2011 Bahraini uprising

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2011 Bahraini protests
Date14 February 2011 – ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)3
Injuries20+

| casualties3 =

ArrestedSeveral[1]
Wounded541 (official number)[2]
Death(s)7 (official number)[2][3]

| notes = }}

The 2011 Bahraini protests are a series of demonstrations in the Persian Gulf country of Bahrain. As part of the 2010–2011 Middle East and North Africa protests, the Bahraini protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the Shia population,[4][5] and expanded to a call to end the monarchy[6] following a deadly night raid on 17 February against protesters at Pearl Roundabout in Manama.[7][8] Protesters in Manama camped out for days at the Pearl Roundabout, which functions as the centre point of protests there. After a month, the government requested troops and police from the Gulf Cooperation Council, which arrived on 14 March.

Background

Location of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf.
Part of a series on the
History of Bahrain
Arms of Bahrain
Ancient Bahrain
Historical region
Reigning Dynasties
Portuguese occupation
Safavid hegemony
1783–1971
State of Bahrain
Kingdom of Bahrain
flag Bahrain portal
Further information: Shi'a–Sunni relations

Bahrain, a conglomerate of 33 small islands in the Persian Gulf has been open to the outside world for centuries[citation needed].

Bahrain’s Shia have always stated that they are the majority of the population of Bahrain[citation needed]. However, there are no accurate figures to verify this fact[citation needed]. The Shi'a have often complained of receiving poor treatment in employment, housing, and infrastructure, while Sunnis have preferential status[citation needed]. Some Shi'a claim that the government of Bahrain imports Sunnis from South Asia, the Baluch tribal areas and Syria in an attempt to increase the Sunni percentage[citation needed]. Another fact is that in the 1960s, the government of Bahrain (headed then by Sheikh Issa bin Salman, the father of the current King) imported tens of thousands of Shi's from a nearby region in Iran named "Al Mohamara"[citation needed]. These families have expanded to hundreds of thousands of families over the past decades[citation needed]. [9][10] Shi'a Muslims work in both and public sectors[citation needed]. Some government ministries are exclusively run by Shi'a[citation needed]. Some observers dispute the fact that Shi'as are " blocked from serving in important posts".[10] Bahrain does have a popularly elected parliament, but it is not powerful.[10] Occasional protests have flared up since the reign of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa,[10] and 25 Shiite activists are currently on trial for subverting state power.[10]

Bahrain hosts the United States Fifth Fleet and is thus crucial to US Department of Defense attempts to counter Iran's military power in the region.[10]

Bahrain was ranked 13th in the Economist Intelligence Unit Shoe-Thrower's index,[11] which is an attempt to gauge "unrest" in Arab World countries.

An election to the parliament in 2010 was followed by controversy as well[citation needed]. However, the Shia-majority party Al Wefaq National Islamic Society won a plurality[citation needed].

Aims

The date 14 February was chosen because it is the tenth anniversary of a referendum in favour of the National Action Charter of Bahrain.[12] Bahraini youths described their plans as an appeal for Bahrainis "to take to the streets on Monday 14 February in a peaceful and orderly manner" in order to rewrite the constitution and to establish a body with a "full popular mandate to investigate and hold to account economic, political and social violations, including stolen public wealth, political naturalisation, arrests, torture and other oppressive security measures, [and] institutional and economic corruption."[13][14] They referred to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt as motivations for their appeal.[14] The Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, which won a plurality in the recent parliamentary election, participated in the planning for demonstrations on 14 February.[15] The Bahrain Center for Human Rights described authorities' preparations for the 14 February planned demonstrations as "a state of confusion, apprehension and anticipation".[1] On 11 February, King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa ordered that 1,000 Bahraini dinars (approx. US$2,600 as of February 2011) be given to "each family" to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum.[16] Agence France Presse linked the .د.ب 1,000 payments to the 14 February demonstration plans.[16]

On 12 February, the Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR) sent an open letter to the King, seeking to avoid a worst case scenario by "releasing more than 450 detainees including human rights defenders, religious figures and more than 110 children, dissolv[ing] the security apparatus and [prosecuting] its official[s] responsible [for] violations and to start serious dialogue with civil society and opposition groups on disputed issues."[17][18] BCHR President Nabeel Rajab stated: "The dissolving of the security apparatus and the prosecution of its officials will not only distance the King from the crimes committed by this apparatus especially since 2005, such as systemic torture and the use of excessive force against peaceful protests, but will avoid the fatal mistake committed by similar apparatuses in Tunisia and Egypt which led to the loss of lives and hundreds of casualties and eventually resulted in the fall of the regimes who created these 'double edged swords'".[17]

Following the raid against the Pearl Roundabout on 17 February, the protesters started calling for an end to the monarchy.[6]

Timeline of protests

Early protests

On 4 February, several hundred Bahrainis gathered in front of the Egyptian embassy in Manama to express solidarity with anti-government protesters there.[19] According to The Wall Street Journal, this was "one of the first such gatherings to be held in the oil-rich Persian Gulf states."[19] At the gathering, Ibrahim Sharif, the secretary-general of the National Democratic Action Society (al-Wa'ad), called for "local reform."[19]

Al Jazeera reported that a protest was planned for 14 February,[13] just a few months after the controversial 2010 election.[12]

14-17 February

On 14 February, clashes were reported from parts of Bahrain. Helicopters circled over Manama, where protesters were expected to gather in the afternoon; there was also a greater police presence in Shia villages. At least 14 people were injured in clashes overnight and with police having used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse marchers in the mostly Shia village of Nuwaidrat in the country's southwest. The marchers were demanding the release of those detained during earlier protests.[5] After clashes that resulted in one death,[20] of a young Bahraini male named Ali Abdul Hadi Mushaima [21] protesters were said to have moved to another location with 600-700 continuing protests in the evening.[22] The ministry of Interior expressed its regrets at the incident and announced that the death of the Bahraini citizen will be investigated.[21]

File:Bahrain M Gulf Roundabout1.JPG
The Pearl Roundabout, Manama's main square, with the Pearl Monument in the centre

Police reportedly opened fire during a funeral of a protester killed on 14 February, killing one person[23] and injuring at least 25 others.[24] The number of protesters increased, and Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, the political party that won the largest number of seats (18 out of 40) in the 2006 parliamentary election, officially joined the protests.[25] Al-Wefaq declared it had suspended its participation in the national parliament.[24]

On February 15, thousands of protesters managed to gain control of the Manama Pearl Roundabout.[26] Tents were put up to help protesters stay through the night in an effort to copy the scenario in Tahrir square during Egypt's revolts.[27]

By February 16, thousands of protesters continued to occupy Pearl Roundabout.[28] A funeral procession for the protester killed on 15 February was held, without any police interference.[28] The size of the protest had increased by several hundred on this day, and parliament members announced their intentions to remove the royal family from their office positions.[29] Practice sessions for the GP2 Asia Series support race for the 2011 Formula One season Bahrain Grand Prix were cancelled with the redeployment of medical resources to handle wounded from the protests. The ongoing protests prompted concern from Formula One officials that they would need to move to cancel the race.[30]

At about 3:00 am local time on February 17, riot police moved in and, using tear gas and batons, dispersed thousands of anti-government protesters in Pearl Square. According to the opposition, four people died[7] in the police operation, including a two-year-old girl shot multiple times by police,[31][32] while 231 sustained injuries and around 70 people were reported missing.[8] Sporadic clashes broke out around Manama hours after the attack by the riot police on the makeshift encampment in the centre of the city. There were also reports of dozens of armoured vehicles and tanks moving towards the Pearl Roundabout.[7] According to an Al Jazeera correspondent, hospitals in Manama were full of people injured during the police raid, including "doctors and emergency personnel who were overrun by the police while trying to attend to the wounded."[7]

On the evening of February 17, people prayed and demonstrated outside a Manama hospital where scores had come for treatment following the pre-dawn raid. Army armoured cars later patrolled the streets as the security forces said they had only used minimal force. However, they claimed to have found firearms, knives and flags belonging to the Hezbollah movement. At a news conference, Foreign Minister Khalid al Khalifa claimed protesters had attacked "disciplinary forces" and the police.[33] The ongoing protests forced the cancellation of the GP2 Asia Series support race for the Bahrain Grand Prix Formula One race.[34]

18-25 February

On 18 February, government forces used live ammunition against protesters, mourners and news reporters, with multiple casualties reported.[35] Security forces fired on medics loading the wounded into ambulances.[35] One person died and at least 66 were wounded.[35] The protesters moved into the centre of Manama from the funerals of protesters killed in a security crackdown earlier in the week, and then were fired on by Bahraini army.[36] Some protesters held their hands up high and shouted, "Peaceful! Peaceful!"[37]

On February 19, military and police forces withdrew from the capital on orders from the government. Thousands of protesters were then able to return to the Pearl Roundabout.[38][39]

On February 20, "teachers, lawyers and engineers" from Manama joined the protests and the protests were calmer than in the previous week.[40]

On February 21 the state's Bahrain News Agency, a branch of Bahrain's Ministry of Culture and Information, claims that 300,000 Bahraini residents (more than 50% of the local population; Bahrain local population is 568,000),[41] has gathered in the grounds opposite Al Fateh Mosque in Manama to support the ruling monarchy.[42] It was announced that the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix would be postponed from its original date on 13 March to a later date.[43]

On February 22, a Martyr's March was announced and a funeral of one the protesters killed earlier in the week also took place,[44] along with the expected arrival of Hasan Mushaima, the leader of the opposition group Haq movement.[45] Pro-monarchy demonstrators marched in large numbers in other parts of the city.[46]

Reports suggested that over 100,000 anti-government protesters, more than 12% of the population, were out on the streets,[47][48][49] the march extended up to 3 kilometers long.[50]

King Hamad ordered the release of 308 political prisoners.[51][52]

For the tenth day in a row on February 23 anti-government protests continued and protesters were still present at the Pearl Roundabout. The Shia Ulama Council called for a big rally on 25 February after Friday prayers to mark a day of mourning for the protesters killed by security forces. The protests planned to start from two different locations, one of which is the Salmaniya Medical Complex, which received all the medical cases since the start of the anti-government protests, with the other being the Seef junction. The two rallies were to meet in Pearl Square.[53] US Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Mike Mullen came to Manama to meet King Hamad and Crown Prince Salman. He said the visit was aimed at "reaffirming, reassuring and also trying to understand where the leaderships of these countries are going, and in particular in Bahrain."[54]

The BBC reported that crowds of more than fifteen thousand continued to gather in Pearl Square without signs of police or army presence on the streets.[55] The government declared a national day of mourning in respect of protestors who had been killed in previous clashes.[56] Meanwhile, opposition leader Hassan Mushaima remained in Lebanon where he alleged that he was being denied passage to Bahrain contrary to promises by the government that he would no longer be wanted for arrest.[57]

26 February - 5 March

On February 26, The King dismissed several ministers in an apparent move to appease the opposition.[58][59][60] The government also announced that it will cancel 25% of housing loans that have been already given to citizens.[61] However, the opposition's responded negatively, as they ministerial changes wasn't one of their demands. Resigned parliament member Abdul-Jalil Khalil commented that this change is a sign of the government's lack of good will, claiming that, by doing these minor changes the government is just trying to avoid the core problems.[citation needed] Opposition leader Hasan Mushaima was released by Lebanese authorities after being detained for two days due to an Interpol warrant that has been issued in 2010.[58] Protests took place in the night, which also followed his return.

On February 27, protesters planned to march to the Ministry of Justice to demand the release of more political prisoners. The protesters are calling for a general strike planned for Sunday, March 6.[62]

On February 28, protesters surround the National Assembly building, blocking access for two and a half hours.[63]

On March 1, an anti-government rally was called by the seven opposition groups in Bahrain, tens of thousands of protesters took part, the rally was named the National Unity Rally.[64]

By March 2, anti-government protesters continued to occupy the Pearl Roundabout, while a huge pro-government rally was convened at the Al Fateh center in Manama.[citation needed] A number of different protests were staged, a protest in front of the Ministries of Interior and Education, thousands of primary and secondary students took peaceful protests to the streets and a car rally was organised that drove through the country.[citation needed]

On March 3, police intervened with tear gas to disperse young Sunnis and Shiites who clashed in Hamad Town. This is the first incident of sectarian violence since the anti-government demonstrations started.[65] The same day, Abdul-Jalil Khalil, a senior leader of the Shia opposition, said that they were prepared to accept the ruling family's offer of entering into a dialogue to address their political greivances.[66]

On March 4, tens of thousands of anti-government demonstrators gathered outside the headquarters of Bahrain's state television, chanting slogans against the ruling dynasty. Sheikh Ali Salman, the head of the Islamic National Accord Association, the main Shia political formation, called for Sunni-Shia harmony, following the sectarian clashes a day earlier.[66] Six opposition groups officially submitted their demands to the government, conditions that include the abolition of the 2002 constitution and "the election of a constitutional assembly for drafting a new basic law" for the country.[66]

6-14 March

On March 6, thousands of protesters gathered outside the prime minister's office in Bahrain to demand that he step down, while a government meeting was in progress there. In addition to this protest, demonstrators remain in hundreds of tents at Manama's Pearl Roundabout.[67]

On March 8, three Shiite groups formed the "Coalition for a Bahraini Republic", including the Wafa, Haq and Freedom Movement, called for the abolishing of the monarchy and the establishing of a democratic republic.[68]

On March 9, in a protest that began at the Ras Roman mosque, thousands of Shia Bahrainis marched on the immigration office in the capital, Manama, and voiced their opposition towards the granting of citizenship to Sunnis from other countries serving in the country's military. However, in order to emphasise that the protest was against the government's naturalisation policy, and not against Bahrain's native Sunni population, participants also shouted slogans about Sunni-Shia unity.[69]

On March 10, at a school in the town of Saar, clashes erupted between naturalised Sunni parents - mainly from Syria and Pakistan - and Shia parents, after some Shia pupils launched anti-government protests. In a separate incident, teachers, students, and their parents took part in a protest in front of the ministry of education, in Isa Town, demanding the resignation of Dr Majid bin Ali al-Naimi, the education minister.[70]

On March 13, riot police used tear gas and rubber bullets in an attempt to force a group of hundreds of anti-government protesters from blocking the capital's financial district, where demonstrators have been camped out for more than a week. A video that appeared on Youtube showed one protester being shot with a teargas canister at close range. Riot police also encircled demonstrators at Pearl Roundabout, the focal point of protests in Bahrain for nearly a month, firing tear gas canisters, while other protesters staged a number of marches on symbolic targets – the prime minister's office, the foreign ministry, and the state television building, among others. Bahrain's interior ministry said eight police were injured during the operation to disperse protesters, including removing tents.[71]

On March 14, the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), a six-nation regional grouping which includes Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates agreed to send troops to guard key facilities, such as oil and gas installations and financial institutions, at the request of the Bahraini government. About 1000 Saudi Arabian troops have arrived, to be followed by 500 UAE police.[72][73] The Saudi troops arrived in around 150 armoured vehicles and 50 other lightly armoured vehicles.[73]

The Bahraini government said that they had requested the troops "to look at ways to help them to defuse the tension in Bahrain.".[73] Some of the Bahraini opposition said this "amounted to an occupation." [74][72] There was also opposition to the troops arriving only twenty four hours after bloody clashes between the protestors and the police.[72] Other reports claimed the protesting Shi'ite faction called it war, reflecting a split within the opposition. The Crown Prince is holding talks with the opposition about reform.[75] The United States has called for restraint, but has made no comment about whether it supports these troops.[72]

Censorship and arrests

Further information: [[:Internet in Bahrain]]

The Bahrain Centre for Human Rights said that Bahraini authorities were blocking a Facebook group being used for planned protests on 14 February, and that its own website had been blocked for many years.[1][12] Nabeel Rajab said that the group was "only asking for political reforms, right of political participation, respect for human rights, stopping of systematic discrimination against Shias."[5] Several bloggers were arrested prior to 6 February.[1]

Casualties

The official death count of 7 was published by the Bahraini Al-Wasat [76] newspaper on 21 February, issue # 3090.[77][78] The Al-Wasat newspaper has published the official injury numbers on 26 February, issue # 3095. The total number of injured from the start of the protests is 541, out of which 485 have been released and 56 are still being hospitalized.[2]

Name Age From Date of Death Cause of Death
Ali Mushaima 21 Daih 14 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Fadhel Al-Matrook 31 Mahooz 15 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Mahmood Ahmed Makki 23 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Ali Mansoor Khudhair 53 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Isa Abdul Hasan 60 Karzakan 17 February Close range shot by a shotgun that shattered his head
Ali Al-Mo'men 22 Sitra 17 February Buckshot wounds (shotgun)
Abdul Redha Buhmaid 32 Malkiya 21 February Live bullet in the head on 18 Feb 2011

Opposition forces

According to BBC News on 14 March 2011, most of the opposition and protesters have said they do not want to overthrow the monarchy but want the ruling family to give up most of its powers to the elected parliament. Some, however, have said they want a republic. The King has offered dialogue with the protesters but they have refused, saying they want the government to step down.[79]

Response

Domestic

King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa's announcement of giving .د.ب 1,000 to each family[16][80] was interpreted by Al Jazeera as a favor to all Bahraini citzens.[80] The King also offered to increase social spending and to release minors jailed after the August 2010 protests.[80] On 15 February, on television King Hamad offered condolences for the deaths of two protesters, said that a parliamentary committee to investigate the deaths would be created, and stated that peaceful protests are legal.[24] The following day the president of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights Nabeel Rajab said that the King's response was not enough to satisfy protesters' demands.[28] He called for "dialogue" and a direction that the king's son, Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, work on a resolution to the conflict.[81]

Abdul Jalil Khalil, an Al Wefaq National Islamic Society member of parliament, described the 17 February pre-dawn police raid on the Pearl Roundabout encampment as "real terrorism", stating that "whoever took the decision to attack the protest was aiming to kill."[7] Its MP Jassim Hussein said that "I don’t think the regime is willing to meet most of our demands. But even if it does, I am not sure it will be enough to get the youth off the street. It is personal now." Following demands from young protesters for the end of the ruling regime [82] and in protest against the deaths during demontrations all 18 party MPs submitted their official resignations from parliament.

On March 13, in a televised statement, Bahrain's crown prince renewed his call for national dialogue, promising talks would address key demands such as bolstering the power of parliament and that any deal could be put to a referendum. He said talks would also cover electoral and governmental reforms, as well as looking into claims of corruption and sectarianism.[71]

International

Al Jazeera stated that Bahrain is considered to be the most vulnerable country to unrest amongst Gulf Arab states.[80]

Gulf Cooperation Council members agreed to provide Bahrain with an aid plan similar to the Marshall plan, consisting of $10billion aimed at upgrading housing and infrastructure over a period of 10 years.[70] They also agreed that they would give more preference to GCC-member state nationals while hiring individuals.[83]

British Foreign Secretary William Hague said he was "deeply concerned" by the "unacceptable violence" used against protesters.[84] On 3 February, the British Embassy in Bahrain stated that it was aware of plans for protests on 14 February but did not advise British citizens to "take any special steps" beyond its standard advice that included a request to "maintain a high level of security awareness" and to "avoid large gatherings, crowds and demonstrations, as a number of them have turned violent."[85] The British government has been accused of providing arms for Arab regimes while government are suppressing the pro-democracy demonstration.[86] It has also announced that in light of the unrest it has decided to revoke some arms export licenses to Bahrain stating that "licenses will not be issued when officials judge that there is a risk that the exports may provoke regional or internal conflicts or be used to facilitate internal repression".[87]

United States President Barack Obama said he was "deeply concerned" by the violence,[81] while Secretary of State Hilary Clinton urged restraint.[88]

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have both condemned the use of excessive violence against peaceful demonstrators in Bahrain.[89][90]

A statement issued on 10 March from the foreign minister of the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf Co-operation Council said it supported recent calls for dialogue from Bahrain's crown prince.[70]

Other

Regional financial stock market indices fell on 20 February on concern of spreading instability.[91]

On 17 February, it was announced that the second round of GP2 Asia Series, which was to be held at Bahrain International Circuit on 17–19 February 2011, had been cancelled due to security and safety concerns surrounding the protests.[92] On 21 February the 2011 Bahrain Grand Prix, due to take place on 13 March, was also cancelled because of the same concerns.[93]

See also

References

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Further reading

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