz= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |t= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zf= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zl= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004" (PDF). Hawaii.gov. 2004. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
  21. ^ a b "Hawaiian Landslides". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. February 5, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
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  29. ^ "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Volcanology. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  30. ^ "Nihoa Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  31. ^ "Necker Island (Mokumanamana)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  32. ^ Darby Dyar (April 22, 2008). "Hotspots and Plate Motion". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
  33. ^ "French Frigate Shoals Reserve Preservation Area" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  34. ^ "Gardner Pinnacles". Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 2000. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  35. ^ "Maro Reef (Ko'anako'a)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  36. ^ "Laysan Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  37. ^ "Lisianski Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  38. ^ "Lisanski Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  39. ^ "Pearl and Hermes Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  40. ^ "Midway Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  41. ^ "Seamount Catalog". Seamounts database. EarthRef, a National Science Foundation project. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  42. ^ a b Duncan, R. A. and Clague, D. A. (1984) The earliest volcanism on the Hawaiian Ridge (abstract), EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, volume 65, page 1076.
  43. ^ Hugh Rance (1999). Historical Geology: The Present is the Key to the Past (PDF). QCC Press. pp. 405–407. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  44. ^ "Age and chemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from Jingu Seamount, Emperor seamount chain". Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 55: 685–693. 1980. Retrieved April 4, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Clague, D. A. and Dalrymple, G. B. (1989) Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain in Winterer, E. L. et al. (editors) (1989) The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, Boulder, Geological Society of America, page 199.
  46. ^ a b "Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain" (PDF). Stanford University. July 12, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ a b "Drilling Strategy". Ocean Drilling Program. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
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