2011 Bahraini uprising

Coordinates: 26°01′39″N 50°33′00″E / 26.02750°N 50.55000°E / 26.02750; 50.55000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Justin Ormont (talk | contribs) at 07:02, 4 March 2011 (Expanded infobox, please comment on talk page with ideas. Added map showing the location of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, and the world.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Bahraini protests of 2011
File:2011 Bahraini protests.JPG
Bahraini protesters
Date14 February 2011 – ongoing
Location
 Bahrain

26°01′39″N 50°33′00″E / 26.02750°N 50.55000°E / 26.02750; 50.55000
Caused byCorruption of government, government subjugation of Shia, the slow pace of democritization in the country.[1][2]
GoalsEnd to the monarchy[3], rewriting the constitution, ending economic, political and social violations[1][2]
MethodsCivil resistance and Demonstrations
StatusOngoing
Concessions1,000 Bahraini dinars (approx. US$2,600 per family[4], increased social spending[5]
Lead figures
Casualties and losses
ArrestedSeveral[7]
Wounded541 (official number)[8]
Death(s)7 (official number)[8][9]

The 2011 Bahraini protests are a series of demonstrations in the Persian Gulf country of Bahrain. As part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests, the Bahraini protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the Shia population,[10][11] and expanded to a call to end the monarchy[3] following a deadly night raid on 17 February against protesters at Pearl Roundabout in Manama.[12][13] Protesters in Manama camped out for days at the Pearl Roundabout, which functions as the centre point of protests there.

Background

Location of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf.
Part of a series on the
History of Bahrain
Arms of Bahrain
Ancient Bahrain
Historical region
Reigning Dynasties
Portuguese occupation
Safavid hegemony
1783–1971
State of Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain
flag Bahrain portal
Further information: Shi'a–Sunni relations

Bahrain’s Shia majority has often complained of receiving poor treatment in employment, housing, and infrastructure, while Sunnis have preferential status.[14] The government of Bahrain even imports Sunnis from South Asia, the Baluch tribal areas and Syria in an attempt to increase the Sunni percentage. [14][15] Shiite Muslims are blocked from serving in important political and military posts.[15] Bahrain does have a popularly elected parliament, but it is not powerful.[15] Occasional protests have flared up since the reign of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa,[15] and 25 Shiite activists are currently on trial for subverting state power.[15]

Bahrain hosts the United States Fifth Fleet and is thus crucial to US Department of Defense attempts to counter Iran's military power in the region.[15] The government of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf region governments strongly support the King of Bahrain,[15] and Iran, a majority Shiite nation, has little influence [citation needed] with Bahrain's Shiite majority despite some radical Iranians referring to Bahrain as Iran's "14th province".[15]

Bahrain was ranked 13th in the Economist Intelligence Unit Shoe-Thrower's index,[16] which is an attempt to gauge "unrest" in Arab World countries.

Aims

The date 14 February was chosen because it is the tenth anniversary of a referendum in favour of the National Action Charter of Bahrain.[17] Bahraini youths described their plans as an appeal for Bahrainis "to take to the streets on Monday 14 February in a peaceful and orderly manner" in order to rewrite the constitution and to establish a body with a "full popular mandate to investigate and hold to account economic, political and social violations, including stolen public wealth, political naturalisation, arrests, torture and other oppressive security measures, [and] institutional and economic corruption."[1][2] They referred to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt as motivations for their appeal.[2] The Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, which won a plurality in the recent parliamentary election, participated in the planning for demonstrations on 14 February.[6] The Bahrain Center for Human Rights described authorities' preparations for the 14 February planned demonstrations as "a state of confusion, apprehension and anticipation".[7] On 11 February, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa ordered that 1,000 Bahraini dinars (approx. US$2,600 as of February 2011) be given to "each family" to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum.[4] Agence France Presse linked the .د.ب 1,000 payments to the 14 February demonstration plans.[4]

On 12 February, the Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) sent an open letter to the King, seeking to avoid a worst case scenario by "releasing more than 450 detainees including human rights defenders, religious figures and more than 110 children, dissolv[ing] the security apparatus and [prosecuting] its official[s] responsible [for] violations and to start serious dialogue with civil society and opposition groups on disputed issues."[18][19] BCHR President Nabeel Rajab stated: "The dissolving of the security apparatus and the prosecution of its officials will not only distance the King from the crimes committed by this apparatus especially since 2005, such as systemic torture and the use of excessive force against peaceful protests, but will avoid the fatal mistake committed by similar apparatuses in Tunisia and Egypt which led to the loss of lives and hundreds of casualties and eventually resulted in the fall of the regimes who created these 'double edged swords'".[18]

Following the raid against the Pearl Roundabout on 17 February, the protesters started calling for an end to the monarchy.[3]

Timeline of protests

Early protests

On 4 February, several hundred Bahrainis gathered in front of the Egyptian embassy in Manama to express solidarity with anti-government protesters there.[20] According to The Wall Street Journal, this was "one of the first such gatherings to be held in the oil-rich Persian Gulf states."[20] At the gathering, Ibrahim Sharif, the secretary-general of the National Democratic Action Society (al-Wa'ad), called for "local reform."[20]

Al Jazeera reported that a protest was planned for 14 February,[1] just a few months after the controversial 2010 election.[17]

14 February

On 14 February, clashes were reported from parts of Bahrain. Helicopters circled over Manama, where protesters were expected to gather in the afternoon; there was also a greater police presence in Shia villages. At least 14 people were injured in clashes overnight and with police having used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse marchers in the mostly Shia village of Nuwaidrat in the country's southwest. The marchers were demanding the release of those detained during earlier protests.[11] After clashes that resulted in one death,[21] of a young Bahraini male named Ali Abdul Hadi Mushaima [22] protesters were said to have moved to another location with 600-700 continuing protests in the evening.[23] The ministry of Interior expressed its regrets at the incident and announced that the death of the Bahraini citizen will be investigated.[22]

15 February

File:Bahrain M Gulf Roundabout1.JPG
The Pearl Roundabout, Manama's main square, with the Pearl Monument in the centre

Police reportedly opened fire during a funeral of a protester killed on 14 February, killing one person[24] and injuring at least 25 others.[25]

The number of protesters increased, and Al Wefaq, the political party that won the largest number of seats (18 out of 40) in the 2006 parliamentary election, officially joined the protests.[26] Al-Wefaq declared it had suspended its participation in the national parliament.[25]

Thousands of protesters managed to gain control of the Manama Pearl Roundabout.[27] Tents were put up to help protesters stay through the night in an effort to copy the scenario in Tahrir square during Egypt's revolts.[28]

16 February

Thousands of protesters continued to occupy Pearl Roundabout.[29] A funeral procession for the protester killed on 15 February was held, without any police interference.[29] The size of the protest had increased by several hundred on this day, and parliament members announced their intentions to remove the royal family from their office positions.[30]

Practice sessions for the GP2 Asia Series support race for the 2011 Formula One season Bahrain Grand Prix were cancelled with the redeployment of medical resources to handle wounded from the protests. The ongoing protests prompted concern from Formula One officials that they would need to move to cancel the race.[31]

17 February

At about 3:00 am local time, riot police moved in and, using tear gas and batons, dispersed thousands of anti-government protesters in Pearl Square. According to the opposition, four people died[12] in the police operation, including a two-year-old girl shot multiple times by police,[32][33] while 231 sustained injuries and around 70 people were reported missing.[13] Sporadic clashes broke out around Manama hours after the attack by the riot police on the makeshift encampment in the centre of the city. There were also reports of dozens of armoured vehicles and tanks moving towards the Pearl Roundabout.[12] According to an Al Jazeera correspondent, hospitals in Manama were full of people injured during the police raid, including "doctors and emergency personnel who were overrun by the police while trying to attend to the wounded."[12]

Later people prayed and demonstrated outside a Manama hospital where scores had come for treatment following the pre-dawn raid. Army armoured cars later patrolled the streets as the security forces said they had only used minimal force. However, they claimed to have found firearms, knives and flags belonging to the Hezbollah movement. At a news conference, Foreign Minister Khalid al Khalifa claimed protesters had attacked "disciplinary forces" and the police.[34]

The ongoing protests forced the cancellation of the GP2 Asia Series support race for the Bahrain Grand Prix Formula One race.[35]

18 February

On 18 February, government forces used live ammunition against protesters, mourners and news reporters, with multiple casualties reported.[36] Security forces fired on medics loading the wounded into ambulances.[36] One person died and at least 66 were wounded.[36] The protesters moved into the centre of Manama from the funerals of protesters killed in a security crackdown earlier in the week, and then were fired on by Bahraini army.[37] Some protesters held their hands up high and shouted, "Peaceful! Peaceful!"[38]

19 February

The military and then the police withdrew from the capital by orders of the government. Thousands of protesters were then able to return to the Pearl Roundabout.[39][40]

20 February

Protesters camped out through the night at the Pearl Roundabout for the night after soldiers were ordered to withdraw. Food and electricity were provided to protesters.[41]

21 February

The state's Bahrain News Agency, a branch of Bahrain's Ministry of Culture and Information, claims that 300,000 Bahraini residents (more than 50% of the local population; Bahrain local population is 568,000),[42] has gathered in the grounds opposite Al Fateh Mosque in Manama to support the ruling monarchy.[43]

It was announced that the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix would be postponed from its original date on 13 March to a later date.[44]

22 February

A Martyrs March was announced and a funeral of one the protesters killed earlier in the week also took place,[45] along with the expected arrival of Hasan Mushaima, the leader of the opposition group Haq movement.[46] Both pro-government and anti-government protests were reported.[41]

Reports suggested that over 100,000 anti-government protesters, more than 12% of the population, were out on the streets,[47][48][49] while Iranian backed media agencies claimed that this anti-government rally was more than 280,000 since the march extended up to 3 kilometers long.[50]

King Hamad ordered the release of 308 political prisoners.[41][51][52]

23 February

For the tenth day in a row anti-government protests continued and protesters were still present at the Pearl Roundabout. The Shia Ulama Council called for a big rally on 25 February after Friday prayers to mark a day of mourning for the protesters killed by security forces. The protests planned to start from two different locations, one of which is the Salmaniya Medical Complex, which received all the medical cases since the start of the anti-government protests, with the other being the Seef junction. The two rallies were to meet in Pearl Square.[53]

US Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Mike Mullen came to Manama to meet King Hamad and Crown Prince Salman. He said the visit was aimed at "reaffirming, reassuring and also trying to understand where the leaderships of these countries are going, and in particular in Bahrain."[54]

24 February

For the eleventh day in a row thousands of anti-government protesters were still present at the Pearl Roundabout.

25 February

Reports suggested that crowds of more than fifteen thousand continued to gather in Pearl Square without signs of police or army presence on the streets.[55] The government declared a national day of mourning in respect of protestors who had been killed in previous clashes.[56] Meanwhile, opposition leader Hassan Mushaima remained in Lebanon where he alleged that he was being denied passage to Bahrain contrary to promises by the government that he would no longer be wanted for arrest.[57]

26 February

The King has dismissed several ministers in an apparent move to appease the opposition.[58][59][60] The government has also announced that it will cancel 25% of housing loans that have been already given to citizens.[61] However, the opposition's response was a negative one, as they are saying that ministerial changes wasn't one of their demands. Resigned parliament member Abdul-Jalil Khalil commented that this change is a sign of the government's lack of good will, claiming that, by doing these minor changes the government is just trying to avoid the core problems.

Opposition leader Hasan Mushaima has been released by Lebanese authorities after being detained for two days due to an Interpol warrant that has been issued in 2010.[58] Protests took place in the night, which also followed his return.

27 February

Protesters planned to march to the Ministry of Justice to demand the release of more political prisoners. The protesters are calling for a general strike planned for Sunday, March 6. All 18 Al Wefaq MPs submitted their official resignation in protest against the deaths of the demonstrators.[62]

28 February

Protesters surround the National Assembly building, blocking access for two and a half hours.[63]

1 March

An anti-government rally was called by the seven opposition groups in Bahrain, tens of thousands of protesters took part, the rally was named the National Unity Rally.[64]

Censorship and arrests

Further information: [[:Internet in Bahrain]]

The Bahrain Centre for Human Rights said that Bahraini authorities were blocking a Facebook group being used for planned protests on 14 February, and that its own website had been blocked for many years.[17][7] Nabeel Rajab said that the group was "only asking for political reforms, right of political participation, respect for human rights, stopping of systematic discrimination against Shias."[11] Several bloggers were arrested prior to 6 February.[7]

Casualties

The official death count of 7 was published by the Bahraini Al-Wasat [65] newspaper on 21 February, issue # 3090.[66][67] The Al-Wasat newspaper has published the official injury numbers on 26 February, issue # 3095. The total number of injured from the start of the protests is 541, out of which 485 have been released and 56 are still being hospitalized.[8]

Name Age From Date of Death Cause of Death
Ali Mushaima 21 Daih 14 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Fadhel Al-Matrook 31 Mahooz 15 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Mahmood Ahmed Makki 23 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Ali Mansoor Khudhair 53 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Isa Abdul Hasan 60 Karzakan 17 February Close range shot by a shotgun that shattered his head
Ali Al-Mo'men 22 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Abdul Redha Buhmaid 32 Malkiya 21 February Live bullet in the head on 18 Feb 2011

Response

Domestic

King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa's announcement of giving .د.ب 1,000 to each family[4][5] was interpreted by Al Jazeera as a favor to all Bahraini citzens.[5] The King also offered to increase social spending and to release minors jailed after the August 2010 protests.[5] On 15 February, on television King Hamad offered condolences for the deaths of two protesters, said that a parliamentary committee to investigate the deaths would be created, and stated that peaceful protests are legal.[25] The following day the president of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights Nabeel Rajab said that the King's response was not enough to satisfy protesters' demands.[29] He called for "dialogue" and a direction that the king's son, Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, work on a resolution to the conflict.[68]

Abdul Jalil Khalil, an Al Wefaq member of parliament, described the 17 February pre-dawn police raid on the Pearl Roundabout encampment as "real terrorism", stating that "whoever took the decision to attack the protest was aiming to kill."[12]

International

Al Jazeera stated that Bahrain is considered to be the most vulnerable country to unrest amongst Gulf Arab states.[5]

Gulf Cooperation Council members planned to provide Bahrain with an aid plan similar to the Marshall plan. The states proposed to use the money to help create more job opportunities. They also agreed that they would give more preference to GCC-member state nationals while hiring individuals.[69]

British Foreign Secretary William Hague said he was "deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters.[70] On 3 February, the British Embassy in Bahrain stated that it was aware of plans for protests on 14 February but did not advise British citizens to "take any special steps" beyond its standard advice that included a request to "maintain a high level of security awareness" and to "avoid large gatherings, crowds and demonstrations, as a number of them have turned violent."[71] The British government has been accused of providing arms for Arab regimes while government are suppressing the pro-democracy demonstration.[72] It has also announced that in light of the unrest it has decided to revoke some arms export licenses to Bahrain stating that "licenses will not be issued when officials judge that there is a risk that the exports may provoke regional or internal conflicts or be used to facilitate internal repression".[73]

United States President Barack Obama said he was "deeply concerned" by the violence,[68] while Secretary of State Hilary Clinton urged restraint.[74]

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have both condemned the use of excessive violence against peaceful demonstrators in Bahrain.[75][76]

Other

Regional financial stock market indices fell on 20 February on concern of spreading instability.[77]

On 17 February, it was announced that the second round of GP2 Asia Series, which was to be held at Bahrain International Circuit on 17–19 February 2011, had been cancelled due to security and safety concerns surrounding the protests.[78] On 21 February the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix, due to take place on 13 March, was also cancelled because of the same concerns.[79]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Calls for weekend protests in Syria". Al Jazeera. 2011-02-04. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-02-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d "A statement by Bahraini Youth for Freedom published on BahrainOnline". BahrainOnline. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-02-07. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d "Bahrain mourners call for end to monarchy". The Guardian/AP. 2011-02-18. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-02-18. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d "Bahrain's king gifts $3,000 to every family". France 24/AFP. 2011-02-11. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e "Bahrain doles out money to families". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  6. ^ a b "IFR: Bahrain Set To Test Egyptian Contagion". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Zavis, Alexandra (2011-02-06). "BAHRAIN: Authorities crack down on dissent on the Web, rights group says". LA Times. Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2011-02-09. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c http://www.alwasatnews.com/data/2011/3095/pdf/loc16.pdf
  9. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3090/news/read/528284/1.html
  10. ^ Bahrain Shi leaders visit Iraq Daily Telegraph. retrieved 20th Jan 2011
  11. ^ a b c "Clashes mark Bahrain 'Day of Rage'". Al-Jazeera English. 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Clashes rock Bahraini capital". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02. Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-02-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b BBC (17 Feb 2011). "Bahrain protests: Police break up Pearl Square crowd". Retrieved 17 Feb 2011.
  14. ^ a b "Bahrain gets tough". ft.com. February 17, 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h "Issues behind protests in Bahrain". The Associated Press/The Canadian Press. 18 Feb 2011.
  16. ^ "The Shoe-Thrower's index". economist.com. Feb 9th 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ a b c "In Fear of Transmitting the Tunisian and Egyptian Demonstrations to Bahrain: Blocking a Facebook Group that Calls People to go Down the Streets and Demonstrate against the Authority's Policy". Bahrain Center for Human Rights. 2011-02-06. Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2011-02-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b "An open letter to the King of Bahrain to avoid the worst case scenario". Bahrain Center for Human Rights. 2011-02-12. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Carey, Glen (2011-02-13). "Bahrain Human-Rights Organization Urges King to Free Detainees". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b c Malas, Nour (2011-02-05). "Protests Emerge in Jordan, Bahrain". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-02-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Ian Black, Middle East editor (2011-02-14). "Arrests and deaths as Egypt protest spreads across Middle East". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-02-16. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ a b "وزير الداخلية يعزي أسرة المتوفى في أحداث "الدية" ويوجه للتحقيق في الحادث". Al-Watan. 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  23. ^ Al Jazeera English. Headline News.
  24. ^ Randeree, Bilal (2011-02-15). "Deaths heighten Bahrain tension - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  25. ^ a b c "Bahrain investigates protest deaths". Al Jazeera. 2011-02-15. Archived from the original on 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2011-02-16. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Carey, Glen (2011-02-14). "Bahrain Protests Swell With Second Death, Tear Gas at Funeral". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  27. ^ Slackman, Michael (15 Feb 2011). "Bahrain Takes the Stage With a Raucous Protest". nytimes.com.
  28. ^ "Bahrain Square Becomes New Center for Arab Anger". ABC News. 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  29. ^ a b c "Bahrain protesters hold ground". Al Jazeera. 2011-02-16. Archived from the original on 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2011-02-16. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Live Blog - Bahrain". Al Jazeera Blogs. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  31. ^ "Bahrain unrest sparks concerns ahead of new F1 season". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  32. ^ Razaq, Rashid (17 February 2011). "Girl, 2, shot dead as Bahrain police swoop on peaceful protest camp". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  33. ^ Box-Turnbull, Greig (18 February 2011). "5 killed as Bahrain cops fire on protesters". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  34. ^ "After crackdown, army makes show of force in Bahrain's capital". CNN.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  35. ^ Jonathan Noble (17 February 2011). "Bahrain GP2 Asia race cancelled". Autosport. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  36. ^ a b c Slackman, Michael (February 18, 2011). "Security Forces in Bahrain Fire on Mourners and Journalists". nytimes.com.
  37. ^ "Bahrain troops 'fire on crowds'". BBC News. 18 February 2011.
  38. ^ Blomfield, Adrian (18 Feb 2011). "Bahrain royal family orders army to turn on the people". telegraph.co.uk.
  39. ^ "Protesters back in Bahrain centre - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  40. ^ "Day of transformation in Bahrain's 'sacred square'". BBC News. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  41. ^ a b c Al Jazeera. Headlines.
  42. ^ "Bahraini Census 2010 - تعداد السكــان العام للبحريــن 2010". Census2010.gov.bh. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  43. ^ "خبر اكثر من 300 الف مواطن من مختلف الاطياف يحتشدون في الفاتح وينادون بالوحدة الوطنية | وكالة أنباء البحرين". Bna.bh. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  44. ^ "Bahrain Formula One GP called off due to unrest". USA Today. 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  45. ^ "BBC News - Bahrain unrest: Thousands join anti-government protest". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  46. ^ Topol, Sarah A. (2011-02-21). "Tens of Thousands Join Pro-Democracy Protests in Bahrain's Pearl Square". AOL News. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  47. ^ Slackman, Micharl (2011-02-22). "Bahraini Protesters' Calls for Unity Belie Divisions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  48. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/bahrain-king-orders-release-of-political-prisoners-2222371.html
  49. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3092/news/read/528485/1.html
  50. ^ "Comparing Pearl Square and Tahrir Square". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  51. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/ml_bahrain_protests
  52. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3092/news/read/528598/1.html
  53. ^ http://www.alwefaq.org/index.php?show=news&action=article&id=5570
  54. ^ http://www.presstv.ir/detail/166972.html
  55. ^ "Barain unrest: Tens of Thousands in Pearl Square". BBC News. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  56. ^ "Thousands stage anti-government protest in Bahrain". Routers. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  57. ^ "Opposition leader says he is being prevented from returning to Bahrain". CNN.coms. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  58. ^ a b http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/26/us-bahrain-government-idUSTRE71P1A720110226
  59. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3094/news/read/528960/1.html
  60. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3095/news/read/529152/1.html
  61. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/3095/news/read/529156/1.html
  62. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iwY3NTSpmBl3VTOlFY08tsPi82Rw?docId=CNG.9ffa0c7df5ec323223afd5b1c6a29c99.db1
  63. ^ http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/02/28/bahrain-protests-block-national-assembly-building/
  64. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/data/2011/3099/pdf/loc4.pdf
  65. ^ [1]
  66. ^ بواسطة: زائر 826. "السلمانية تعلن عن وفاة عبدالرضا محمد حسن بوحميد | الوسط اون لاين - صحيفة الوسط البحرينية - مملكة البحرين". Alwasatnews.com. Retrieved 2011-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  67. ^ http://www.alwasatnews.com/pdf/index.php?issue=3095&cat=fir
  68. ^ a b Carey, Glen (2011-02-18). "Bahrain's King Seeks Talks With Foes Amid Clashes in Region". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  69. ^ http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/gcc-marshall-style-aid-package-for-bahrain-oman-1.770473
  70. ^ "BBC News - Hague condemns violence in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  71. ^ "Advice to all British nationals in Bahrain". British Embassy in Bahrain. 2011-02-03. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ "UK accused of selling arms to Bahrain". Press TV. 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  73. ^ "UK accused of selling arms to Bahrain". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2011-02-18. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. ^ "Clinton calls for restraint in Bahrain". News.xinhuanet.com. 2011-02-19. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  75. ^ "Bahrain | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  76. ^ "Bahrain | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  77. ^ Hankir, Zahra. "Dubai Shares Drop as Mideast Unrest Sparks Risk Aversion; Emaar, Zain Fall". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  78. ^ "Bahrain GP2 Asia race cancelled". autosport.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  79. ^ "Bahrain Grand Prix called off due to protests", bbc.co.uk, 21 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Bahraini protests.
Wikinews has news related to:

Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Bahraini_uprising&oldid=417043562"