List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Resident Mario (talk | contribs) at 18:03, 14 December 2009 (moved List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain to List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain: Spacing). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. The two sects, the Emperor and Hawaiian strands, are seperated by a large L-shaped bend.

This is a list of volcanoes in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain.It documents all of the most notable volcanoes in the chain, however there are many others that have yet to be properly studied.

The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is a chain of volcanoes and seamounts extending across the Pacific Ocean. The chain has been produced by the movement of the ocean crust over the Hawaii hotspot, a "bump" of heat responsible for the creation and volcanic activity of the volcanoes in the chain. As the oceanic crust moves the volcanoes further away from their source of energy, they slowly lose power and erupt less powerfully and less frequently, evenutually ceasing to erupt at all. At that point erosion takes over, and slowly grinds the volcano down into the ocean, creating first atolls and atoll islands, and then submerging into the sea altogethor, becoming seamounts and/or guyots.

Following this pattern, the seamounts to the back of the chain are far older then those at the forefront; the oldest known seamount in the chain, Meiji Seamount, is estimated to be between 81 and 86 million years,[1] wheras Lōʻhi Seamount, the newest volcano in the chain, is of under 400,000 years of age.[2] There may be even older seamounts, as the end of the chain dangles near the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, which could have since destroyed them.

The chain can be divided into three subsections. The first, the Hawaiian archipelago (also known as the Windward isles), is made up of the islands comprising Hawaii state (not to be confused with Hawaii island). Being closest to the hotspot, it is both the youngest part of the chain, and also the part that is still volcanically active. Hawaii island is comprised of five volcanoes, of which two (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) are still active. Another volcano, Lōʻhi Seamount, continues to grow offshore, and is the only known volcano in the chain that is in the submarine pre-shield stage.

The second part of the chain are the Northwestern Hawaiian islands, collectively refered to as the Leward isles. Erosion has long since overtaken activity at these islands, and most of them are atolls, atoll islands, or at the least extinct islands. They contain many of the most northernly atolls in the world; one of them, Kure Atoll, is the northern-most attol in the world.[3] On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The national monument, meant to protect the biodiversity of the isles, encompasses all of the northern isles, and is one of the biggest such protected areas in the world. Anyone who comes to the islands must follow stringent procedures designed to prevent any stray species from entering and disrupting the ecosystem.

The oldest and most heavily eroded part of the chain are the Emperor seamounts. The Emperor and Hawaiian chains are seperated by a large L-shaped bend in the chain, differing in orientation by about 60°. It was long attributed to a sudden plate movement, but recent research, conducted in 2003, suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend. All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below the sea, becoming seamounts and guyots. Many of the volcanoes are named after former Emperors of Japan, hence the name, "Emperor seamounts." The seamount chain extends across the Pacific, all the way to the West Pacific, terminating at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, at the border of Russia.

Hawaiian archipelago
Name Last Eruption Coordinates Age Notes
Big Island
Lōʻhi Seamount 1996 (Active)[2] 18°55′N 155°16′W / 18.92°N 155.27°W / 18.92; -155.27 > 400,000[2] Submarine volcano approximately 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Hawaii. It will eventually breach sea level and become the newest Hawaiian island.[2]
Kīlauea Erupting[4] 19°25′N 155°17′W / 19.417°N 155.283°W / 19.417; -155.283 300,000–600,000 years[4] Kīlauea is currently the most active volcano on Earth.[4]

Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cinder cone of Kīlauea, has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last six centuries.[5]

Mauna Loa 1984 (Active)[6] 19°28′46.3″N 155°36′09.6″W / 19.479528°N 155.602667°W / 19.479528; -155.602667 ~1 million years[7] Largest volcano on Earth.[6]
Hualālai 1801 (Dormant)[8] 19°41′32″N 155°52′02″W / 19.69222°N 155.86722°W / 19.69222; -155.86722 > 300,000 years[8] Lies more or less due west of the much taller Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa mountains.[8]
Mauna Kea About 4460 BP (Dormant) 19°49′14.39″N 155°28′05.04″W / 19.8206639°N 155.4680667°W / 19.8206639; -155.4680667 ~ 375,000–1 million years[9][10] World's tallest mountain if below-sea elevation is counted.[11]
Kohala About 120,000 BP (Extinct)[12] 20°05′10″N 155°43′02″W / 20.08611°N 155.71722°W / 20.08611; -155.71722 ~ 430,000–1 million years[9][12] Believed to be the oldest volcano that makes up Hawaii Island.[12]
Māhukona 20°01′0″N 156°1′0″W / 20.01667°N 156.01667°W / 20.01667; -156.01667 Submerged, having long since dissapeared into the sea.[13]
Maui
Haleakalā 18th Century[14] 20°42′35″N 156°15′12″W / 20.70972°N 156.25333°W / 20.70972; -156.25333 ~ 0.75–2 million years[9][14] forms more than 75% of Maui.[14]
West Maui 20°54′N 156°37′W / 20.900°N 156.617°W / 20.900; -156.617 ~ 1.32 million years[9] Much eroded shield volcano which makes up the western quarter of Maui.
Kahoʻolawe
Kahoʻolawe 20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 > 1.03 million years[9][15] Smallest of the 8 principal Hawaiian islands.[12] Uninhabited.[16]
Lānaʻi
Lānaʻi 20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 ~ 1.28 million years[9] Sixth-largest island.[17] The only town is Lānaʻi City, a small settlement.
Molokaʻi
East Molokaʻi 21°7′N 156°51′W / 21.117°N 156.850°W / 21.117; -156.850 ~ 1.76 million years[9] Volcano is today only what remains of the southern half.[12]
West Molokaʻi 21°9′N 157°14′W / 21.150°N 157.233°W / 21.150; -157.233 ~ 1.9 million years[9] Northern half suffered a large collapse 1.5 million years ago.[18]
Oahu
Koolau Range 21°19′N 157°46′W / 21.317°N 157.767°W / 21.317; -157.767 2.7 million[19] A fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano which also suffered a large collapse sometime before the Molokaʻi collapse.[18]
Waiʻanae Range 2.5 million BP[20] 21°30′N 158°9′W / 21.500°N 158.150°W / 21.500; -158.150 3.7–3.9 million years[9][19] The eroded remains of a shield volcano that comprised the western half of the island.[20]
Kaʻula
Kaʻula 21°39′N 160°32′W / 21.650°N 160.533°W / 21.650; -160.533 ~ 4 million years[9] Tiny crescent-shaped barren island. Uninhabited but for divers & fishermen.[21]
Niʻihau
Niʻihau 21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 ~4.9 million[9][22] Smallest inhabited island.[23] Formed from a side vent of Kauaʻi.
Kauaʻi
Kauaʻi 22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 >5 million[9][24] Oldest and fourth largest of the main islands, and home to Mount Waialeale, one of the wettest areas on Earth in terms of precipitation.[25]
Major Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Name Stage Coordinates Age[26] Notes
Nihoa Extinct Island 23°03′38″N 161°55′19″W / 23.06056°N 161.92194°W / 23.06056; -161.92194 7.2 million ± 0.3[9] Small rocky island which supported a small population about 1000 CE; features over 80 cultural sites, including religious places, agricultural terraces, and burial caves.[27]
Necker Island Extinct Island 23°03′N 161°55′W / 23.050°N 161.917°W / 23.050; -161.917 10.3 million ± 0.4[9] Small deserted island with Hawaiian religious shrines and artifacts.[28]
French Frigate Shoals Atoll 23°52′08″N 166°17′10″W / 23.8689°N 166.2860°W / 23.8689; -166.2860 12 million[29] Largest atoll in the northwestern Hawaiian islands.[30]
Gardner Pinnacles Atoll Island 25°01′N 167°59′W / 25.017°N 167.983°W / 25.017; -167.983 12.3 million ± 1.0[9] Two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef.[31]
Maro Reef Atoll 25°25′N 170°35′W / 25.417°N 170.583°W / 25.417; -170.583 Largest coral reef of the northwestern Hawaiian islands.[32]
Laysan Atoll Island 25°46′03″N 171°44′00″W / 25.7675°N 171.7334°W / 25.7675; -171.7334 19.9 million ± 0.3[9] Originally named "Kauō" meaning egg, referring to its shape, and home to one of only five natural lakes in all of Hawaii.[33]
Lisianski Island Atoll Island 26°3′48.6564″N 173°57′57.346″W / 26.063515667°N 173.96592944°W / 26.063515667; -173.96592944 A small island surrounded by a huge coral reef nearly the size of Oahu.[34] Named after a Russian navy captain whose ship ran aground there in 1805.[35]
Pearl and Hermes Atoll Atoll Island 27°48′N 175°51′W / 27.800°N 175.850°W / 27.800; -175.850 20.6 million ± 2.7[9] A collection of small, sandy islands, with a lagoon and coral reef. Named after two whaling ships which wrecked on the reef in 1822.[36]
Midway Atoll Atoll Island 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.200°N 177.350°W / 28.200; -177.350 27.7 million ± 0.6[9] Consists of a ring-shaped barrier reef and two large islets. Named "midway" because of its strategic location in the center of the Pacific Ocean, and was the site of a key battle during World War II.[37]
Kure Atoll Atoll 28°25′N 178°20′W / 28.417°N 178.333°W / 28.417; -178.333 Northern-most coral atoll in the world.[3]
Emperor Seamounts
Many are named after emperors or empresses of the Kufun dynasty of Japanese history.
Name Type Coordinates[38] Age Notes
Hancock Seamount 30°15′N 178°50′E / 30.250°N 178.833°E / 30.250; 178.833 Unknown
Colahan Seamount 31°15′N 176°0′E / 31.250°N 176.000°E / 31.250; 176.000 38.6 million ± 0.3[39]
Abbott Seamount 31°48′N 174°18′E / 31.800°N 174.300°E / 31.800; 174.300 38.7 million ± 0.9[39]
Daikakuji Guyot 32°5.00′N 172°18′E / 32.08333°N 172.300°E / 32.08333; 172.300 42.4 million ± 2.3[9] Also the name of a Japanese temple.
Kammu Guyot 32°10′N 173°0′E / 32.167°N 173.000°E / 32.167; 173.000 Unknown Named for former emperor of Japan Emperor Kammu.
Yuryaku Guyot 32°40.20′N 172°16.20′E / 32.67000°N 172.27000°E / 32.67000; 172.27000 43.4 million ± 1.6[9] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Yūryaku.
Kimmei Seamount 33°40.84′N 171°38.07′E / 33.68067°N 171.63450°E / 33.68067; 171.63450 ~ 39.9–50 million years[40][9] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Kimmei.
Koko Guyot 35°15.00′N 171°35.00′E / 35.25000°N 171.58333°E / 35.25000; 171.58333 48.1 million ± 0.8[9] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Kōkō.
Ojin Guyot 37°58.20′N 170°22.80′E / 37.97000°N 170.38000°E / 37.97000; 170.38000 55.2 million ± 0.7[9] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Ōjin.
Jingu Guyot 38°50′N 171°15′E / 38.833°N 171.250°E / 38.833; 171.250 55.4 million ± 0.9[41] Named after former empress of Japan Empress Jingū.
Nintoku Guyot 41°4.80′N 170°34.20′E / 41.08000°N 170.57000°E / 41.08000; 170.57000 56.2 million ± 0.6[9] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Nintoku.
Yomei Guyot 42°18′N 170°24′E / 42.300°N 170.400°E / 42.300; 170.400 Unknown Named for former emperor of Japan Emperor Yomei.
Suiko Guyot 44°35′N 170°20′E / 44.583°N 170.333°E / 44.583; 170.333 59.6 million ± 0.6 –64.7 million ± 1.1[42] Named after former empress of Japan Empress Suiko.
Detroit Seamount 51°28.80′N 167°36′E / 51.48000°N 167.600°E / 51.48000; 167.600 76–81 million years[1][43] Well documented seamount, second oldest.
Meiji Seamount 53°12′N 164°30′E / 53.200°N 164.500°E / 53.200; 164.500 81–86 million years[1][43] Named after former emperor of Japan Emperor Meiji. Oldest known seamount.
Back to Top

References

  1. ^ a b c "Seismic stratigraphy of Detroit Seamount, Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount chain" (PDF). Stanford University. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi" (PDF). This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108. University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2005-09-20. Retrieved 2009-03-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Pre-press version
  3. ^ a b "Kure Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  4. ^ a b c "Kīlauea – Perhaps the World's Most Active Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  5. ^ "The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1983 to 2003". United States Geological Survey. 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  6. ^ a b School Specialty Publishing (2006). World Atlas (Illustrated ed.). School Specialty Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0769642608. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
  7. ^ "Mauna Loa Earth's Largest Volcano". United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
  8. ^ a b c G. A. Macdonald (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 441. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Vulcanology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  10. ^ "Mauna Kea Hawai`i's Tallest Volcano". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
  11. ^ Staff authors. "Highest Mountain in the World". Geology.com. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Geological Map of the State of Hawaii" (PDF). USGS Hawaii geology pamphlet. United States Geological Survey. 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) pg. 41–43
  13. ^ Geology and Petrology of Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii. Vol. 53. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1991. pp. 159–172. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c "East Maui, or Haleakala—A Potentially Hazardous Volcano". United States Geological Survey. February 2003. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
  15. ^ "Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02, Maui County, Hawaii". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2009-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |b= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |bo= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cx= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |cy= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dh= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dt= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dw= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |fl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ft= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |g= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |if= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |l= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ms= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |pz= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |t= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zf= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |zl= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "The State of Hawaii Data Book 2004" (PDF). Hawaii.gov. 2004. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  17. ^ a b "Hawaiian Landslides". Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  18. ^ a b "Hawaii's Coastline – Oahu". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  19. ^ a b "O'ahu, Ni'ihau, and Kaua'i". United States Geological Survey. 1995-09-29. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  20. ^ "Offshore Island Restoration Committee – Kaula". Offshore Island Restoration Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  21. ^ "Hawaii's Coastline – Niihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  22. ^ "Main Hawaiian Islands: Ni'ihau". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  23. ^ "Hawaii's Coastline – Kauai". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  24. ^ "Kaua'i". University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  25. ^ "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Volcanology. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
  26. ^ "Nihoa Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  27. ^ "Necker Island (Mokumanamana)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  28. ^ Darby Dyar (2008-04-22). "Hotspots and Plate Motion". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  29. ^ "French Frigate Shoals Reserve Preservation Area" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  30. ^ "Gardner Pinnacles". Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 2000. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
  31. ^ "Maro Reef (Ko'anako'a)". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  32. ^ "Laysan Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  33. ^ "Lisianski Island". Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  34. ^ "Lisanski Island". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  35. ^ "Pearl and Hermes Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  36. ^ "Midway Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  37. ^ "Seamount Catalog". Seamounts database. EarthRef, a National Science Foundation project. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  38. ^ a b Duncan, R. A. and Clague, D. A. (1984) The earliest volcanism on the Hawaiian Ridge (abstract), EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, volume 65, page 1076.
  39. ^ Hugh Rance (1999). Historical Geology: The Present is the Key to the Past (PDF). QCC Press. pp. 405–407. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  40. ^ "Age and chemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from Jingu Seamount, Emperor seamount chain". Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 55: 685–693. 1980. Retrieved 2009-04-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Clague, D. A. and Dalrymple, G. B. (1989) Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain in Winterer, E. L. et al. (editors) (1989) The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, Boulder, Geological Society of America, page 199.
  42. ^ a b "Drilling Strategy". Ocean Drilling Program. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian–Emperor_seamount_chain&oldid=331650283"