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== Military usage and themes ==
== Military usage and themes ==
{{As of|2007}} major militaries, including the [[U.S. military]], [[Canadian forces]], and [[British forces]], have used training on paintball ranges to supplement [[combat training]] for their soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070114/paint_ball_070114/20070114?hub=TopStories|title=Canadian forces training by playing paintball|work=CTV News|date=January 14, 2007|accessdate=September 15, 2009}}</ref> In these cases the games take on a military theme, with players able to replicate authentic militaristic scenarios by using fully functional military accessories alongside paintball markers, designed to appear like realistic weaponry; enabling [[MilSim|military simulations]] (or MilSim). Such games are not restricted to the military however, but can also be played at a casual or professional level.
{{As of|2007}} major militaries, including the [[U.S. military]], [[Canadian forces]], and [[British forces]], have used training on paintball ranges to supplement [[combat training]] for their soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070114/paint_ball_070114/20070114?hub=TopStories|title=Canadian forces training by playing paintball|work=CTV News|date=January 14, 2007|accessdate=September 15, 2009}}</ref> In these cases the games take on a military theme, with players able to replicate authentic militaristic scenarios by using fully functional military accessories alongside paintball markers, designed to appear like realistic weaponry; enabling [[MilSim|military simulations]] (or MilSim). Such games are not restricted to the military however, but can also be played at a casual or professional level.
The [[Shayetet 13]] participating in the [[maritime interdiction operation]] of the [[Ships of the Gaza flotilla raid|Gaza flotilla]] used paintball guns to reduce casualties to civilians that were expected to be a Level III [[helicopter insertion]]m but eventuated in a Level IV boarding.


However, due to [[firearms]] crime, paintball occasionally receives negative publicity. To combat negative perceptions, paintballs military theme can be de-emphasised<ref>"With Image Brush-Up, Paintball Moving From Military to Mainstream" Los Angeles Times, Jul 15, 2000</ref> by referring to a paintball ''gun'' as a ''marker''.<ref name="roanoke" /><ref name="News Tribune, The"/>
However, due to [[firearms]] crime, paintball occasionally receives negative publicity. To combat negative perceptions, paintballs military theme can be de-emphasised<ref>"With Image Brush-Up, Paintball Moving From Military to Mainstream" Los Angeles Times, Jul 15, 2000</ref> by referring to a paintball ''gun'' as a ''marker''.<ref name="roanoke" /><ref name="News Tribune, The"/>

Revision as of 22:49, 25 January 2011

Paintball
A Paintball player
First playedJune 27, 1981, Henniker, New Hampshire
Characteristics
ContactNo physical contact between players (contact can result in penalties)
Team membersVaries depending on game format and level of play (recreational or professional)
TypeExtreme; indoor or outdoor
EquipmentPaintballs, paintball marker, CO2, compressed air/HPA (High Pressure Air), mask, hopper

Paintball is a sport[1][2][3] in which players compete, in teams or individually, to eliminate opponents by hitting them with capsules containing food coloring and gelatin (referred to as paintballs) propelled from a device called a paintball marker. Paintballs have a non-toxic, biodegradable, water soluble mineral-oil. The game is regularly played at a sporting level with organized competition involving worldwide leagues, tournaments, professional teams, and players.[4][5] Paintball technology is also used by armies to supplement military training, riot response, and non-lethal suppression of dangerous suspects.

Games are played on indoor or outdoor fields of varying sizes. A game field is scattered with natural or artificial terrain, which players use for strategic play. Rules for playing paintball vary, but can include capture the flag, elimination, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours, or even days in scenario play.

The legality of paintball varies among countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are required to wear protective masks, and game rules are strictly enforced.

History

A paintball player crouching behind cover

In 1976, Hayes Noel, a stock trader, Bob Gurnsey, and author Charles Gaines were discussing Gaines' recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting buffalo. Inspired in part by Richard Connell's short story The Most Dangerous Game, they created a game where they would stalk and hunt each other; recreating the same adrenaline rush that came with animal hunting.[6] In 1981 in New Hampshire, the group used a "Nel-spot 007" pistol (normally used by farmers and ranchers for marking trees and livestock) to fire balls of paint. Twelve people participated in this first game, which was a "capture the flag" scenario between two teams. The winner captured all flags without firing a shot.[7]

As national interest in the game steadily built, Bob Gurnsey formed the National Survival Game company, and entered a contract with Nelson Paint Company to be the sole distributor of their paintball equipment.[8] Thereafter, they licensed to franchises in other states the right to sell their guns, paint, and goggles. As a result of their monopoly on equipment, they turned a profit in only six months.[8]

The first games of paintball made use of Nelspot pistols, which were the only guns available at the time.[when?] They used 12-gram CO2 cartridges, held only ten rounds, and had to be tilted to roll the ball into the chamber and then recocked after each shot. Dedicated paintball masks had not yet been created, so players wore shop glasses that left the rest of their faces exposed. The first paintballs were oil-based and thus not water soluble; "turpentine parties" were common after a day of play.[9] Games often lasted for hours as players stalked each other, and since each player had only a limited number of rounds, shooting was rare.[10]

Between 1981 and 1983, rival manufacturers such as PMI began to create competing products, and it was during those years that the game took off.[11] Tippmann was another early manufacturer of paintball guns and is still one of the larger manufacturers in the industry. Paintball technology gradually developed as manufacturers added a front-mounted pump in order to make recocking easier, then replaced the 12-gram cartridges with larger air tanks, commonly referred to as "constant air".[12] These innovations were followed by gravity feed hoppers and 45-degree elbows to facilitate loading from the hopper.[12] In 1984, paintball was established in other countries outside the United States; with Skirmish Paintball setting up fields in Australia and England.[13][14]

First published in 1987, Action Pursuit Games was the first newsstand magazine for paintball.[15]

2008 onwards

Paintball players have adapted two ways to the pressures of the economic downturn: playing on public/private land and/or using a "pump gun" (see stock paintball). Referred to as "Renegade" style paintball (no field fee and bring your own paint), games are played with ad hoc bunkers, obstacles and natural land features. Several "renegade" fields exist in North and East Texas outside incorporated city limits. However, one field near a popular water park in Garland, Texas is known to have more than 40 participants at any given time. "Renegade" play is generally self-policing and games are organized through social media and messaging. Pump guns have gained a cult type following since they typically require less ammo use, thereby reducing greatly the expense of playing.

Equipment

Main article: Paintball equipment

The paintball equipment used depends on the game type, for example: woodsball, speedball, or scenarioball, as well as on how much money one is willing to spend on equipment. Every player, however, is required to have three basic pieces of equipment:

  • Paintball marker: also known as a "paintball gun", this is the primary piece of equipment, used to tag an opposing player with paintballs. The paintball marker must have attached a loader or "hopper" to keep the marker fed with ammunition, and will be either gravity-fed (where balls drop into the loading chamber), or electronically force-fed. A marker will require a compressed air bottle, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide for propellant.
  • Paintballs: The ammunition used in the marker, paintballs are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. The quality of paintballs is dependent on the brittleness of the ball's shell, the roundness of the sphere, and the thickness of the fill; higher-quality balls are almost perfectly spherical, with a very thin shell to guarantee breaking upon impact, and a thick, brightly-colored fill that is difficult to hide or wipe off during the game.
  • Mask or goggles: Masks are safety devices players are required to wear at all times on the field, to protect them from paintballs.[16] They completely cover the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of the wearer, and masks can also feature throat guards. Modern masks have evolved to be less bulky compared with older designs.

Gameplay

Paintball is played with a potentially limitless variety of rules and variations, which are specified before the game begins. The most basic game rule is that players must attempt to accomplish a goal without being shot with paintballs. When a player is hit, and the ball breaks rather than bounce, they must raise their marker to indicate that they are out, and leave the playing field or move to appointed staging areas.[17][18] Depending on the agreed upon game rules, the player may return to the field and continue playing, or is eliminated from the game completely.

The particular goal of the game is determined before play begins; examples include capture the flag[19] or Elimination.[20] Paintball has spawned popular variants, including woodsball, which is played in the natural environment and spans across a large area.[21] Conversely, the variant of speedball is played on a smaller field and has a very fast pace (with games lasting up to five minutes).[22] Another variant is scenario paintball, in which players attempt to recreate historical, or fictional settings; the largest being Oklahoma D-Day's World War II re-enactment.[citation needed]

Enforcement of game rules

Regulated games are overseen by referees, who patrol the course to ensure enforcement of the rules and the safety of the players. If a player is marked with paint, they will call them out, but competitors may also be expected to follow the honor code; a broken ball means elimination.[23] Field operators may specify variations to this rule, such as requiring a tag to certain body locations only – such as the head and torso only.[24] There are game rules that can be enforced depending on the venue, in order to ensure safety, balance the fairness of the game or eliminate cheating.

  • Masks On – Even when a game is not in progress, virtually all venues enforce a masks-on rule while players are within the playing area. More generally, within any given area of the park, either all players'/spectators'/officials' masks must be on, or all players' markers must either have a barrel block in place or be disconnected from their gas source, to ensure that a paintball cannot be fired from any nearby marker and cause eye injury. Some fields encourage players to aim away from opponents' heads during play if possible; splatter from mask hits can penetrate ventilation holes in the goggles and cause eye irritation, close-range hits to the mask can cause improperly-maintained lenses to fail, and hits to unprotected areas of the face, head and neck are especially painful and can cause more serious injury.[25]
  • Minimum distance – When being tagged, depending on the distance from where the shot was fired, getting marked can feel like a firm pinch. Being marked may even leave a welt. Because of the pain associated with being hit by a paintball, commercial venues may enforce a minimum distance rule; such as 15 feet (4.5 m), whereby players cannot shoot an opponent if they are closer than this distance.[26] Many fields enforce a modified minimum distance surrender rule; a player who advances to within minimum range must offer his opponent the chance to surrender before shooting. This generally prevents injury and discord at recreational games, however it is seldom used in tournaments as it confers a real disadvantage to the attacking player; he must hesitate while his opponent is free to shoot immediately. The act of shooting a player at close range is colloquially called "bunkering"; it happens most often when a player uses covering fire to force his opponent behind a bunker, then advances on that bunker while still shooting to eliminate the opponent point-blank.[27]

  • Hits - A player is hit if a paintball leaves a solid, quarter-sized mark anywhere on the player's body or equipment. Some variations of paintball don't count gun hits or require multiple hits on the arms or legs. Most professional fields and tournaments, though, count any hit on a person or their equipment. Splatter often occurs when a paintball does not break on a person but on a nearby surface and then paint bounces onto the player, but this does not count as a hit unless it forms a solid mark on the player.
  • Overshooting – Fields may discourage players from overshooting (also regarded as bonus balling, "overkill" or lighting up), which is to repeatedly shoot a player after they are eliminated from the game.[28] It is also considered overshooting if a player knew the opponent was eliminated but continued to shoot, disregarding the safety of the opposing player and risking dangerous injury to others.
  • Ramping – Ramping is a feature of many electronic markers, where after a certain number of rapid shots or upon a threshold rate-of-fire being achieved by the player, the gun will begin firing faster than the trigger is being pulled. Ramping of rate of fire is widely prohibited at most paintball fields, however it is allowed in some tournament formats under specific conditions.[29]
  • Wiping – Players may attempt to cheat by wiping paint from themselves, to pretend they were not hit and stay in the game.[23]

Playing venues

A "speedball" field consisting of inflatable paintball bunkers.

Paintball is played at both commercial venues, which require paid admission, and private land; both of which may include multiple fields of varying size and layout. Fields can be scattered with either natural or artificial terrain, and may also be themed to simulate a particular environment, such as a wooded or urban area, and may involve a historical context.[30] Smaller fields (such as those used for Speedball and tournaments) may include an assortment of various inflatable bunkers.

Commercial venues may provide amenities such as bathrooms, picnic areas, lockers, equipment rentals, air refills and food service. Countries may have paintball sports guidelines, with rules on specific safety and insurance standards, and paid staff (including referees) who must ensure players are instructed in proper play to ensure participants' safety. Some fields are "BYOP" (Bring Your Own Paint), allowing players to buy paint at unrelated retail stores or online and use it at their field. However, most fields are FPO (Field Paint Only,) meaning players must buy paint at the venue or at a pro shop affiliated with the park. This is largely for revenue reasons; field and rental fees generally do not cover expenses of a paintball park. However, other reasons relating to player safety are generally cited, and have some merit as poor quality or poorly-stored paint can cause gun failures or personal injury to targeted players[31][32][33]

Playing on a non-established field is sometimes referred to as renegade play or outlaw ball (with the players nicknamed renegade ballers or outlaws).[34] Though less expensive and less structured than play at a commercial facility, the lack of safety protocols, instruction, and oversight can lead to higher incidence of injuries.

Organized play

Template:Globalize/USA

Many used or smashed paintballs

The first organized paintball game in record was held by Charles Gaines, Bob Guernsey and friends in New Hampshire in 1981, with the first paintball field opening approximately a year later in Rochester, New York.[35] In 1983 the first National Survival Game (NSG) national championship was held, with a $14,000 cash award for the winning team.[36] As of 2010, tournaments are largely organized by paintball leagues.

Leagues

Main article: List of paintball leagues

A paintball league is an organization that provides a regulated competition for paintball players to compete. Leagues can be of various sizes (for example, regional, national or international) and offer organized tournaments for professional, semi-professional, and amateur teams, sometimes with financial prizes. The first British national league was the British Paintball League created in 1989 by Gary Morhall, Richard Hart and Derek Wildermuth in Essex England.[37][38][39][40] As of 2010, major leagues include the NPPL and PSP in the United States,[40][41] the Millennium Series in western Europe,[42] the Centurio series in Eastern Europe, and the National Collegiate Paintball Association in the US and Canada.[43] They are supplemented by various regional and local leagues spread worldwide.

Tournament format

The nature and timing of paintball events are specified by the league running the tournament, with the league also defining match rules – such as number of players per team, or acceptable equipment for use. The number of matches in a tournament is largely defined by the number of available teams playing.

A match in a tournament is refereed by a judge, whose authority and decisions are final. Tournament rules can vary as specified by the league, but may include for example – not allowing players to use devices to communicate with other persons during a game, or not allowing players to unduly alter the layout of terrain on the field. In contrast to a casual game designed for fun, a tournament is much stricter and violations of rules may result in penalties for the players or entire teams.[44]

Though tournament paintball was originally played in the woods, speedball became the standard competitive format in the 1990s.[40][45] The smaller fields made use of artificial terrain such as bunkers, allowing symmetrical fields that eliminate terrain advantages for either team; woodsball fields having no such guarantee.[35] Most recently, fields using inflatable bunkers, tethered to the ground with stakes, have become standard for most tournament formats; the soft, yielding bunkers reduce the occurrence of injuries, the bunkers deflate to store in a compact space and anchor to the ground with tent stakes, allowing for temporary fields to be set up and torn down with less impact on the ground underneath, and the arrangement of bunkers can be easily re-configured to maintain novelty of play or to simulate a predetermined field layout for an upcoming event.[46]

Professional teams

Main article: List of professional paintball teams

A professional paintball team is one that plays paintball with the financial, equipment or other kind of support of one or more sponsors, often in return for advertising rights. Professional teams can have different names in different leagues due to franchising and sponsorship issues.

Military usage and themes

As of 2007 major militaries, including the U.S. military, Canadian forces, and British forces, have used training on paintball ranges to supplement combat training for their soldiers.[47] In these cases the games take on a military theme, with players able to replicate authentic militaristic scenarios by using fully functional military accessories alongside paintball markers, designed to appear like realistic weaponry; enabling military simulations (or MilSim). Such games are not restricted to the military however, but can also be played at a casual or professional level. The Shayetet 13 participating in the maritime interdiction operation of the Gaza flotilla used paintball guns to reduce casualties to civilians that were expected to be a Level III helicopter insertionm but eventuated in a Level IV boarding.

However, due to firearms crime, paintball occasionally receives negative publicity. To combat negative perceptions, paintballs military theme can be de-emphasised[48] by referring to a paintball gun as a marker.[26][34]

Accused terrorists' usage

Mohamed Mahmood Alessa and Carlos "Omar" Eduardo Almonte, two men arrested in June 2010 as they were bound for Somalia, and charged with terrorism and conspiring to kill, maim, and kidnap people outside the U.S., had simulated combat at an outdoor paintball facility in West Milford, New Jersey, according to the complaint against them.[49][50][51][52]

Similarly, 11 men, convicted in 2003–04 of comprising the Virginia Jihad Network, engaged in paintball training in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, to simulate small-unit tactical operations and develop combat skills to prepare for jihad, according to prosecutors.[50][51][53][54][55][56] In 2006, Ali Asad Chandia of the Virigina Jihad Network was also sentenced to 15 years in prison for providing support to a Pakistani terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba, including helping Lashkar ship 50,000 paintball pellets from the U.S. to Pakistan.[57]

In addition, two of the 2005 London 7/7 bombers were filmed in June 2005 at a paintball center in Tonbridge, Kent, ducking behind oil barrels and shooting paintball at cut out figures before lining up to pray at the end of the day.[58] Also, the suspects in the 2006 Toronto Terrorism case played paintball to prepare for their attack.[59][60] In 2007, paintball training was engaged in by five Muslims to prepare for an attack aimed at killing American soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey; they were later convicted.[61][62]

Safety statistics

Paintball players in mid-game

The rate of injury to paintball participants has been estimated as 45 injuries per 100,000 participants per year.[63] Research published by the Minnesota Paintball Association has argued that paintball is one of the statistically safest sports to participate in, with 20 injuries per 100,000 players annually,[64] and these injuries tend to be incidental to outdoor physical activity (e.g. trips). A 2003 study of the 24 patients with modern sports eye injuries presenting to the eye emergency department of Porto S João Hospital between April 1992 and March 2002 included 5 paintball eye injuries.[65] Furthermore, a one-year study undertaken by the Eye Emergency Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston has shown that most sports eye injuries are caused by basketball, baseball, hockey, and racquetball.[66] Another analysis concluded that eye injuries incurred from paintball were in settings where protective equipment such as masks were not enforced, or were removed by the player.[67] Eye injuries can occur when protective equipment is not properly used and such injuries often cause devastating visual loss.[68][69] For safety, most regulated paintball fields strictly enforce a 'masks-on' policy, and most eject players who consistently disobey.

Regardless, paintball has received criticism due to incidents of injury. In Canada in 2007, an eleven year old boy lifted his mask and was shot point blank in the eye by an adult playing on the same field,[70] leading to calls by the Montreal Children's Hospital to restrict the minimum age of paintball participants to 16 years. In Australia, the sport attracted criticism when a 39 year old man playing at a registered field in Victoria died of a suspected heart attack, after being struck in the chest.[4][71]

Additionally, the use of paintball markers outside a regulated environment has caused concern. In the United States in 1998, 14 year old Jorel Lynn Travis was shot with a paintball gun while standing outside a Fort Collins, Colorado ice cream parlor – blinding her in one eye.[72] In 2001, a series of pre-meditated and racially motivated drive-by shootings targeted Alaska Natives in Anchorage, Alaska, using a paintball marker, and paintball ammunition which allegedly had been frozen solid. In Ottawa, Canada in 2007, Ashley Roos was shot in the eye and blinded with a paintball gun while waiting for a bus.[73][74][75]

Legality

Australia

Paintballing in Australia is controlled by the police in each state, with differing minimum age requirements. Players under 18 are required to have a guardian sign a consent form. The minimum ages are 12 forSouth Australia and Western Australia, 15 for Queensland, 16 for New South Wales, and 18 in Victoria and Australian Capital Territory.[76] Paintball has been banned in Tasmania since the events of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996.[4]

Operators must adhere to particular rules on gun storage, safety training and field sizes. In all states, in order to own a paintball marker, players must have a paintball gun licence, be at least 18 years old, and have the marker safely stored in a category 2 safe.[77] Until 2005, Victoria was the only state which required players to have a long-arm firearm licence; a law which was criticized on the grounds it drew players to real firearms.[78]

Germany

In Germany, paintball is restricted to players over 18 years of age.[79] Paintball markers are classified as weapons that do not require a license or permit; they are legal to buy and use, but restricted to adults.[80] In May 2009, reacting to the Winnenden school shooting, German lawmakers announced plans to ban games such as paintball as they allegedly trivialised and encouraged violence[81][82] but the plans were retracted a few days later.[83]

United Kingdom

Laws pertaining to paintball markers in the United Kingdom classify them as Air Weapons, as they fire frangible ammunition which breaks up on contact rather than inflicting a penetrating injury. Owners do not require a license unless the marker fires above 300 feet per second (91 m/s). Only approved paintballs can be used, and the marker must not be fully automatic. The minimum age to be in possession of a marker is seventeen, except in target shooting clubs or galleries, or on private property so long as projectiles are not fired beyond the premises. It is prohibited to be in possession of a paintball marker in public places.[84] The absolute minimum legal age for a commercial venue is 11,[85] although facilities exist with lower-powered guns for children of a younger age.[86]

United States

In the United States of America, eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In Pennsylvania, paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage. New Hampshire and Rhode Island require players be at least eighteen years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker. In Illinois, owners must be over the age of twelve and can only use their markers in private land or on safely constructed target ranges.

Virginia is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances on paintball guns, allowing its local authorities to do so. Delaware on the other hand only authorizes Wilmington to do so, but does allow paintball to be played on farms as it is considered an agritourism activity. Florida and Texas limit government liability if a government entity allows paintball on its property.[87]

In virtually all jurisdictions, the use of a paintball marker in a manner other than its intended purpose and/or outside the confines of a sanctioned game or field can result in criminal charges such as disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, vandalism, criminal mischief or even assault.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Defined by the OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY as a "war game"". Stony Brook University Libraries. Retrieved 27 December 2009.(registration required)
  2. ^ "The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition". Dictionary.com. Houghton Mifflin Compand. 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster Online. 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Brown, Damien (September 9, 2009). "Push to legalise paintball". The Mercury. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  5. ^ Greenberg, Karl (September 11, 2009). "Sporting Goods Group Dissects Team Sports". MediaPost Communications. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  6. ^ Davidson, Steve, et al. The Complete Guide to Paintball, 4–12. Hatherleigh Press, New York. 1999
  7. ^ "Paintball History – How it all started !!". www.paintball-guns.com. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 8.
  9. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 17.
  10. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 22.
  11. ^ Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 10.
  12. ^ a b Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, 19.
  13. ^ "True History of Paintball (with note to Skirmish AUS)". www.paintball-tips-and-tricks.com. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  14. ^ "Skirmish News Feed – Skirmish celebrates 25 Years of Paintball in the UK". www.skirmishpaintball.com. Skirmish. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  15. ^ http://www.actionpursuitgames.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=63
  16. ^ Barrett, Lindsey (September 2, 2009). "Aiming to please: Paintball Club geared toward beginners". The Orion. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  17. ^ McCarthy, Chris. "Paintball Planet features competitive fun". Cherokee County Herald. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  18. ^ APL Rules
  19. ^ Billard, Mary (October 20, 1991). "The Executive Life; The Satisfying Silliness Of the Paintball Wars". The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  20. ^ Ewing, Bill (January 13, 2005). "Indoor paintball site targets the rapid growth of sport". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  21. ^ Peters, Kristina (September 28, 2007). "Paintball addictive to players". The Daily Eastern News. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  22. ^ Gase, Thomas. "Paintball's popularity continues to spread". Simi Valley Acorn. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  23. ^ a b Kousnetz, Zack (January 3, 2005). "Ready, Aim ... Paint?". The Paly Voice. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  24. ^ Zimmerman, Fred (March 13, 2005). "Paintball warriors embrace fast and furious version known as 'speedball'". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  25. ^ Paintball Shooting Tactics at ExtremeSports101 - Getting a head shot looks cool and because there’s so much hard surface, there’s a good chance that the paint will break. However, there are definite downsides to going for an opponent’s head. There’s also a good chance that the player will end up eating some paint or - worse yet-get hit in the neck, which is quite painful. If players don’t change their lenses as often as they should (and few players do!), a hit to the lenses may cause them to break.
  26. ^ a b Fowler, Hart (September 17, 2006). "Paintball: There's a little pain, but it's a ball". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
  27. ^ "Bunkering 101 - Tactics and the Surrender Rule". Directpaintball.com. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  28. ^ Santschi, Mark (April 18, 2001). "Ready, Aim, Paint!". The Daily of the University of Washington. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  29. ^ "Warpig.com Paintball Dictionary". Warpig.com via Corinthian Media Services. 2006. Retrieved April 7, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ Smith, Rain (October 7, 2008). "Video Report – Blountville-based paintball team ranked fifth in nation, heading to World Championships". www.timesnews.net. Kingsport Publishing Corporation. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  31. ^ "Field Paint Only Policy – see number 24". EMR Paintball. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  32. ^ "FPO? What is that?". Gatsplat. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  33. ^ "Both locations are now Field Paint Only (FPO). You can no longer bring in your own paint (BYOP)". Lehigh Valley Paintball Inc. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  34. ^ a b "SPLAT! ; South Sound Plays Host to Some of the Best in the World of Paintball". News Tribune, The. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  35. ^ a b "Styles of play". St Petersburg Times. May 18, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  36. ^ "The True History Of Paintball". Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  37. ^ [1]
  38. ^ Terry Reflects on early paintball days
  39. ^ British Paintball League to reach Midlands
  40. ^ a b c Alvania, Rebecca (May 23, 2007). "In The Paint". Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  41. ^ "NPPL Info Dump". December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  42. ^ Davidson, Max (May 3, 2008). "Paintball: gunning for the games". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  43. ^ "Pro Paintball – News, Teams, Industry, Leagues, Gear, and more". Retrieved March 18, 2010. See list of current leagues under North American Leagues menu
  44. ^ "PSP Point Rules" (PDF). PSP Events. February 12, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2010. [dead link]
  45. ^ "National Pump League Goes Back To Paintball's Roots". .68caliber. February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  46. ^ "Information on Airball". Paintball-tips-and-tricks.com. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  47. ^ "Canadian forces training by playing paintball". CTV News. January 14, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  48. ^ "With Image Brush-Up, Paintball Moving From Military to Mainstream" Los Angeles Times, Jul 15, 2000
  49. ^ Allen, Nick (June 7, 2010). "Two US citizens in court over links to Somali terror plot". London: Telegraph. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  50. ^ a b Finn, Peter; Markon, Jerry (June 7, 2010). "Two N.J. men arrested for allegedly trying to join Somali terrorists". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
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External links

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