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==Life==
==Life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2010}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2010}}
Gerson was born. Later, he died.
Gerson was born in 1881 to a Jewish family in [[Wongrowitz]], in the German province of [[Province of Posen|Posen]]. According to Gerson's grandson and biographer, his choice of career in medicine was influenced by the prevailing climate of [[anti-Semitism]], as mathematics was closed to Jews, but medicine was open.

Gerson's biographer states that Gerson, as a [[residency (medicine)|resident physician]], suffered from [[migraine|migraine headaches]]. Gerson altered his diet, eliminating many staples of German cuisine, and noted that his headaches resolved. Entering private practice in [[Bielefeld]], Germany, Gerson prescribed his migraine diet to patients.

When a migraine patient reported that his [[lupus vulgaris]] (skin lesions related to [[tuberculosis]]) had cleared up on Gerson's diet, Gerson treated other patients and claimed success. Pulmonary surgeon [[Ferdinand Sauerbruch]] heard about Gerson's success with tuberculosis and invited him to conduct a clinical trial of his therapy at Sauerbruch's tuberculosis ward in [[Munich]]. Four hundred fifty tuberculosis patients were placed on Gerson's diet, and Gerson claimed that 446 of the patients completely recovered.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} With Sauerbruch's backing, Gerson's diet became a popular therapy. Current advocates of the therapy claim that many Swiss tuberculosis sanatoria were put out of business by Gerson's discoveries, and are now ski resorts, including [[Davos]] and [[Gstaad]].{{Dubious|date=March 2010}}

During Gerson's career in Europe, he supervised tuberculosis sanatoria in Germany ([[Bielefeld]], [[Kassel]], [[Berlin]], [[Munich]]), Austria ([[Vienna]]) and France (Ville d'Avray, near [[Paris]]). He published in European medical journals and lectured to university and medical society audiences, but Gerson's peers were not convinced of his successes with tuberculosis, alleging that he had faked x-rays and treated patients who never had TB, among other unethical behavior.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

According to Gerson, he agreed in 1928 to treat a woman who was told she had incurable [[bile duct cancer]]. Gerson said that she recovered, along with two of her friends who also had cancer.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Gerson posited that artificial fertilizers and pesticides were fueling what he called an epidemic of degenerative diseases, and began to advise his regional government on agricultural practices. Gerson stated that he had collected evidence for his therapy and was on the verge of presenting his results, but that he lost his study as a result of the [[Nazi]] rise to power in Europe. Gerson left Germany when the government began arresting Jews, saying that he was forced to leave behind the results of his study.

===In the United States===
===In the United States===
As a German Jew, Gerson fled Germany with his family in 1933, first to [[Vienna]], then to Ville d'Avray (near Paris), then to London. He settled in New York City in 1936.

In 1946, [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Claude Pepper]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Florida|FL]]) summoned Gerson to testify about his cancer therapy before a Congressional Subcommittee hearing to appropriate $100 million for a cancer research center in which Gerson was expected to play a major part. Gerson presented to the US Congress what he claimed were five healed terminal cancer patients who testified to recovering from incurable disease, but he got little media attention and the appropriations bill (SB 8947) died in the Senate.
In 1946, [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Claude Pepper]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Florida|FL]]) summoned Gerson to testify about his cancer therapy before a Congressional Subcommittee hearing to appropriate $100 million for a cancer research center in which Gerson was expected to play a major part. Gerson presented to the US Congress what he claimed were five healed terminal cancer patients who testified to recovering from incurable disease, but he got little media attention and the appropriations bill (SB 8947) died in the Senate.


In the U.S., Gerson applied his dietary therapy to several cancer patients, claiming good results, but colleagues found his methodology and claims unconvincing. Proponents of the Gerson Therapy now claim that medical authorities conspired to keep him from publishing in the peer-reviewed literature in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doctoryourself.com/bib_gerson.html |title=Doctor Yourself |publisher=Doctor Yourself |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> In 1958, Gerson published a book in which he claimed to have cured 50 terminal cancer patients: ''A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases''. Gerson's medical license in New York was suspended in 1958, and he died in 1959.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hess|first=David J.|title=The politics of healing: histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415933390|pages=222|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4xzTLvaWSmkC&pg=PA222&dq=%22max+gerson%22+1959&hl=en&ei=YrCGTcjfJsnA0QGd04jVCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=%22max%20gerson%22%201959&f=false}}</ref>
In the U.S., Gerson applied his dietary therapy to several cancer patients, claiming good results, but colleagues found his methodology and claims unconvincing. Proponents of the Gerson Therapy now claim that medical authorities conspired to keep him from publishing in the peer-reviewed literature in the United States. In 1958, Gerson published a book in which he claimed to have cured 50 terminal cancer patients: ''A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases''. Gerson's medical license in New York was suspended in 1958, and he died in 1959.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hess|first=David J.|title=The politics of healing: histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415933390|pages=222|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4xzTLvaWSmkC&pg=PA222&dq=%22max+gerson%22+1959&hl=en&ei=YrCGTcjfJsnA0QGd04jVCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=%22max%20gerson%22%201959&f=false}}</ref>


==Gerson Therapy==
==Gerson Therapy==
Line 38: Line 27:


===Evidence===
===Evidence===
Gerson's therapy has not been independently tested or subjected to [[randomized controlled trial]]s, and thus is illegal to market in the United States.<ref name="nci-hp"/> The Gerson Institute claims that Gerson's [[observational studies]] and [[case report]]s are [[anecdotal evidence]] of the efficacy of the treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gerson.org/g_therapy/case_studies.asp |title=The Gerson Institute&nbsp;— Alternative Cancer Treatment |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> In his book, Gerson cites the "Results of 50 Cases"; however, the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] reviewed these 50 cases and was unable to find any evidence that Gerson's claims were accurate.<ref name="mskcc"/> Gerson Institute staff published a [[case series]] in the [[alternative medicine|alternative medical literature]]; however, the series suffered from significant methodological flaws, and no independent entity has been able to [[reproducibility|reproduce]] the Gerson Institute's claims.<ref name="mskcc">{{cite web | url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69233.cfm | title = Overview of the Gerson Regimen | publisher = [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] | date = March 18, 2009 | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}</ref>
Gerson's therapy has not been independently tested or subjected to [[randomized controlled trial]]s, and thus is illegal to market in the United States.<ref name="nci-hp"/> In his book, Gerson cites the "Results of 50 Cases"; however, the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] reviewed these 50 cases and was unable to find any evidence that Gerson's claims were accurate.<ref name="mskcc"/> Gerson Institute staff published a [[case series]] in the [[alternative medicine|alternative medical literature]]; however, the series suffered from significant methodological flaws, and no independent entity has been able to [[reproducibility|reproduce]] the Gerson Institute's claims.<ref name="mskcc">{{cite web | url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69233.cfm | title = Overview of the Gerson Regimen | publisher = [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] | date = March 18, 2009 | accessdate = April 22, 2009}}</ref>


Independent anecdotal evidence suggests that the Gerson Therapy is not effective against cancer. When a group of 13 patients sickened by elements of the Gerson Therapy were evaluated in hospitals in [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] in the early 1980s, all of them were found to still have active cancer.<ref name="mmwr"/> The Gerson Institute's claimed "cure rates" have been questioned; an investigation by [[Quackwatch]] found that the Institute's claims of cure were based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving,' plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in."<ref name="lowell">{{cite web | publisher = [[Quackwatch]] | first = James | last = Lowell | title = Background History of the Gerson Clinic | work = Nutrition Forum Newsletter | date = February 1986 | accessdate = April 22, 2009 | url = http://cancertreatmentwatch.org/reports/gerson.shtml}}</ref> In 1994, a study published in the alternative medical literature described 18 patients treated for cancer with the Gerson Therapy. Their median survival from treatment was 9 months. Five years after receiving the Gerson treatment, 17 of the 18 patients had died of their cancer, while the one surviving patient had active [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]].<ref name="austin">{{cite journal | author = Austin S, Dale EB, DeKadt S | title = Long-term follow-up of cancer patients using Contreras, Hoxsey and Gerson therapies | journal = Journal of Naturopathic Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–76 | year= 1994}}</ref>
Independent anecdotal evidence suggests that the Gerson Therapy is not effective against cancer. When a group of 13 patients sickened by elements of the Gerson Therapy were evaluated in hospitals in [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] in the early 1980s, all of them were found to still have active cancer.<ref name="mmwr"/> The Gerson Institute's claimed "cure rates" have been questioned; an investigation by [[Quackwatch]] found that the Institute's claims of cure were based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving,' plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in."<ref name="lowell">{{cite web | publisher = [[Quackwatch]] | first = James | last = Lowell | title = Background History of the Gerson Clinic | work = Nutrition Forum Newsletter | date = February 1986 | accessdate = April 22, 2009 | url = http://cancertreatmentwatch.org/reports/gerson.shtml}}</ref> In 1994, a study published in the alternative medical literature described 18 patients treated for cancer with the Gerson Therapy. Their median survival from treatment was 9 months. Five years after receiving the Gerson treatment, 17 of the 18 patients had died of their cancer, while the one surviving patient had active [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]].<ref name="austin">{{cite journal | author = Austin S, Dale EB, DeKadt S | title = Long-term follow-up of cancer patients using Contreras, Hoxsey and Gerson therapies | journal = Journal of Naturopathic Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–76 | year= 1994}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:00, 21 March 2011

Max Gerson (18 October 1881–8 March 1959) was a German physician who developed the Gerson Therapy, an alternative dietary therapy which he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases. Gerson described his approach in the book A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases. However, when Gerson's claims were independently evaluated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), it was found that Gerson's records lacked the basic information necessary to systematically evaluate his claims. The NCI concluded that Gerson's data showed no benefit from his treatment.[1] The therapy is considered scientifically unsupported and potentially hazardous.[2][3]

Life

Gerson was born. Later, he died.

In the United States

In 1946, Senator Claude Pepper (D–FL) summoned Gerson to testify about his cancer therapy before a Congressional Subcommittee hearing to appropriate $100 million for a cancer research center in which Gerson was expected to play a major part. Gerson presented to the US Congress what he claimed were five healed terminal cancer patients who testified to recovering from incurable disease, but he got little media attention and the appropriations bill (SB 8947) died in the Senate.

In the U.S., Gerson applied his dietary therapy to several cancer patients, claiming good results, but colleagues found his methodology and claims unconvincing. Proponents of the Gerson Therapy now claim that medical authorities conspired to keep him from publishing in the peer-reviewed literature in the United States. In 1958, Gerson published a book in which he claimed to have cured 50 terminal cancer patients: A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases. Gerson's medical license in New York was suspended in 1958, and he died in 1959.[4]

Gerson Therapy

Gerson's therapy required the patient to consume a raw plant based diet and to drink an 8-ounce glass of fresh organic juices every waking hour. Coffee and castor oil enemas were among several types of prescribed enemas, and some patients were given hydrogen peroxide orally and rectally. Rectal ozone was also applied. Dietary supplements include vitamin C and iodine. The diet prohibited the drinking of water and consumption of berries and nuts, as well as use of aluminium vessels or utensils.[5]

Initially, patients were required to drink several glasses of raw calf liver extract daily. Following an outbreak of Campylobacter infection linked to the Gerson clinic's extract, which sickened and killed several of the clinic's patients,[6] carrot juice was substituted.

Animal products and fats and oils were excluded (except for the raw calf liver extract and flax-seed oil), as were supposed sources of toxicity, including tobacco, salt, alcohol, fluorides, pesticides, food additives, and pharmaceuticals. Foods were to be fresh, organically grown and unprocessed. The therapy claimed to reverse any ill effects of exposure to environmental toxins over the course of 6–18 months, and Gerson believed it would be effective against most chronic diseases including tuberculosis, most forms of advanced cancer, arthritis (both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), and diabetes.

Gerson's claims of success attracted some high-profile patients, as well as other alternative medicine practitioners. Gerson's daughter, Charlotte Gerson, continued to promote the therapy, founding the "Gerson Institute" in 1977.

Evidence

Gerson's therapy has not been independently tested or subjected to randomized controlled trials, and thus is illegal to market in the United States.[1] In his book, Gerson cites the "Results of 50 Cases"; however, the U.S. National Cancer Institute reviewed these 50 cases and was unable to find any evidence that Gerson's claims were accurate.[3] Gerson Institute staff published a case series in the alternative medical literature; however, the series suffered from significant methodological flaws, and no independent entity has been able to reproduce the Gerson Institute's claims.[3]

Independent anecdotal evidence suggests that the Gerson Therapy is not effective against cancer. When a group of 13 patients sickened by elements of the Gerson Therapy were evaluated in hospitals in San Diego in the early 1980s, all of them were found to still have active cancer.[6] The Gerson Institute's claimed "cure rates" have been questioned; an investigation by Quackwatch found that the Institute's claims of cure were based not on actual documentation of survival, but on "a combination of the doctor's estimate that the departing patient has a 'reasonable chance of surviving,' plus feelings that the Institute staff have about the status of people who call in."[7] In 1994, a study published in the alternative medical literature described 18 patients treated for cancer with the Gerson Therapy. Their median survival from treatment was 9 months. Five years after receiving the Gerson treatment, 17 of the 18 patients had died of their cancer, while the one surviving patient had active non-Hodgkin lymphoma.[8]

The American Cancer Society reports that "[t]here is no reliable scientific evidence that Gerson therapy is effective in treating cancer, and the principles behind it are not widely accepted by the medical community. It is not approved for use in the United States."[2] In 1947, the National Cancer Institute reviewed 10 "cures" submitted by Gerson; however, all of the patients were receiving standard anticancer treatment simultaneously, making it impossible to determine what effect, if any, was due to Gerson's therapy.[9] A review of the Gerson Therapy by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center concluded: "If proponents of such therapies wish them to be evaluated scientifically and considered valid adjuvant treatments, they must provide extensive records (more than simple survival rates) and conduct controlled, prospective studies as evidence."[3] In 1947 and 1959, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) reviewed the cases of a total of 60 patients treated by Dr. Gerson. The NCI found that the available information did not prove the regimen had benefit.

The following studies of the Gerson therapy were published:

In 1983-1984, a retrospective study of 38 patients treated with the Gerson therapy was done. Medical records were not available to the authors of the study; information came from patient interviews. These case reviews did not provide information that supports the usefulness of the Gerson therapy for treating cancer. In 1990, a study of a diet regimen similar to the Gerson therapy was done in Austria. The patients received standard treatment along with the special diet. The authors of the study reported that the diet appeared to help patients live longer than usual and have fewer side effects. The authors said it needed further study. In 1995, the Gerson Research Organization did a retrospective study of their melanoma patients who were treated with the Gerson therapy. The study reported that patients who had stage III or stage IV melanoma lived longer than usual for patients with these stages of melanoma. There have been no clinical trials that support the findings of this retrospective study. A case review of 6 patients with metastatic cancer who used the Gerson therapy reported that the regimen helped patients in some ways, both physically and psychologically. Based on these results, the reviewers recommended that clinical trials of the Gerson therapy be conducted.[3]

Safety concerns

Coffee enemas have contributed to the deaths of at least three people in the United States. Coffee enemas "can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicaemia."[10] The recommended diet may not be nutritionally adequate.[11] The diet has been blamed for the deaths of patients who substituted it for standard medical care.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Gerson Therapy: History". National Cancer Institute. February 26, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Gerson Therapy Overview". American Cancer Society. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Overview of the Gerson Regimen". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. March 18, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  4. ^ Hess, David J. (2004). The politics of healing: histories of alternative medicine in twentieth-century North America. Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 0415933390.
  5. ^ Weitzman S (1998). "Alternative Nutritional Cancer Therapies". International Journal of Cancer. Supplement II: 69–72. PMID 9876483.
  6. ^ a b Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1981). "Campylobacter sepsis associated with "nutritional therapy"--California". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 30 (24): 294–5. PMID 6789105. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Lowell, James (February 1986). "Background History of the Gerson Clinic". Nutrition Forum Newsletter. Quackwatch. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  8. ^ Austin S, Dale EB, DeKadt S (1994). "Long-term follow-up of cancer patients using Contreras, Hoxsey and Gerson therapies". Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. 5 (1): 74–76.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Gerson Therapy Overview". National Cancer Institute. September 6, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  10. ^ Hills, Ben. "Fake healers. Why Australia's $1 billion-a-year alternative medicine industry is ineffective and out of control". Medical Mayhem. Retrieved 2008-03-06. Kefford is particularly concerned about cancer patients persuaded to undergo the much-hyped US Gerson diet program, which involves the use of ground coffee enemas which can cause colitis (inflammation of the bowel), fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and in some cases septicaemia. The US FDA has warned against this regime, which is known to have caused at least three deaths.
  11. ^ Clinic Practice Guidelines, page 196. [dead link]
  12. ^ Snowbeck, Christopher (April 9, 1999). "Cancer Therapy Pained Her Family... And Didn't Work". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 22, 2009.

Bibliography

  • Max Gerson MD, A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases (San Diego: The Gerson Institute, 1990)
  • Charlotte Gerson, The Gerson Therapy (New York: Kensington Publishing, NYC, 2001)
  • Howard Straus, Dr. Max Gerson: Healing the Hopeless (Kingston, Ontario, Canada: Quarry Books, 2001)
  • S. J. Haught, Censured for Curing Cancer: the American Experience of Dr. Max Gerson (New York: Station Hill Press, 1991)
  • Patricia Spain Ward, PhD., History of the Gerson Therapy by Dr. Ward under contract to the Office of Technology Assessment
  • Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Master Surgeon (a.k.a. A Surgeon's Life) [Das War Mein Leben] (London: André Deutsch, 1953 and Munich: Kindler, 1951) reprinted since

External links

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