2010–2011 Ivorian crisis: Difference between revisions

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m No numbers of casualities for Invisible commando
Your edit messed up the overal casualty number, also the commandos have only attacked gbagbo troops, they haven't attack ouattara supporters, preaty clear which side they ar eon
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|result=Ongoing
|result=Ongoing
|casus=[[Ivorian presidential election, 2010|2010 Ivorian presidential election]]
|casus=[[Ivorian presidential election, 2010|2010 Ivorian presidential election]]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Military of the Ivory Coast|Ivorian Army]]<br>{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Ivorian Police<br>{{flagicon image|Ivorian Popular Front logo.png}} [[Ivorian Popular Front]]<br>[[Alliance des jeunes patriotes pour le sursaut national|Young Patriots]]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Military of the Ivory Coast|Ivorian Army]]<br>{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Ivorian Police<br>{{flagicon image|Ivorian Popular Front logo.png}} [[Ivorian Popular Front]]
|combatant2='''Anti-Gbagbo forces'''
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Rally of the Republicans logo.png}} [[Rally of the Republicans]]<br>[[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire]]<br>{{flag|United Nations}}
*{{flagicon image|Rally of the Republicans logo.png}} [[Rally of the Republicans]]
|combatant3=[[Invisible Commando]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.france2.fr/monde/experts-de-l-onu-pris-pour-cible-67590863.html |title=Experts de l’ONU pris pour cible - Côte d’ivoire - politique - Actualités internationales - FRANCE 2 : toute les informations internationales en direct - France 2 |publisher=Info.france2.fr |date=2011-02-28 |accessdate=2011-03-18}}</ref><br>
*[[Invisible Commando]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.france2.fr/monde/experts-de-l-onu-pris-pour-cible-67590863.html |title=Experts de l’ONU pris pour cible - Côte d’ivoire - politique - Actualités internationales - FRANCE 2 : toute les informations internationales en direct - France 2 |publisher=Info.france2.fr |date=2011-02-28 |accessdate=2011-03-18}}</ref><br>
|commander1=[[Laurent Gbagbo]]<br>[[Charles Blé Goudé]]<br>[[Philippe Mangou]]
*{{flag|United Nations}}
*[[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire]]
|commander1=[[Laurent Gbagbo]]
|commander2=|commander2=[[Alassane Ouattara]]<br>[[Guillaume Soro]]<br>[[Choi Young-jin]]
|commander2=|commander2=[[Alassane Ouattara]]<br>[[Guillaume Soro]]<br>[[Choi Young-jin]]
|commander3=[[Ibrahim Coulibaly]]<ref>[http://news.abidjan.net/h/395414.html Le "commando invisible" d`Abidjan, anti-Gbagbo ou pro-Ouattara ?] par Reuters</ref>
|strength1= Unknown
|strength1= Unknown
|strength2= 10,000 (U.N.)
|strength2= 10,000 (U.N.)
|strength3= Unknown
|casualties1=42-59 security forces killed<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=12478772][http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?][http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7190KY20110210][http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/8895648/gbagbo-loyalists-killed-in-ivory-coast-ambush/] Government fatalities</ref>
|casualties1=42-59 security forces killed<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=12478772][http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?][http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7190KY20110210][http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/world/8895648/gbagbo-loyalists-killed-in-ivory-coast-ambush/] Government fatalities</ref>
|casualties2=50+ killed ([[Rally of the Republicans|RDR]])<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700087570/4-killed-in-attack-on-Ivory-Coast-candidate-office.html][http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html][http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest][http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/12-killed-in-ivory-coast-election-violence-51713.html] Opposition fatalities</ref><br>2 killed ([[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|FN]])<ref name=autogenerated4 /><br>8 wounded ([[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire|UNOCI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afreekelection.com/journal/item/3947-article3338.html |title=Côte d’Ivoire - Des jeunes incendient un véhicule civil de l’Onuci et font un blessé |publisher=Afreekelection.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/trois-casques-bleus-blesses-dans-une-embuscade-a-abidjan-12-01-2011-129234_24.php |title=Trois Casques bleus blessés dans une embuscade à Abidjan, actualité Monde : Le Point |publisher=Lepoint.fr |date=2011-01-14 |accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Par Europe1.fr avec AFP |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Cote-d-Ivoire-un-Casque-bleu-blesse-353939/ |title=Côte d'Ivoire : un Casque bleu blessé - Europe1.fr - International |publisher=Europe1.fr |date=2010-12-29 |accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=(AFP) &ndash; Il y a 6 jours |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8k5Qk6vKD_Dqr_5U9EdUldhfwow?docId=CNG.57822b8f3ea90a977fd23ac3e2be76ed.3f1 |title=AFP: Abidjan: 3 Casques bleus blessés par les forces pro-Gbagbo, accuse l'Onuci |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-06}}</ref>
|casualties2=50+ killed ([[Rally of the Republicans|RDR]])<ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700087570/4-killed-in-attack-on-Ivory-Coast-candidate-office.html][http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-16/ivory-coast-opposition-says-32-supporters-killed.html][http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/12/ivory.coast.violence/index.html?section=cnn_latest][http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/12-killed-in-ivory-coast-election-violence-51713.html] Opposition fatalities</ref><br>2 killed ([[Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire|FN]])<ref name=autogenerated4 /><br>8 wounded ([[United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire|UNOCI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afreekelection.com/journal/item/3947-article3338.html |title=Côte d’Ivoire - Des jeunes incendient un véhicule civil de l’Onuci et font un blessé |publisher=Afreekelection.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/trois-casques-bleus-blesses-dans-une-embuscade-a-abidjan-12-01-2011-129234_24.php |title=Trois Casques bleus blessés dans une embuscade à Abidjan, actualité Monde : Le Point |publisher=Lepoint.fr |date=2011-01-14 |accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Par Europe1.fr avec AFP |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Cote-d-Ivoire-un-Casque-bleu-blesse-353939/ |title=Côte d'Ivoire : un Casque bleu blessé - Europe1.fr - International |publisher=Europe1.fr |date=2010-12-29 |accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=(AFP) &ndash; Il y a 6 jours |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8k5Qk6vKD_Dqr_5U9EdUldhfwow?docId=CNG.57822b8f3ea90a977fd23ac3e2be76ed.3f1 |title=AFP: Abidjan: 3 Casques bleus blessés par les forces pro-Gbagbo, accuse l'Onuci |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-06}}</ref>
⚫
|casualties3=462 killed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/117395.html|title=Hundreds die in Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral violence|date= |accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref> 100 missing<ref>[http://www.wcpo.com/dpp/news/new-proof-of-ivory-coast-vote-killings- New proof of Ivory Coast vote killings] ''AP''</ref> overall
|casualties3=unknown
⚫
|casualties4=462 killed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/117395.html|title=Hundreds die in Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral violence|date= |accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref> 100 missing<ref>[http://www.wcpo.com/dpp/news/new-proof-of-ivory-coast-vote-killings- New proof of Ivory Coast vote killings] ''AP''</ref> overall
}}
}}


Revision as of 12:02, 28 March 2011

2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
Date28 November 2010 – present
Location
Côte d'Ivoire
Result Ongoing
Belligerents
Ivory Coast Ivorian Army
Ivory Coast Ivorian Police
Ivorian Popular Front

Anti-Gbagbo forces

Commanders and leaders
Laurent Gbagbo Alassane Ouattara
Guillaume Soro
Choi Young-jin
Strength
Unknown 10,000 (U.N.)
Casualties and losses
42-59 security forces killed[2] 50+ killed (RDR)[3]
2 killed (FN)[4]
8 wounded (UNOCI)[5][6][7][8]
462 killed,[9] 100 missing[10] overall

The 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis is an ongoing political crisis in Côte d'Ivoire which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Côte d'Ivoire since 2000, claimed he had won the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years. The opposition candidate, Alassane Ouattara, and a number of countries, organisations and leaders worldwide claimed Ouattara had won the election.

Announcement of results and post-election conflict

On 2 December 2010, CEI (Commission Electorale Indépendante) President Youssouf Bakayoko announced provisional results showing that Alassane Ouattara had won the Ivorian election of 2010 in the second round with 54.1% of the vote, against 45.9% for Laurent Gbagbo; he reported that turnout was 81.09%. Results had been expected and then postponed for days, beyond the deadline, and Bakayoko's appearance to announce the results—at an Abidjan hotel heavily guarded by the United Nations—took the press by surprise.[11] Bakayoko reportedly chose to announce the results at the hotel, which Ouattara had been using as "his base", because he wanted to have the security of UN protection when doing so.[12] [citation needed]

Paul Yao N'Dre, the President of the Constitutional Council (a body that was viewed by the opposition as favoring Gbagbo, because N'Dre was considered an ally of the President), then took to the airwaves to say that the CEI had no authority left to announce any results, because it had already missed its deadline to announce them, and consequently the results were invalid.[12][13] According to N'Dre, the passing of the deadline meant that only the Constitutional Council was "authorised to announce decisions on the contested results." It was widely presumed that the Court would issue a ruling favoring Gbagbo, although the CEI's results indicated that Gbagbo could only be credited with victory if hundreds of thousands of votes were invalidated.[12]

Shortly after the announcements, the military sealed the country's borders.[12]

Double victory claims

On 3 December, the Constitutional Council declared Gbagbo winner.[14] N'Dre announced that the results in seven northern regions were cancelled, thereby swinging the outcome narrowly in favor of Gbagbo, who was credited with 51.45% of the vote while Ouattara had 48.55%.[15]

On the basis of the CEI's results, Ouattara maintained that he was "the elected President" and said that the Constitutional Council had "abused its authority, the whole world knows it, and I am sorry for my country's image".[16] He had the clear backing of the international and regional community for his claim to victory, but top officers in the military appeared to stand firmly behind Gbagbo.[17]

The New Forces and Prime Minister Soro both supported Ouattara's claim to victory;[18] Soro said that he considered Ouattara the rightful President and offered his resignation to Gbagbo on 4 December.[19] Gbagbo was sworn in for another five-year term on 4 December, defiantly declaring: "I will continue to work with all the countries of the world, but I will never give up our sovereignty." Sporadic violence and gunfire were reported in various parts of the country, including Abidjan.[18] Gbagbo appointed a new Prime Minister, Gilbert Aké, on 5 December; Aké, an economist and university president, was already regarded as close to Gbagbo.[20]

Ouattara himself was sworn in separately shortly after, saying that "Ivory Coast is now in good hands". Ouattara then re-appointed Soro as his prime minister.[21]

Reactions

United Nations

On 18 December, a United Nations spokesperson said in response to a Gbagbo demand that foreign armed troops leave the country that the UN did not consider Gbagbo to be the president, and that peacekeepers would continue to support and protect both Alassane Ouattara and Ivorian citizens.[22]

On 23 December 2010, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed a resolution that "strongly condemned human rights violations that had taken place in Côte d’Ivoire...that occurred in different parts of Côte d’Ivoire in relation to the conclusion of the 2010 presidential election."[23] The resolution was criticized by Amnesty International as having insufficiently addressed the situation.[24]

International

Angola and Lebanon were the only countries to send their ambassadors to Gbagbo's swearing-in.[25] The African Union—which, like the United Nations, formally recognised Ouattara as the duly elected President—warned that the conflicting results and subsequent political crisis could result in "incalculable consequences", and sent former President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki to mediate the issue.[21] The US, UN, EU, ECOWAS, as well as former colonial power France affirmed their support to Ouattara.[26]

On 5 December, former South African President Thabo Mbeki held separate talks with Gbagbo and Ouattara, acting as a mediator. The African Union had appointed Mbeki to lead an emergency mission to Côte d'Ivoire "to facilitate the rapid and peaceful conclusion of the electoral process and the efforts to find a way out of the crisis."[27] However, he left the next day without a deal.[28]

On 20 December, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs told a news briefing that it was "time for [Gbagbo] to go" and that "We stand ready to impose targeted sanctions, individually and in concert with our partners around the world, on President Gbagbo, on his immediate family, on those who are associated with him and those who continue to cling to power illegitimately."[29] On 21 December, the United States Department of State announced that it had imposed travel sanctions against Gbagbo and 30 allies. William Fitzgerald, the deputy assistant secretary for African affairs, said that trade sanctions may be imposed against individuals. On 22 December, State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said that Ouattara's victory was irrefutable and reiterated U.S. demands that Gbagbo step down.[30]

On 28 December, presidents Yayi Boni of Benin, Ernest Bai Koroma of Sierra Leone and Pedro Pires of Cape Verde arrived in the country on behalf of ECOWAS, to convince Gbagbo to resign and go into exile for the sake of his country, while declaring it was Gbagbo's last chance before the deployment of military force against him.[31][32]

Ivorian people

There had been rallies from pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara sides. Simone Gbagbo, wife of Laurent Gbagbo, gave a speech in the pro-Gbagbo rally on January 15, 2011.[33] Ivorian forces have fired live bullets to disperse protesters. In Abobo, an Abidjan suburb and a stronghold of Ouattara's supporters, there were many violent clashes between security forces and civilians.[34][35]

Threats, violence and human rights violations

Opposition figure Guillaume Soro stated that Gbagbo's security forces and Liberian mercenaries had waged a campaign of terror, and that death squads had been responsible for 200 deaths, 1,000 people wounded from gunfire, 40 disappearances and 732 arrests.[36] He told The Guardian that "women have been beaten, stripped, assaulted and raped. When will the international community realise that a murderous insanity has begun in Ivory Coast?"[36] Amnesty International said it had received increasing reports of atrocities in the country.[36] By March 2011, an estimated 450,000+ Ivorians had left the country, of which 370,000 were from the capitol city of Abidjan.[37]

On 3 March, reports indicated Gbagbo had cut electricity and water supplies to areas of Outtara supporters.[38]

On 10 March, 2011, it was announced that Gbagbo had banned all French and UN aircraft from Ivorian airspace, with exceptions only if the transport ministry approved.[39] The ban was not challenged by the UN, which continued to fly helicopters despite the order; allies of Ouattara said Gbagbo had no legal authority with which to enforce the ban.[39]

Major instances of violence

  • On 16 December, 2010, major street clashes between opposition supporters and security forces in Abidjan and Yamoussoukro left 44 people dead including: 32 RDR members, 10 policemen and two FN rebel soldiers.[4][40][41]
  • On 30 December, reports surfaced of a mass grave containing the bodies of 80 opposition supporters in a pro-Gbagbo neighborhood in Abidjan. However, this has not been confirmed since security forces prevented U.N. investigators of going to the site.[42] Six days earlier, there were also reports of another mass grave in the village of N'Dotre, guarded by government militias.[43]
  • Between 3 January and 6 January, 2011, fighting in Duekoue, between rival tribes seen as being pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara, left 33 tribesmen and civilians dead. The fighting started when a woman was killed during a highway robbery attack on a bus.[44]
  • Between 11 January and 12 January, fighting broke out between police forces and Ouattara supporters, some of whom were using automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades, after the police attempted to conduct a raid in an opposition neighborhood in Abidjan. 11 people were killed, among them: eight policemen, two RDR members and a civilian security guard.[45][46]
  • Between 21 February and 22 February, a new round of fighting broke out between security forces and Ouattara supporters after government troops conducted a raid against the same opposition neighborhood in Abidjan as the previous month. On the 21st, 12 opposition supporters were killed, among them a 14-year-old boy, after security forces fired machine guns and launched rocket-propelled grenades at the neighborhood.[47] The next day, on the 22nd, opposition fighters, described as "commandos", ambushed government gendarmes (paramilitary police) and killed 10-15 of them.[48]
  • On 24 February, more violence was reported in Abidjan. The following day another escalation was reported as armed groups that controlled the north were said to have seized a town formerly controlled by Gbagbo's forces and were heading south amid concern of a possible return to civil war.[49]
  • On 1 March, Gbagbo supporters attacked foreign businesses and UN offices in Abidjan.[50]
  • On 3 March, Gbagbo loyalist security forces killed at least six people at a protest in support of Ouattara in Abidjan.[51]
  • On 13 March, Gbagbo's loyalist forces were said to have launched an attack to drive out fighters loyal to Outtara from the Abidjan suburb of Abobo. Mobs were also reported to be roaming the city looking for their opponents and attacking or killing them. The violence resulted in 10 confirmed deaths and scores more wounded.[52]
Wikinews has related news:
  • On 17 March, 30 people were killed in the city of Abobo after shells were fired into a market from the nearby military barracks.[53] It was unclear whether Gbagbo or Outtara supporters were responsible, though Abobo is generally pro-Ouattara.[54] On 18 March, the UN issued a statement saying that the shelling was "an act, perpetrated against civilians, [that] could constitute a crime against humanity."[55]
  • Between 21 March and 26 March, 52 people were killed in violence in Abidjan.[56]

Media

Reporters Without Borders observed that public media had been neutral in its coverage of the candidates, but it also noted that Gbagbo's campaign had received a substantially larger amount of coverage.[57] Reporters have been threatened by armed forces sympathetic to Gbagbo.[58]

Economy and financial markets

The West African Economic and Monetary Union (French: Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine (UEMOA)) recognizes Ouattara as the winner of the 2010 election.[59] The bank of issue of UEMOA is the Central Bank of West African States (French: Banque central des États d'Afrique de l'ouest (BCEAO)). The governor of BCEAO, Philippe-Henry Dacoury-Tabley, seen as an ally of Gbagbo, was forced to resign by West African leaders on January 21, 2011.[60][61]

Outtara said that the continuing crisis hurts the economy.[62] As a declining economy threatens the status of Côte d'Ivoire, as the largest producer of cocoa in the world, a revival hinged on the outcome of the election.[63]

The internationally traded price for cocoa and white sugar fell in the week prior to the election on speculation that the election would spur production.[64]

On January 24, 2011, the cocoa price soared following Ouattara's announcement that coffee and cocoa exports would be banned for a month in hope to cut off the funding for Gbagbo.[65]

On February 9, 2011 onwards the Abidjan stock exchange remained closed after Gbagbo's loyalist forces invaded its offices.[66] The following day it reopened.[67] The regional stock exchange Bourse Regionale des Valeurs Mobilieres moved "temporarily" to Bamako, Mali after Gbagbo's troops attacked its office in Abidjan.[68]

During the week from February 14 to 18, four banks[69] had suspended their operations, and Gbagbo in response nationalized them on February 17.[70] Most of the cash machines in Abidjan had been empty or out of work and people rushed to the banks to withdraw their cash.[71][72]

Reports suggested a cash crisis in the country due to a lack of capital inflows and runs on banks forcing national financial institutions to also deplete their reserves. Several banks ceased operations in the country. The move led to Gbagbo loyalist forces to have "nationalised" those banks and "requisitioned" cash from the Central Bank's Abidjan bureau. The opposition said these actions amounted to robbery.[73]

International radio stations, including BBC and RFI, were stopped from broadcasting on 2 March. Electricity and water to the northern half of the country were also cut on the same day, with no immediate explanation for either event.[74]

Political effects outside of Ivory Coast

Gabonese opposition leader Andre Mba Obame cited the events in Ivory Coast and the international recognition of Ouattara as Ivorian President as inspiration for declaring himself winner of the controversial 2009 Gabonese presidential election, sparking an ongoing political crisis in Gabon.[75]

Status

Gbagbo

On 18 December 2010, Gbagbo ordered peacekeeping forces from the United Nations and France to leave the country; the government issued a statement saying that it " demands the departure of the UNOCI and LICORNE forces in Ivory Coast and is opposed to any renewal of their mandate."[76] In January 2011, Gbagbo requested a recount of the votes, along with the creation of a committee composed of international members that would oversee the recount.[77] He also engaged in a diplomatic campaign to gain support from countries like Zimbabwe, while at the same time expelling ambassadors from the United Kingdom and Canada, countries that did not recognize his leadership.[77][78] After the election, Gbagbo retained control of the country's armed forces and the state media.[78]

Ouattara

Ouattara is holed up on the first floor of the Golf Hotel in Ivorian capital of Abidjan while Gbagbo remains at the presidential palace. Ouattara has held Cabinet meetings in a tent on the hotel's lawn and is using the fax machine in the hotel manager's office to communicate with foreign embassies. The hotel is guarded by about 800 UN peacekeepers, who have encircled the site with coiled razor wire and guard the premises with white UN armored personnel carriers and security checks for visitors.[79]

According to local UN mission chief Choi Young-jin, troops loyal to Gbagbo (about 3,000 militiamen according to an Ouattara spokesman[80]) have occupied the neighborhood surrounding the Golf Hotel and set up a blockade that is preventing UN trucks from bringing food, water and medicine to the hotel; UN trucks are sent each day but have been turned back every time. A spokesman for the local UN mission said that "We're still trying to find alternative ways in." Ouattara has a pirate radio station inside the hotel that broadcasts campaign songs, speeches from Ouattara, and statements by his spokesman. Technicians working for Gbagbo have been jamming the signal and so the station has been changing frequencies several times a day.[79][81]

During early March 2011, Outtara traveled to Ethiopia to meet with an African Union (AU) council tasked with finding a solution to the conflict.[39] Gbagbo refused to attend the meeting, which resulted in the AU confirming Outtara as the victor in the elections.[39] It was the first time he had left the Golf Hotel since the election was held.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Experts de l'ONU pris pour cible - Côte d'ivoire - politique - Actualités internationales - FRANCE 2 : toute les informations internationales en direct - France 2". Info.france2.fr. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  2. ^ [1][2][3][4] Government fatalities
  3. ^ [5][6][7][8] Opposition fatalities
  4. ^ a b "Two rebel soldiers killed in Ivory Coast". AfricaNews. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  5. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire - Des jeunes incendient un véhicule civil de l'Onuci et font un blessé". Afreekelection.com. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  6. ^ "Trois Casques bleus blessés dans une embuscade à Abidjan, actualité Monde : Le Point". Lepoint.fr. 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  7. ^ Par Europe1.fr avec AFP (2010-12-29). "Côte d'Ivoire : un Casque bleu blessé - Europe1.fr - International". Europe1.fr. Retrieved 2011-02-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ (AFP) – Il y a 6 jours. "AFP: Abidjan: 3 Casques bleus blessés par les forces pro-Gbagbo, accuse l'Onuci". Google.com. Retrieved 2011-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Hundreds die in Côte d'Ivoire's post-electoral violence". Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  10. ^ New proof of Ivory Coast vote killings AP
  11. ^ David Lewis and Loucoumane Coulibaly, "Ivory Coast's Ouattara wins vote - election chief", Reuters, 2 December 2010.
  12. ^ a b c d David Lewis and Tim Cocks, "Ivory Coast seals borders after opposition win", Reuters, 2 December 2010.
  13. ^ Christophe Koffi, "Ouattara named winner of I.Coast election", AFP, 2 December 2010.
  14. ^ "Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner". BBC news. 3 December 2010.
  15. ^ "Constitutional body names Gbagbo I.Coast election winner", AFP, 3 December 2010.
  16. ^ "World leaders back Ouattara as Ivory Coast poll winner", BBC News, 3 December 2010.
  17. ^ Tim Cocks and Loucoumane Coulibaly, Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in despite poll row, Reuters, 4 December 2010.
  18. ^ a b Tim Cocks and Loucoumane Coulibaly, "Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in despite poll row", Reuters, 4 December 2010.
  19. ^ Roland Lloyd Parry, "Defiant Gbagbo sworn in as I.Coast president", AFP, 3 December 2010.
  20. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire: Laurent Gbagbo nomme à son tour son Premier ministre", AFP, 5 December 2010 Template:Fr icon.
  21. ^ a b "Thabo Mbeki to mediate in Ivory Coast president crisis". BBC News. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  22. ^ "UN Spokesman: Gbagbo Not Ivory Coast President". Voice of America. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Special session of Human Rights Council on Côte d'Ivoire concludes after adopting a resolution calling for end to all human rights violations". United Nations Human Rights Council. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  24. ^ "Ivory Coast: 'Disappointment' at UN's response to worsening situation". Amnesty International. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  25. ^ Despite Growing Pressure, Ivory Coast Incumbent Gbagbo Still Has Outside Allies VOA
  26. ^ Ivory Coast's Gbagbo defies world leaders, euronews.com, Dec 04 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  27. ^ Olivier Monnier and Pauline Bax. "Mbeki in Ivory Coast to Mediate as Gbagbo, Ouattara Each Claim Presidency." Bloomberg, 5 December 2010.
  28. ^ AU mediator Thabo Mbeki leaves Ivory Coast without a breakthrough, BBC World Service, 7 December 2010.
  29. ^ "White House: It's time for Gbagbo to go," Reuters, 20 December 2010.
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External links

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