Assault weapon

Assault weapon refers to a broad category of firearms, including military-style, full-automatic rifles derived from assault rifles, and also including some pistols and shotguns. Assault weapons are often similar in appearance to military firearms, and are capable of firing more than one round each time the trigger is pulled. This is limited only to legally designed and manufactured firearms with one or both firing options known as tri-burst and full-auto. Firearms that fire more than one bullet with only one trigger pull, but do this due to a mechanical defect or an illegal manipulation of its firing mechanisms, are NOT assault weapons. Tri-burst means that only three (3) rounds are fired with each trigger pull. An example is the current US military rifle referred to as the M-4, which is an updated version of the M-16. The difference between the M-4 and M-16 is the M-4 is only capable of firing tri-burst and semi-auto, while the M-16 has a third option of full-auto fire. Full-auto or fully automatic fire refers to assault weapons that continue to fire until all ammunition directly attached via magazine, en-bloc clip or belt are expended or the trigger is released. Assault weapons refers to a major category of specific firearms that is thus split into the sub-categories assault rifle, assault pistol, assault shotgun, machine gun and sub-machine gun. The difference between machine guns and sub-machine guns is in the cartridge they are designed to fire. Machine guns fire rifle cartridges while sub-machine guns fire pistol cartridges. This definition of the term "assault weapon" is notably different from the definition of "assault rifle" -- a term originally coined in the German ("sturmgewehr") to refer to a rifle that could be switched between fully-automatic and semi-automatic behavior. The US Army defines assault rifles as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachinegun and rifle cartridges".

There are a variety of different statutory definitions of assault weapon in local, state, and federal laws in the United States that define them by a set of characteristics they possess. Using lists of physical features or specific firearms in defining assault weapons in the US was first codified by the language defining semi-automatic rifles with certain characteristics in the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Very generally speaking, a firearm is defined by these laws as an assault weapon if it has both a detachable magazine and a pistol grip, sometimes in conjunction with other features such as a folding stock or a flash suppressor. This legislation sunset in 10 years, 2004, because of language added to the original legislation by pro-gun members of Congress. The 1994 Semi-Auto Ban was not reenacted by Congress in 2004, thus the legislation is now null and void. Firearms capable of firing full-auto have been strictly regulated by the ATF, now the BATFE, since the enactment of the 1934 National Firearms Act. This legislation was enacted due to public and political alarm over shootouts between law enforcement and gangsters & bank robbers of the day. These "public enemies" often used the Thompson Sub-Machine Gun and the BAR or Browning Automatic Rifle. Both these firearms were originally designed and intended to fire full-auto for subsequent military use. The broad category of Assault Weapons covers specific firearms designed and intended to fire more than one round and only refers to the mechanical operation and fire control of said weapons. Cosmetic features and similarity to assault weapons and/or military arms in appearance only does not in and of itself make a firearm an assault weapon.

Whether or not assault weapons should be legally restricted more than other firearms, how they should be defined, and even whether or not the term assault weapon should be used at all, are questions subject to considerable debate as part of the arguments of gun politics in the United States.

Terminology

Historical uses

In United States military parlance assault weapon is often found as part of a system name of weapons designed for and used in assault operations. Current examples include the SMAW and SRAW used to breach obstacles or destroy structures. Historical examples include the Bangalore torpedo, the APOBS, and even the flame thrower. Assault rifles and shotguns capable of fully automatic fire, such as the Heckler & Koch CAWS, the XM8, and the Russian 7.62mm/40mm Assault Weapon System are also classified as assault weapon systems. This definition differs from the current variety of legal definitions used in the United States of America.

Modern usage

The term assault weapon might be derived from confusion with the term assault rifle, itself a translation of the German word Sturmgewehr, literally "storm-rifle". There is no technical military definition of an assault weapon, but in a general sense, the term assault weapon can refer to a military weapon used to aid in military assault operations, that is, attacking a fortified position (as referenced in multiple uses in military terminology below). Legislators and political lobbyists have adopted the term to refer to specific semi-automatic firearms and other firearms listed by specific characteristics for statutory purposes. The legislative usage follows usage by political groups seeking to limit the individual's right to keep and bear arms, who have sought to extend the meaning to include a semi-automatic firearm that is similar in name or appearance to a fully automatic firearm or military weapon.

Note that this term is not synonymous with assault rifle, which has an established technical definition. The US Army defines assault rifles as "short, compact, selective-fire weapons that fire a cartridge intermediate in power between submachinegun and rifle cartridges". Advocates for the right to keep and bear arms, commonly referred to as gun rights supporters, generally consider these uses of the phrase assault weapon to be pejorative and politically-motivated when used to describe civilian firearms. This term is seldom used outside of the United States in this context.

The first use of the term is uncertain, but it gained notoriety in 1986 when Gun Digest published its book, "The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons". This book used the term to describe a variety of firearms including bolt-action rifles, revolvers, and semi-autos.

Recently terminology variants such as "Semi-Automatic Assault Weapon" have been gaining in use by political leaders and groups who seek to limit or ban these firearms.

Federal Assault Weapon Ban characteristics

Under the former Federal Assault Weapons Ban, the primary characteristics of the U.S. M16 and M4 assault rifles, other than fully automatic fire, were chosen to define what makes a semi-automatic rifle an assault weapon - many other regulations in the United States have adopted similar defining characteristics.

.50 caliber rifles

In California any rifle chambered to fire the .50 BMG cartridge is subject to the same restrictions as assault weapons regardless of action type or appearance. There have been similar efforts to outlaw the .50 BMG at the federal level by classifying these weapons under the 1934 National Firearms Act, which provides for federal regulation of machine guns, short-barreled shotguns and rifles, suppressors, and destructive devices.

Common misconceptions

The close similarity to the term assault rifle and wide variety of definitions has led to considerable confusion over this term. In addition, inaccurate media reporting and political propaganda have created a common public misconception that this term covers many items regulated in the United States by the National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934. For instance, a "grenade launcher" is listed as a classifying characteristic in many of the assault weapons laws. This frequently creates confusion between grenade launchers, such as the M203 that the general public is familiar with seeing in video games and in the media used by soldiers, and the actual classifying feature being described, which is a muzzle grenade launcher--an adapter or muzzle device that allows the launching of rifle grenades. While barreled grenade launchers such as the M203, the Russian GP-30, and the HK69 are strictly regulated as Destructive Devices under federal law by the NFA, rifle grenade launchers and other muzzle device launchers are only regulated in a handful of areas by state or local laws (such as California and New York City). Furthermore, regardless of the launcher's regulatory status, each individual grenade, both cartridge types such as the 40mm grenades used in the M203 and rifle grenades such as the WWII-era M9A1, are already strictly controlled, registered, and taxed as a Destructive Device under the NFA. Consequently, because of their status as Destructive Devices, all grenades as well as barreled launchers such as the M203 are prohibited by state laws in several states. The complex technical and legal distinctions are not commonly known, and frequently lead to misrepresentation in the media of what is actually being described. The Seattle Times made one such error during their reporting of the investigation of the DC sniper, in an article discussing the Bushmaster rifle used in the shootings and what aspects of the then-soon to expire 1994 Assault Weapons Ban might have applied to it or prohibited it (the article concluded that the XM-15 rifle used was not prohibited or affected by the ban). In a sidebar image illustrating different classifying features that were restricted by the Assault Weapon Ban, an image of a M4A1 carbine with a mounted underbarrel M203 grenade launcher was depicted; the M203 was incorrectly described as the type of "grenade launcher" feature restricted by the ban. No statement of error or correction about the misrepresentation was subsequently made.

Perhaps the largest area of confusion surrounding this term is the difference between a machine-gun, assault rifle and an assault weapon (non-military definition). A machine-gun is universally recognized as a fully automatic weapon, while the current statutory definitions for assault weapons describe them as semi-automatic. A key concept in defining the military assault rifle is the ability to provide a large volume of fire through fully-automatic or burst fire modes. Every nation that uses the term assault rifle refers to a rifle with said capability. A semi-automatic rifle does not have the capability to lay down large volumes of fire required for modern military assault operations and has not been defined as an assault rifle by any nation. The term assault weapon is more encompassing and fluid than the term assault rifle and leads to confusion that these semi-automatic weapons are fully automatic or would be used by militaries in assault operations. Further, the National Firearms Act of 1934 specifically addresses fully automatic weapons, and the private ownership and usage of them is extremely regulated. To add to the confusion, the media often refers to these semi-automatic rifles as military-style assault weapons. Military assault rifles are also designated under the heading of assault weapon systems by several countries but are capable of full automatic fire creating more confusion.

There is also the perception that firearms that fall under this category can be easily modified for fully automatic fire. This is not the case since the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) regulations for manufacturers place certain restrictions on firearm product design to comply with the provisions of the National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934 and the amendments to the McClure-Volkmer Act of 1986 that pertain to machine-gun ownership. These regulations require that semi-automatic firearms sold in the United States be especially difficult to convert to fully automatic operation. While it is theoretically possible for a skilled machinist with extensive firearms knowledge to perform such a conversion, this scenario contrasts sharply with claims of "easy convertibility." The few fully-automatic firearms which police seize in the United States are overwhelmingly illegally-imported weapons, rather than converted semi-automatics.

The use of the term assault weapon and its similar appearance to military rifles has led to a misconception that they are more dangerous or powerful than other semi-automatic firearms. In fact, the rifles designated assault weapon are most often small-caliber weapons which are typically used by hunters only for small game, such as squirrels and prairie dogs. Military forces use these small cartridges primarily because they allow troops to carry large quantities of ammunition for their automatic weapons, not because the individual bullets are particularly deadly. In semi-automatic civilian weapons, which have a much slower rate of fire, this advantage in lethality is significantly reduced. Some states ban the use of the most common chambering, .223 Remington / 5.56 x 45 mm NATO, for hunting deer as it is underpowered for that purpose.

Supporters and detractors

There are a wide variety of opinions concerning the appropriateness of legislative attempts to ban assault weapons and the suitability of these weapons for private ownership. This section merely attempts to provide the reader with some of the more widely held viewpoints for further consideration.

Those who support legislative attempts to ban guns, including but not limited to groups such as the Brady Campaign and the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, are highly critical of the private ownership of these weapons. They hold that assault weapons are designed to maximize lethal effects through a rapid rate of fire and by being spray-fired from the hip. They further contend that because of their design, a shooter can maintain control of an assault weapon even while firing many rounds in rapid succession, and thus, assault weapons pose an especially serious threat to public safety and should be banned. They also believe that all Americans have the right to be safe from gun violence; the availability and lethality of guns, and especially assault weapons, make death or severe injury more likely in domestic violence, criminal activity, suicide attempts, and unintentional shootings; and that it is possible to reduce the number of deaths and injuries caused by gun violence in general with reasonable, common sense policy, but especially through banning assault weapons. Many who oppose weapons of all kinds, but especially assault weapons, contend that there is no need in modern society for weapons, and that weapons only serve to escalate hostile situations, such as in hostage-taking or spree killings.

Those who oppose attempts to ban "assault weapons", including groups such as the National Rifle Association and Gun Owners of America, hold that the statutory laws defining "assault weapons" describe cosmetic appearances, only. As such, the operating characteristics of, and the firepower of these weapons is not significantly different from many other firearms having a different appearance. To bolster this argument, it is often pointed out that many weapons commonly classified as "assault weapons", such as semi-automatic versions of military assault rifles, use smaller calibers and less-powerful ammunition than many legal hunting rifles. They also suggest that these weapons are generally suitable for target shooting, collecting, and when necessary, civil and self defense (for example, to defend life and property during civil disturbances and emergencies when law enforcement services are not available, as evidenced in their successful usage by Korean-American store owners during the 1992 Los Angeles riots). They further contend that these types of weapons are not frequently used in crime, as evidenced by US Department of Justice statistics. Authors supporting gun rights such as Kenneth W. Royce additionally counter the "rapid rate of fire and spray-fired from the hip" beliefs by stating that rapid rates of fire do not necessarily increase the lethal effects of weapons, but all too often serve only to "convert money into noise" at a more rapid rate. The end result, according to such authors, is that "assault weapons" only pose an apparent threat to public safety through their appearance, and banning them is for purely political reasons, and not for increasing public safety. Many who oppose attempts to ban assault weapons also assert that the right of Americans to possess them is guaranteed by the Second Amendment. The Supreme Court case United States v. Miller held that, in fact, the purpose of the Second Amendment is specifically to protect civilian ownership of weapons suitable for military use.

Women's groups, such as Second Amendment Sisters and Women Against Gun Control, do not support any legislation or policy that limits the rights guaranteed by the Second Amendment. They consider self defense to be a basic human right, since U.S. citizens are guaranteed the right to life and therefore have the right to protect that life. They advocate for women and others whose only reasonable means of self defense is a firearm. Many of the features the anti-gun groups seek to use to define "assault weapons" are the very features that make these firearms usable and safe for this population.

See also

• Assault rifle
• Federal Assault Weapons Ban
• National Firearms Act
• Military-Style Semi-Automatic

References

• "Marines Quiet about Brutal New Weapon" by David Hambling, DefenseTech.org
• "DRAGON", Redstone Arsenal, AL
• "What is an Assault Rifle?" by William Sanders, SFF Net
• "Armed to the Teeth: Assault Weapons System" by Eric Daniel, Military.com
• "2005 U.S. Army Weapons System Handbook", Federation of American Scientists