2008 Mumbai attacks

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Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
Locations of the attacks
LocationMumbai, India
Date26 November 2008–29 November 2008 (IST, UTC +5:30)
Attack type
Bombings, shootings, hostage crisis[1]
Deaths173 (164 civilians and security personnel and 9 attackers)[2]
Injured308[2]

The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing terrorist attacks across Mumbai, India's financial capital and its largest city. The attacks, which began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killed at least 173 people and wounded at least 308.[2] The attacks drew widespread condemnation across the world.[7]

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[8] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[8] Leopold Cafe,[8] Cama Hospital,[8] the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House,[9] the Metro Cinema,[10] and a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[8] There was also an explosion at the Mazagaon docks, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[11] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Mahal Palace had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. An action by India's National Security Guards on 29 November resulted in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Mahal Palace, ending all fighting in the attacks.[12]

Ajmal Amir Kasab,[13] the only attacker who was captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based militant organization, considered a terrorist organization by India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others.[14] The Indian Government said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[15]

On 7 January 2009, after more than a month of denying the nationality of the attackers,[16] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Amir's nationality as Pakistani.[17] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik, in a televised news briefing, confirmed that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan and said that six people, including the alleged mastermind, were being held in connection with the attacks.[18]

Background

One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the Mahim station in Mumbai during the 11 July 2006 train bombings
Main article: Terrorism in Mumbai

There have been many terrorist bombings in Mumbai since 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[19] The 1993 attacks are believed to have been arranged by wanted criminal Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.[20] On 6 December 2002, a bomb placed under a seat of an empty BEST (Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport) bus exploded near Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, killing two people and injuring 28.[21] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[22] A bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India to the city.[23] On 13 March 2003, a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment as the train was entering the Mulund station in Mumbai, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[24] On 28 July 2003 a bomb placed under a seat of a BEST bus exploded in Ghatkopar, killing 4 people and injuring 32.[25] On 25 August 2003 two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba was behind the attacks.[26] On 11 July 2006 seven bombs exploded over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai at Khar, Mahim, Matunga, Jogeshwari, Borivali, and between Khar and Santacruz.[27] 209 people were killed,[28] and over 700 injured.[29] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[30][31]

Attacks

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

Entry into India

Bullet marks on the wall of the suburban terminus at CST

According to India the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, and entered Mumbai via speedboats that were on board trawlers. The trawlers left Pakistan and stopped at Porbandar, India, before landing in Mumbai.[32]

The first events were detailed around 20:00 IST on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen to "mind their business" before they split up and headed two different ways; the fishermen's subsequent report to police received little response.[33]

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus was attacked by two gunmen, one of whom, Ajmal Amir was later caught alive by the police. The attacks began here around 21:20, when two attackers armed with AK-47 rifles entered the passenger hall, opened fire and threw grenades, killing at least fifty people.[34]

Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident

The damaged Oberoi Trident hotel
Main articles: Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and Oberoi Trident

Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and the Oberoi Trident, were amongst the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel and one at the Oberoi Trident.[35][36]

CNN initially reported on the morning of the 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra stating that all hostages were freed;[37] however, it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Mahal hotel.[38][38]

Wasabi restaurant on the first floor of the Taj Hotel was completely gutted

During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and National Security Guards (NSG) commandos.[39][40] When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.[41] All attackers were out of the Taj Mahal and Oberoi hotels by the early morning of November 29.[42][43]

Several motorcycles lie in a pool of blood

A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Mahal hotel when it was attacked,[44] but none of them were injured.[45] British Conservative MEP Sajjad Karim (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building.[46] Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was barricaded in a hotel room.[47] Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.[46] Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely.[48] Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot.[46][49] Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking in at the Oberoi Trident,[49] and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Sir Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj hotel.[50][51]

Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks

Nariman House

Main article: Nariman House

Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish center in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage.[52] The house was stormed by NSG commandos and, after a long battle, the two attackers were killed.[53] However, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivkah Holtzberg (who was six months pregnant) were murdered with other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[54]

End of the attacks

By the morning of 27 November, the army had secured the Jewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks.[55][56][57] However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.[57] Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor.[57] The final operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks.[58] The security forces rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House.[59] In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.[60]

Methodology

The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.[61][62] The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion.[63] There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA.[64] Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks.[65] Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.[66]

Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police says that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids.[67] The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.[68]

Attribution

Main article: Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
See also: Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker caught alive, at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. One of the few images available of the attackers while they carried out their attacks

Indian authorities have said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. American intelligence agencies also agree with this attribution.[14][69] Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.[16][70][71] The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan's high commission in Delhi, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.[72] The evidence, shown to friendly governments and media, provided a detailed sequence of training, supplying, and constant communications of attackers with handlers from Pakistan.[3] In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan.[70][69]

In February 2009, Pakistani newspaper The Dawn, citing Pakistani investigators, claimed that the attacks were planned in Bangladesh and refined in India with significant support being provided by Indian based militant groups and criminal organisations.[73] However, Indian investigators refuted this claim, with the Home Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram dismissing the claim as "rubbish".[74] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik agreed that some part of the conspiracy did take place in Pakistan. Malik said that Pakistan had lodged a First Information Report (FIR) under Anti-Terrorism Act against three persons.[75]

Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi said on 15 February 2009 that the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings and the Mumbai attacks were linked, and that Pakistan needed information from India to continue its investigation.[76]

The criminal investigation begun by the Mumbai police has identified 37 suspects – including two army officers – wanted for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani.[77]

Attackers

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba

Ten gunmen took part in the attacks; nine of them were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces.[78][79] Witnesses reported that they looked young, in their early twenties, and wore T-shirts, black shirts, and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.[80]

It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens,[81][82] but the Indian Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this.[83]

On 9 December, the ten attackers and their home towns in Pakistan were identified by Mumbai police: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.[84]

Arrests

Main article: Ajmal Kasab

Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and is currently under arrest.[85] Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police.[86]

On 12 February 2009 Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.[75] Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested.[87]

Casualties

Main article: Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

At least 164 victims (civilians and security personnel) and 9 attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries.[2][37][88][89][90] One attacker was captured.[91] The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement.[92] A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.[93][94][95] The Government of Maharashtra announced Rs. 5 lakh (about 10,000 USD) compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and Rs. 50,000 (about 1,000 USD) to the seriously injured.[96]

Aftermath

Flowers at the spot of Hemant Karkare's death
Main article: Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

The attacks had multiple, far-ranging effects. The impact was felt on Mumbai and on Maharashtra state, and throughout urban India. The Maharashtra state government has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It will also create an anti-terror force called "Force One" and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have.[97] Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on an all party conference declared that legal framework will be strengthened in the battle against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to co-ordinate actions against terrorism.[98]

The attacks have damaged India's already strained relationship with Pakistan. External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. However India has been slammed by Interpol for not co-operating with Pakistan in the investigation and has failed to provide evidence and co-operation with the global police agency.[99] There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries,[100] the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,[101] and on the Global War on Terror.[102]

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Protests at the Gateway of India in Mumbai

Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of Minister for Home Affairs, Shivraj Patil,[103] Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Vilasrao Deshmukh,[104] and Deputy Chief Minister of Maharastra R. R. Patil.[105] In addition, there was condemnation of the attacks by Indian Muslim organizations and personalities and insurgent movements. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to the community members in the country to observe Black Eid on 9 December 2008.[106] The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defense capabilities.[107] The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India such as the India Today Group's "War Against Terror" campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks.[108]

International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organizations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.[109] Outgoing US President George W. Bush said "We pledge the full support of the United States as India investigates these attacks, brings the guilty to justice and sustains its democratic way of life."[110] Likewise, a spokesman for then President-elect Barack Obama said that Mr. Obama “strongly condemns today’s terrorist attacks in Mumbai, and his thoughts and prayers are with the victims, their families, and the people of India.“[111]

Media coverage highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia offered live textual coverage of the attacks.[112] A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps.[113][114]


Locations

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All the incidents except the explosion at Vile Parle took place in downtown South Mumbai.

See also

Template:Navbox 2008 Mumbai attacks

External links

References

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