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This is a list of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain. It documents all of the most notable volcanoes in the chain, however there are many others that have yet to be properly studied.

The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is a chain of volcanoes and seamounts extending across the Pacific Ocean. The chain has been produced by the movement of the ocean crust over the Hawaii hotspot, a "bump" of heat responsible for the creation and volcanic activity of the volcanoes in the chain. As the oceanic crust moves the volcanoes further away from their source of energy, they slowly lose power and erupt less powerfully and less frequently, eventually ceasing to erupt at all. At that point erosion takes over, and slowly grinds the volcano down into the ocean, creating first atolls and atoll islands, and then submerging into the sea altogether, becoming seamounts and/or guyots.^[1]

Following this pattern, the seamounts to the back of the chain are far older then those at the forefront; the oldest known seamount in the chain, Meiji Seamount, is estimated to be between 81 and 86 million years,^[2] whereas Lōʻhi Seamount, the newest volcano in the chain, is of under 400,000 years of age.^[3] There may be even older seamounts, as the end of the chain dangles near the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, which could have since destroyed them.^[4]

The chain can be divided into three subsections. The first, the Hawaiian archipelago (also known as the Windward isles), is made up of the islands comprising Hawaii state (not to be confused with Hawaii island). Being closest to the hotspot, it is both the youngest part of the chain, and also the part that is still volcanically active. Hawaii island is comprised of five volcanoes, of which two (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) are still active. Lōʻhi Seamount continues to grow offshore, and is the only known volcano in the chain that is in the submarine pre-shield stage.^[1]

The second part of the chain are the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, collectively referred to as the Leeward isles. Erosion has long since overtaken activity at these islands, and most of them are atolls, atoll islands, or at the least extinct islands. They contain many of the most northerly atolls in the world; one of them, Kure Atoll, is the northern-most atoll in the world.^[5] On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The national monument, meant to protect the biodiversity of the isles, encompasses all of the northern isles, and is one of the biggest such protected areas in the world. It limits tourism to the area, and calls for a phase-out of fishing by 2011.^[6]

The oldest and most heavily eroded part of the chain are the Emperor seamounts. The Emperor and Hawaiian chains are separated by a large L-shaped bend in the chain, differing in orientation by about 60°. It was long attributed to a sudden plate movement, but recent research, conducted in 2003, suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend.^[7] All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below the sea, becoming seamounts and guyots. Many of the volcanoes are named after former Emperors of Japan. The seamount chain extends across the Pacific, all the way to the West Pacific, terminating at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, at the border of Russia.^[4]

Hawaiian archipelago

Name	Island	Last eruption	Coordinates	Age	Notes
Lōʻhi Seamount	—	1996 (Active)^[3]	18°55′N 155°16′W / 18.92°N 155.27°W / 18.92; -155.27	> 400,000^[3]	Submarine volcano approximately 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Hawaii. It will eventually breach sea level and become the newest Hawaiian island.^[3]^[a]
Kīlauea	Big Island	Erupting^[8]	19°25′N 155°17′W / 19.417°N 155.283°W / 19.417; -155.283	300,000–600,000 years^[8]	Kīlauea is currently the most active volcano on Earth.^[8] Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cinder cone of Kīlauea, has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last six centuries.^[9]
Mauna Loa	Big Island	1984 (Active)^[10]	19°28′46.3″N 155°36′09.6″W / 19.479528°N 155.602667°W / 19.479528; -155.602667	~1 million years^[11]	Largest volcano on Earth.^[10]
Hualālai	Big Island	1801 (dormant)^[12]	19°41′32″N 155°52′02″W / 19.69222°N 155.86722°W / 19.69222; -155.86722	> 300,000 years^[12]	Lies more or less due west of the much taller Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa mountains.^[12]
Mauna Kea	Big Island	About 4460 BP (dormant)	19°49′14.39″N 155°28′05.04″W / 19.8206639°N 155.4680667°W / 19.8206639; -155.4680667	~ 375,000–1 million years^[13]^[14]	World's tallest mountain if below-sea elevation is counted.^[15]
Kohala	Big Island	About 120,000 BP (extinct)^[16]	20°05′10″N 155°43′02″W / 20.08611°N 155.71722°W / 20.08611; -155.71722	~ 430,000–1 million years^[13]^[16]	Believed to be the oldest volcano that makes up Hawaii Island.^[16]
Māhukona	Big Island	—	20°01′0″N 156°1′0″W / 20.01667°N 156.01667°W / 20.01667; -156.01667		Submerged, having long since disappeared into the sea.^[17]^[b]
Haleakalā	Maui	18th Century^[18]	20°42′35″N 156°15′12″W / 20.70972°N 156.25333°W / 20.70972; -156.25333	~ 0.75–2 million years^[13]^[18]	forms more than 75% of Maui.^[18]
West Maui	Maui	—	20°54′N 156°37′W / 20.900°N 156.617°W / 20.900; -156.617	~ 1.32 million years^[13]	Much eroded shield volcano which makes up the western quarter of Maui.
Kahoʻolawe	Kahoʻolawe	—	20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600	> 1.03 million years^[13]^[19]	Smallest of the 8 principal Hawaiian islands.^[16] Uninhabited.^[20]
Lānaʻi	Lānaʻi	—	20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933	~ 1.28 million years^[13]	Sixth-largest island.^[21] The only town is Lānaʻi City, a small settlement.
East Molokaʻi	Molokaʻi	—	21°7′N 156°51′W / 21.117°N 156.850°W / 21.117; -156.850	~ 1.76 million years^[13]	Volcano is today only what remains of the southern half.^[16]
West Molokaʻi	Molokaʻi	—	21°9′N 157°14′W / 21.150°N 157.233°W / 21.150; -157.233	~ 1.9 million years^[13]	Northern half suffered a large collapse 1.5 million years ago.^[22]
Koolau Range	Molokaʻi	—	21°19′N 157°46′W / 21.317°N 157.767°W / 21.317; -157.767	2.7 million^[23]	A fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano which also suffered a large collapse sometime before the Molokaʻi collapse.^[22]
Waiʻanae Range	Molokaʻi	2.5 million BP^[24]	21°30′N 158°9′W / 21.500°N 158.150°W / 21.500; -158.150	3.7–3.9 million years^[13]^[23]	The eroded remains of a shield volcano that comprised the western half of the island.^[24]
Kaʻula	Kaʻula	—	21°39′N 160°32′W / 21.650°N 160.533°W / 21.650; -160.533	~ 4 million years^[13]	Tiny crescent-shaped barren island. Uninhabited but for divers & fishermen.^[25]
Niʻihau	Niʻihau	—	21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167	~4.9 million^[13]^[26]	Smallest inhabited island.^[27] Formed from a side vent of Kauaʻi.
Kauaʻi	Kauaʻi	—	22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500	>5 million^[13]^[28]	Oldest and fourth largest of the main islands, and home to Mount Waialeale, one of the wettest areas on Earth in terms of precipitation.^[29]

Northwestern Hawaiian islands

Name	Type	Coordinates	Age^[30]	Notes
Nihoa	Extinct Island	23°03′38″N 161°55′19″W / 23.06056°N 161.92194°W / 23.06056; -161.92194	7.2 million ± 0.3^[13]	Small rocky island which supported a small population about 1000 CE; features over 80 cultural sites, including religious places, agricultural terraces, and burial caves.^[31]
Necker Island	Extinct Island	23°03′N 161°55′W / 23.050°N 161.917°W / 23.050; -161.917	10.3 million ± 0.4^[13]	Small deserted island with Hawaiian religious shrines and artifacts.^[32]
French Frigate Shoals	Atoll	23°52′08″N 166°17′10″W / 23.8689°N 166.2860°W / 23.8689; -166.2860	12 million^[33]	Largest atoll in the northwestern Hawaiian islands.^[34]
Gardner Pinnacles	Atoll Island	25°01′N 167°59′W / 25.017°N 167.983°W / 25.017; -167.983	12.3 million ± 1.0^[13]	Two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef.^[35]
Maro Reef	Atoll	25°25′N 170°35′W / 25.417°N 170.583°W / 25.417; -170.583		Largest coral reef of the northwestern Hawaiian islands.^[36]
Laysan	Atoll Island	25°46′03″N 171°44′00″W / 25.7675°N 171.7334°W / 25.7675; -171.7334	19.9 million ± 0.3^[13]	Originally named "Kauō" meaning egg, referring to its shape, and home to one of only five natural lakes in all of Hawaii.^[37]
Lisianski Island	Atoll Island	26°3′48.6564″N 173°57′57.346″W / 26.063515667°N 173.96592944°W / 26.063515667; -173.96592944		A small island surrounded by a huge coral reef nearly the size of Oahu.^[38] Named after a Russian navy captain whose ship ran aground there in 1805.^[39]
Pearl and Hermes Atoll	Atoll Island	27°48′N 175°51′W / 27.800°N 175.850°W / 27.800; -175.850	20.6 million ± 2.7^[13]	A collection of small, sandy islands, with a lagoon and coral reef. Named after two whaling ships which wrecked on the reef in 1822.^[40]
Midway Atoll	Atoll Island	28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.200°N 177.350°W / 28.200; -177.350	27.7 million ± 0.6^[13]	Consists of a ring-shaped barrier reef and two large islets. Named "midway" because of its strategic location in the center of the Pacific Ocean, and was the site of a key battle during World War II.^[41]
Kure Atoll	Atoll	28°25′N 178°20′W / 28.417°N 178.333°W / 28.417; -178.333		Northern-most coral atoll in the world.^[5]

Emperor seamounts

Name	Type	Coordinates^[42]	Age	Notes
Hancock	Seamount	30°15′N 178°50′E / 30.250°N 178.833°E / 30.250; 178.833	Unknown
Colahan	Seamount	31°15′N 176°0′E / 31.250°N 176.000°E / 31.250; 176.000	38.6 million ± 0.3^[43]
Abbott	Seamount	31°48′N 174°18′E / 31.800°N 174.300°E / 31.800; 174.300	38.7 million ± 0.9^[43]
Daikakuji	Guyot	32°5.00′N 172°18′E / 32.08333°N 172.300°E / 32.08333; 172.300	42.4 million ± 2.3^[13]	Also the name of a Japanese temple.
Kammu	Guyot	32°10′N 173°0′E / 32.167°N 173.000°E / 32.167; 173.000	Unknown	Named for former emperor of Japan Emperor Kammu.
Yuryaku	Guyot	32°40.20′N 172°16.20′E / 32.67000°N 172.27000°E / 32.67000; 172.27000	43.4 million ± 1.6^[13]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Yūryaku.
Kimmei	Seamount	33°40.84′N 171°38.07′E / 33.68067°N 171.63450°E / 33.68067; 171.63450	~ 39.9–50 million years^[44]^[13]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Kimmei.
Koko	Guyot	35°15.00′N 171°35.00′E / 35.25000°N 171.58333°E / 35.25000; 171.58333	48.1 million ± 0.8^[13]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Kōkō.
Ojin	Guyot	37°58.20′N 170°22.80′E / 37.97000°N 170.38000°E / 37.97000; 170.38000	55.2 million ± 0.7^[13]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Ōjin.
Jingu	Guyot	38°50′N 171°15′E / 38.833°N 171.250°E / 38.833; 171.250	55.4 million ± 0.9^[45]	Named after former empress of Japan Empress Jingū.
Nintoku	Guyot	41°4.80′N 170°34.20′E / 41.08000°N 170.57000°E / 41.08000; 170.57000	56.2 million ± 0.6^[13]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Nintoku.
Yomei	Guyot	42°18′N 170°24′E / 42.300°N 170.400°E / 42.300; 170.400	Unknown	Named for former emperor of Japan Emperor Yomei.
Suiko	Guyot	44°35′N 170°20′E / 44.583°N 170.333°E / 44.583; 170.333	59.6 million ± 0.6 –64.7 million ± 1.1^[46]	Named after former empress of Japan Empress Suiko.
Detroit	Seamount	51°28.80′N 167°36′E / 51.48000°N 167.600°E / 51.48000; 167.600	76–81 million years^[2]^[47]	Well documented seamount, second oldest.
Meiji	Seamount	53°12′N 164°30′E / 53.200°N 164.500°E / 53.200; 164.500	81–86 million years^[2]^[47]	Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Meiji. Oldest known seamount.

References

^ ^a ^b "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS). September 8, 1995. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain" (PDF). Stanford University. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi" (PDF). This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108. University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Pre-press version
^ ^a ^b "The Emperor and Hawaiian Volcanic Chains: How well do they fit the plume hypothesis?". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved 2009-04-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Kure Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Bush creates new marine sanctuary". BBC News. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 14 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ John Roach (2003-08-14). "Hot Spot That Spawned Hawaii Was on the Move, Study Finds". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2009-03-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Kīlauea – Perhaps the World's Most Active Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
^ "The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1983 to 2003". United States Geological Survey. 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
^ ^a ^b School Specialty Publishing (2006). World Atlas (Illustrated ed.). School Specialty Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0769642608. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
^ "Mauna Loa Earth's Largest Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c G. A. Macdonald (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 441. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Vulcanology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ "Mauna Kea Hawai`i's Tallest Volcano". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
^ Staff authors. "Highest Mountain in the World". Geology.com. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Geological Map of the State of Hawaii" (PDF). USGS Hawaii geology pamphlet. United States Geological Survey. 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) pg. 41–43
^ Geology and Petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii. Vol. 53. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1991. pp. 159–172. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "East Maui, or Haleakala—A Potentially Hazardous Volcano". United States Geological Survey. February 2003. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
^ "Kahoʻolawe, Hawaii". Photo Gallery of Kahoʻolawe island. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ "Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02, Maui County, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2009-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |b= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bo= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cx= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cy= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dh= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dt= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dw= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |fl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ft= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |g= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |if= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |l= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ms= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |pz= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |t= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zf= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zl= ignored (help)
^ "The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004" (PDF). Hawaii.gov. 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
^ ^a ^b "Hawaiian Landslides". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ ^a ^b "Hawaii's Coastline – Oahu". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ ^a ^b "O'ahu, Ni'ihau, and Kaua'i". United States Geological Survey. 1995-09-29. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Offshore Island Restoration Committee – Kaula". Offshore Island Restoration Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
^ "Hawaii's Coastline – Niihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ "Main Hawaiian Islands: Ni'ihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Hawaii's Coastline – Kauai". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ "Kaua'i". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Volcanology. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
^ "Nihoa Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
^ "Necker Island (Mokumanamana)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ Darby Dyar (2008-04-22). "Hotspots and Plate Motion". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ "French Frigate Shoals Reserve Preservation Area" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Gardner Pinnacles". Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 2000. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
^ "Maro Reef (Ko'anako'a)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Laysan Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Lisianski Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
^ "Lisanski Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Pearl and Hermes Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Midway Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
^ "Seamount Catalog". Seamounts database. EarthRef, a National Science Foundation project. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
^ ^a ^b Duncan, R. A. and Clague, D. A. (1984) The earliest volcanism on the Hawaiian Ridge (abstract), EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, volume 65, page 1076.
^ Hugh Rance (1999). Historical Geology: The Present is the Key to the Past (PDF). QCC Press. pp. 405–407. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
^ "Age and chemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from Jingu Seamount, Emperor seamount chain". Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 55: 685–693. 1980. Retrieved 2009-04-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Clague, D. A. and Dalrymple, G. B. (1989) Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain in Winterer, E. L. et al. (editors) (1989) The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, Boulder, Geological Society of America, page 199.
^ ^a ^b "Drilling Strategy". Ocean Drilling Program. Retrieved 2009-04-04.

Notes

[a] ^ As Lōʻhi Seamount has not risen above the ocean, nor connected with mainland Hawaii, it is not usually included among the five volcanoes of Big Island.
[b] ^ Similar to Lōʻhi, Māhukona is not included in the regular five either, however this is because erosion has since sunk it far below the waves.

[USGS_-_Evolution-1] "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS). September 8, 1995. Retrieved 2009-03-07.

[Stanford-2005-2] "Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain" (PDF). Stanford University. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Garcia,_et._al.-2005-3] "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi" (PDF). This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108. University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Pre-press version

[MantlePlumes-Hawaii_hotspot-4] "The Emperor and Hawaiian Volcanic Chains: How well do they fit the plume hypothesis?". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved 2009-04-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[KureAttol-KQED-5] "Kure Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[6] "Bush creates new marine sanctuary". BBC News. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 14 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[National_Geo_News-7] John Roach (2003-08-14). "Hot Spot That Spawned Hawaii Was on the Move, Study Finds". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2009-03-09.

[USGS-Kīlauea-8] "Kīlauea – Perhaps the World's Most Active Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-12.

[9] "The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1983 to 2003". United States Geological Survey. 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-07.

[worldatlas-10] School Specialty Publishing (2006). World Atlas (Illustrated ed.). School Specialty Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0769642608. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

[11] "Mauna Loa Earth's Largest Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2009-07-03.

[Macdonald-12] G. A. Macdonald (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 441. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[soestform-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Vulcanology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.

[USGS-Mauna_Kea-14] "Mauna Kea Hawai`i's Tallest Volcano". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-14.

[geology.com-15] Staff authors. "Highest Mountain in the World". Geology.com. Retrieved 2009-07-04.

[USGS-2007-16] "Geological Map of the State of Hawaii" (PDF). USGS Hawaii geology pamphlet. United States Geological Survey. 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) pg. 41–43

[17] Geology and Petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii. Vol. 53. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1991. pp. 159–172. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[USGS-East_Maui-18] "East Maui, or Haleakala—A Potentially Hazardous Volcano". United States Geological Survey. February 2003. Retrieved 2009-05-13.

[Kahoolawe_Photo_Gallery-19] "Kahoʻolawe, Hawaii". Photo Gallery of Kahoʻolawe island. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2009-04-04.

[20] "Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02, Maui County, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2009-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |b= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bo= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cx= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cy= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dh= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dt= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dw= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |fl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ft= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |g= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |if= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |l= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ms= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |pz= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |t= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zf= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zl= ignored (help)

[21] "The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004" (PDF). Hawaii.gov. 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-17.

[MBARI9-22] "Hawaiian Landslides". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[soest-23] "Hawaii's Coastline – Oahu". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.

[usgs1995-24] "O'ahu, Ni'ihau, and Kaua'i". United States Geological Survey. 1995-09-29. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[25] "Offshore Island Restoration Committee – Kaula". Offshore Island Restoration Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-11.

[26] "Hawaii's Coastline – Niihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.

[27] "Main Hawaiian Islands: Ni'ihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[28] "Hawaii's Coastline – Kauai". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.

[29] "Kaua'i". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[Chart_Ref_Hawaii-30] "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Volcanology. Retrieved 2009-03-10.

[31] "Nihoa Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

[32] "Necker Island (Mokumanamana)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[VolcanoAges-33] Darby Dyar (2008-04-22). "Hotspots and Plate Motion". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 2009-04-04.

[34] "French Frigate Shoals Reserve Preservation Area" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[35] "Gardner Pinnacles". Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 2000. Retrieved 2009-06-11.

[36] "Maro Reef (Ko'anako'a)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[37] "Laysan Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[38] "Lisianski Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

[39] "Lisanski Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[40] "Pearl and Hermes Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[41] "Midway Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

[Seamount_Catalog-42] "Seamount Catalog". Seamounts database. EarthRef, a National Science Foundation project. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

[Duncan-43] Duncan, R. A. and Clague, D. A. (1984) The earliest volcanism on the Hawaiian Ridge (abstract), EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, volume 65, page 1076.

[Hugh_Rance-1999-44] Hugh Rance (1999). Historical Geology: The Present is the Key to the Past (PDF). QCC Press. pp. 405–407. Retrieved 2009-06-29.

[Jingu-Age-45] "Age and chemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from Jingu Seamount, Emperor seamount chain". Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 55: 685–693. 1980. Retrieved 2009-04-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[EastPacif-46] Clague, D. A. and Dalrymple, G. B. (1989) Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain in Winterer, E. L. et al. (editors) (1989) The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, Boulder, Geological Society of America, page 199.

[Emperor_Drillings-47] "Drilling Strategy". Ocean Drilling Program. Retrieved 2009-04-04.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

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[38]

[39]

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[41]

[42]

[43]

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[47]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 |-
 ! Name
+! Island
-! Last Eruption
+! Last eruption
 ! class="unsortable" |Coordinates
 ! width="12%" | Age
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 |-
 | [[Loihi Seamount|Lō{{okina}}hi Seamount]]
+| {{center|—}}
 | 1996 (Active)<ref name="Garcia, et. al.-2005" />
 | {{coord|18.92|N|155.27|W |type:mountain_region:US-HI |display=inline}}
 | > 400,000<ref name="Garcia, et. al.-2005" />
 | Submarine volcano approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} southeast of Hawaii. It will eventually breach sea level and become the newest Hawaiian island.<ref name="Garcia, et. al.-2005">{{cite paper| coauthors =  Michael O. Garcia, Jackie Caplan-Auerbanch, Eric H. De Carlo, M.D. Kurz, N. Becker| title = Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lō{{okina}}ihi Seamount, Hawai{{okina}}i| version = This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lō{{okina}}ihi Seamount, Hawai{{okina}}i's youngest volcano", in ''Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry'' (66) 2:81–108 | publisher = University of Hawaii – [[School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology]] | date = 2005-09-20 | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7CW6-4HKD01M-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1103763094&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d9108dc4131193bcb700b18c568a5783| format = PDF | accessdate = 2009-03-20}} [http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/caplanj/pdf/pubs/loihi_chemie_der_erde.pdf Pre-press version]</ref>{{ref|haw1|[a]}}
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]'''
 |-
 | [[Kīlauea]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
 | Erupting<ref name="USGS-Kīlauea" />
 | {{coord|19|25|N|155|17|W|type:mountain_region:US|display=inline}}
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 |-
 | [[Mauna Loa]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
 | 1984 (Active)<ref name=worldatlas>{{cite book|author=School Specialty Publishing |title=World Atlas |year=2006 |publisher=School Specialty Publishing |page=13 |isbn=0769642608 |edition=Illustrated |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1DFukw42YC&lpg=PA13 |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>
 | {{coord|19|28|46.3|N|155|36|09.6|W |type:mountain_region:US-HI |display=inline}}
@@ Line 53: / Line 55: @@
 |-
 | [[Hualālai]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
-| 1801 (Dormant)<ref name="Macdonald" />
+| 1801 (dormant)<ref name="Macdonald" />
 | {{coord|19|41|32|N|155|52|02|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI}}
 | > 300,000 years<ref name="Macdonald">{{cite book|author=G. A. Macdonald|coauthors=A. T. Abbott|year=1970|title=Volcanoes in the Sea|publisher=University of Hawai{{okina}}i Press|pages=441}}</ref>
@@ Line 59: / Line 62: @@
 |-
 | [[Mauna Kea]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
-| About 4460 [[Before Present|BP]] (Dormant)
+| About 4460 [[Before Present|BP]] (dormant)
 | {{coord|19|49|14.39|N|155|28|05.04|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI_source:ngs|display=inline}}
 | ~ 375,000–1 million years<ref name=soestform>{{cite web |author=Rubin, Ken|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_formation.html |title=The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands |accessdate=2009-05-18 |publisher=Hawaii Center for Vulcanology }}</ref><ref name="USGS-Mauna Kea">{{cite web|url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ |title=Mauna Kea Hawai`i's Tallest Volcano|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>
@@ Line 72: / Line 76: @@
 |-
 | [[Kohala (mountain)|Kohala]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
-| About 120,000 [[Before Present|BP]] (Extinct)<ref name="USGS-2007" />
+| About 120,000 [[Before Present|BP]] (extinct)<ref name="USGS-2007" />
 | {{coord|20|05|10|N|155|43|02|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI_source:ngs|display=inline}}
 | ~ 430,000–1 million years<ref name=soestform/><ref name="USGS-2007">{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1089/Hawaii_expl_pamphlet.pdf |title=Geological Map of the State of Hawaii|coauthors=David R. Sherrod, John M. Sinton, Sarah E. Watkins, Kelly M. Brunt|date=2007|work=USGS Hawaii geology pamphlet|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|accessdate=2009-04-12|format=PDF}} pg. 41–43</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 83: @@
 |-
 | [[Māhukona]]
+| [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|20|01|0|N|156|1|0|W|type:mountain_region:US|display=inline}}
 |
 | Submerged, having long since disappeared into the sea.<ref>{{cite book|coauthors=Clague, D.A., and Moore, J.G.|title=Geology and Petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii|publisher=[[Bulletin of Volcanology]]|date=1991|volume=53|pages=159–172|accessdate=10-24-09}}</ref>{{ref|haw2|[b]}}
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Maui]]'''
 |-
 | [[Haleakalā]]
+| [[Maui]]
 | 18th Century<ref name="USGS-East Maui" />
 | {{coord|display=inline|20|42|35|N|156|15|12|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI}}
@@ Line 92: / Line 97: @@
 |-
 | [[West Maui Mountains|West Maui]]
+| [[Maui]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|20|54|N|156|37|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI|display=inline}}
 | ~ 1.32 million years<ref name=soestform/>
 | Much eroded shield volcano which makes up the western quarter of Maui.
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]]'''
 |-
 | [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]]
+| [[Kahoolawe|Kaho{{okina}}olawe]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|20|33|N|156|36|W|display=inline}}
 | > 1.03 million years<ref name=soestform/><ref name="Kahoolawe Photo Gallery">{{cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/hawaii/kahoolawe.html |title=Kaho{{okina}}olawe, Hawaii|work=Photo Gallery of Kaho{{okina}}olawe island|publisher=[[Oregon State University]]|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref>
 | Smallest of the 8 principal Hawaiian islands.<ref name="USGS-2007"/> Uninhabited.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-show_geoid=Y&-tree_id=4001&-_caller=geoselect&-context=dt&-errMsg=&-all_geo_types=N&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-redoLog=true&-transpose=N&-search_map_config=|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=0.3235256323641746|dh=0.22787245954044197|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-156.5954874499071|cy=20.568734378783724|zl=5|pz=5|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=14000US15009031600&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=15000US150090303029&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=14000US15009030302&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U |title=Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02, Maui County, Hawaii |accessdate=2009-05-17 |date=2000 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] }}</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]]'''
 |-
 | [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]]
+| [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|20|50|N|156|56|W|type:isle|display=inline}}
 | ~ 1.28 million years<ref name=soestform/>
 | Sixth-largest island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2004/section05.pdf |title=The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004 |accessdate=2009-05-17 |date=2004 |publisher=Hawaii.gov |format=PDF}}</ref> The only town is [[Lānaʻi City]], a small settlement.
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]]'''
 |-
 | [[East Molokai|East Moloka{{okina}}i]]
+| [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|21|7|N|156|51|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI|display=inline}}
 | ~ 1.76 million years<ref name=soestform/>
@@ Line 122: / Line 125: @@
 |-
 | [[West Molokai|West Moloka{{okina}}i]]
+| [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|21|9|N|157|14|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI|display=inline}}
 | ~ 1.9 million years<ref name=soestform/>
 | Northern half suffered a large collapse 1.5 million years ago.<ref name=MBARI9>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/Hawaii/HR-Landslides.htm |title=Hawaiian Landslides |accessdate=2009-06-13 |date=2009-02-05 |publisher=Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute }}</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Oahu]]'''
 |-
 | [[Koolau Range]]
+| [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|21|19|N|157|46|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI|display=inline}}
 | 2.7 million<ref name=soest>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/hawaiiCoastline/oahu.html |title=Hawaii's Coastline – Oahu |accessdate=2009-05-18 |publisher=University of Hawaii – [[School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology]] }}</ref>
@@ Line 136: / Line 139: @@
 |-
 | [[Waianae Range|Wai{{okina}}anae Range]]
+| [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]]
 | 2.5 million [[Before Present|BP]]<ref name=usgs1995>{{cite web |url=http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1995/95_09_29.html |title=O'ahu, Ni'ihau, and Kaua'i  |accessdate=2009-06-13 |date=1995-09-29 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] }}</ref>
 | {{coord|21|30|N|158|9|W|type:mountain_region:US-HI|display=inline}}
@@ Line 141: / Line 145: @@
 | The eroded remains of a shield volcano that comprised the western half of the island.<ref name=usgs1995/>
 |-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Kaʻula]]'''
-|-
 | [[Kaʻula]]
+| [[Kaʻula]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|21|39|N|160|32|W|source:eswiki|display=inline}}
 | ~ 4 million years<ref name=soestform/>
 | Tiny crescent-shaped barren island. Uninhabited but for divers & fishermen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiioirc.org/OIRC-ISLETS-Niihau/OIRC-ISLETS-Niihau-Kaula.htm |title=Offshore Island Restoration Committee – Kaula |accessdate=2009-06-11 |publisher=Offshore Island Restoration Committee }}</ref>
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]]'''
 |-
 | [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]]
+| [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|21|54|N|160|10|W|type:isle|display=inline}}
 | ~4.9 million<ref name=soestform/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/hawaiiCoastline/niihau.html |title=Hawaii's Coastline – Niihau |accessdate=2009-05-18 |publisher=University of Hawaii – [[School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology]] }}</ref>
 | Smallest inhabited island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/pibhmc_mhi_nii.htm |title=Main Hawaiian Islands: Ni‘ihau |accessdate=2009-06-13 |date= |publisher=University of Hawaii – [[School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology]] }}</ref> Formed from a side vent of Kaua{{okina}}i.
-|-
-| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:lightblue" | '''[[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]]'''
 |-
 | [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]]
+| [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]]
-|
+| {{center|—}}
 | {{coord|22|05|N|159|30|W|type:isle|display=inline}}
 | >5 million<ref name=soestform/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/hawaiiCoastline/kauai.html |title=Hawaii's Coastline – Kauai |accessdate=2009-05-18  |publisher=University of Hawaii – [[School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology]] }}</ref>

v t e Hawaiian volcanism topics (list)
Windward Isles	South Arch volcanic field Kamaʻehuakanaloa Māhukona Hawaiʻi Kīlauea (Kīlauea Iki, Pauahi Crater, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, Mauna Ulu) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Kaʻula Lānaʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Molokaʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Niʻihau Oʻahu Honolulu Kaʻena Koʻolau North Arch volcanic field Waiʻanae
Leeward Isles	French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll
Emperor Seamounts	Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingū Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku
Notable eruptions and vents	1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption 1975 eruption of Mauna Loa 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa 2018 lower Puna eruption 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa Keanakakoi eruption ʻAilāʻau eruption Halemaʻumaʻu Kīlauea Caldera Kīlauea Iki Mauna Ulu Powers Caldera Puʻu ʻŌʻō
Topics	ʻAʻā (lava) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kīlauea eruptions Lava fountain Limu o Pele Mauna Loa eruptions Pāhoehoe (lava) Pele (deity) Pele's hair Pele's tears Puna Geothermal Venture Volcano House