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m →‎Locations associated with the Cailleach: standardizing format a bit
→‎Galicia: The stuff on migration patterns and geography is undue weight. Put it in a section in the Galicia article. I'm leaving some of this, but much seems dubious to me.
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===Galicia===
===Galicia===
Following the Celtic expansion in Europe, Celtic language left many traces in the continent.<ref name="Freire">Freire, José (1999): [http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RGVE1999_015.pdf "A Toponímia Céltica e os vestígios de cultura material da Proto-História de Portugal"], in ''Revista de Guimarães'', volume especial, I, Guimarães pp. 265-275. - Access date 17-11-2008</ref><ref>Omnès, Robert (1999): "Le Substrat celtique en galicien et en castillan", in ''Les Celtes et la Péninsule Ibérique : actes du colloque international'', Brest 6-7-8 novembre 1997 / publiés sous la direction d'Yvon Cousquer, H. Jaime et R. Omnès. Centre de Recherche Bretonne et Celtique, pp. 247-268.</ref> Linked to this, it is considered that present day [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in the north-west of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], receives its name from the Cailleach.<ref name="Murguia">Murguía, Manuel (1968): "Etimología del nombre de Galicia", in ''Irmandade'', no. 32, p. 8</ref><ref name="Alberro">Alberro, Manuel (2004): ''Os Celtas da antiga Gallaecia''. Toxosoutos, Noia, A Coruña</ref><ref name="Magarinhos">Magarinhos, Luis (2005) [http://agal-gz.org/portugaliza/numero0/boletim00nova05.htm "Sobre a origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza"], from the journal ''Portugaliza''. Access date 17-11-2008</ref> Historians tend to agree that when the [[Roman Empire]] initiated the conquest of Galicia they did so entering from the south, from [[Lusitania]], and then marching forward to the north.<ref>Rodríguez Figueiredo, Modesto (1973): "Cale e a espedición de Decio Iunio Bruto pola Galiza", in ''Cuadernos de estudios gallegos'', vol. 28, issue 85, pp. 248-259, Santiago de Compostela</ref> According to the chronicles, the first Celtic tribe to present battle were called ''Callaeci''. This seems to be a [[Latin]] adaptation of what Romans described to be "the worshippers of Cailleach".<ref>Luján, Eugenio R. (2000): "Ptolemy's 'Callaecia' and the language(s) of the 'Callaeci', in ''Ptolemy: towards a linguistic atlas of the earliest Celtic place-names of Europe : papers from a workshop sponsored by the British Academy'', Dept. of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11-12 April 1999, pp. 55-72.Parsons and Patrick Sims-Williams editors.</ref> Thus, it also implies that for the old inhabitants of Galicia the Cailleach was most probably considered to be a goddess.<ref name="Alberro"/><ref>Paredes, Xoán (2000): "Curiosities across the Atlantic: a brief summary of some of the Irish-Galician classical folkloric similarities nowadays. Galician singularities for the Irish", in ''Chimera'', Dept. of Geography, University College Cork, Ireland</ref>
Some believe that present day [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], in the north-west of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], receives its name from the Cailleach.<ref name="Murguia">Murguía, Manuel (1968): "Etimología del nombre de Galicia", in ''Irmandade'', no. 32, p. 8</ref><ref name="Alberro">Alberro, Manuel (2004): ''Os Celtas da antiga Gallaecia''. Toxosoutos, Noia, A Coruña</ref><ref name="Magarinhos">Magarinhos, Luis (2005) [http://agal-gz.org/portugaliza/numero0/boletim00nova05.htm "Sobre a origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza"], from the journal ''Portugaliza''. Access date 17-11-2008</ref> According to the chronicles, the first Celtic tribe to battle the invading Romans were called ''Callaeci'' - believed by some to be a [[Latin]] adaptation of "the worshippers of Cailleach",<ref>Luján, Eugenio R. (2000): "Ptolemy's 'Callaecia' and the language(s) of the 'Callaeci', in ''Ptolemy: towards a linguistic atlas of the earliest Celtic place-names of Europe : papers from a workshop sponsored by the British Academy'', Dept. of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11-12 April 1999, pp. 55-72.Parsons and Patrick Sims-Williams editors.</ref> and implying that the ancient inhabitants of Galicia considered the Cailleach a goddess.<ref name="Alberro"/><ref>Paredes, Xoán (2000): "Curiosities across the Atlantic: a brief summary of some of the Irish-Galician classical folkloric similarities nowadays. Galician singularities for the Irish", in ''Chimera'', Dept. of Geography, University College Cork, Ireland</ref>


⚫
The reason why the Romans decided to name the entire province Callaecia / Gallaecia, the "land of the Callaeci", remains unknown. After all the Callaeci were just one specific tribe in that area. Some authors entertain the idea that the name may have been taken from the Greek term used for these "worshippers of Cailleach", ''Kallaikoi'' (''καλλαικoι''), as Greek traders allegedly arrived to the southern Galician coasts before the Romans.<ref>[http://193.147.33.52/amergin/index.php?page=ireland-in-galicia ''Ireland in Galicia''], by the [http://193.147.33.52/amergin/index.php?page=what-is-amergin Amergin University Institute of Research in Irish Studies], [[University of A Coruña]]. Access date 17-11-2008</ref>
The exact location of the Callaeci was named ''Cale'', nowadays city of [[Porto]]. Namely, Cale was the settlement (''[[castro culture|castro]]'') up hill, with a port down by river [[Douro]]. In this fashion, Romans would distinguish between Cale (settlement), Callaeci (inhabitants) and Portus Cale (the port of Cale). The entire region eventually became a Roman province, with the name of [[Gallaecia]] (initially ''C''allaecia). Portus Cale would later derive in ''Portucale'', hence [[Portugal]], as the country took the name from the Portucale county in the twelveth century. The city maintained the Port(us>o).<ref name="Magarinhos"/>
⚫
The reason why the Romans decided to name the entire province Callaecia / Gallaecia, the "land of the Callaeci", remains unknown. After all the Callaeci were just one specific tribe settled in a specific location. Thus, the largest Celtic tribe in the region were to be found up north, around the area of present day [[A Coruña]], the ''Artabri'' (Artabrians), to whom the myth of the [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]] is often related. One possible explanation is that they just took the name of the first tribe they encountered, with no further considerations.<ref name="Magarinhos"/> Some authors entertain the idea that the name may had been taken from the Greek term used for these "worshippers of Cailleach", ''Kallaikoi'' (''καλλαικoι''), as Greek traders allegedly arrived to the southern Galician coasts before the Romans.<ref>[http://193.147.33.52/amergin/index.php?page=ireland-in-galicia ''Ireland in Galicia''], by the [http://193.147.33.52/amergin/index.php?page=what-is-amergin Amergin University Institute of Research in Irish Studies], [[University of A Coruña]]. Access date 17-11-2008</ref>


The evolution of the word from Celtic to Latin, and later to [[Galician language|Galician]], is commonly presented as: Cailleach > Cale / Callaeci / Callaecia > Gallaecia > Galécia > Galicia / Galiza (both Galicia and Galiza are used). The transformation of ''C'' into ''G'' has to do with the own characteristics of the Latin introduced in the area and how it mixed with the pre-existing languages, a combination which would eventually give place to the [[Galician-Portuguese]] language.<ref name="Freire"/><ref>[http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/gramhist/fonetica.html "Fonética Histórica"], in ''História da Língua Portuguesa'', maintained by Instituto Camões. Access date 17-11-2008</ref>
The evolution of the word from Celtic to Latin, and later to [[Galician language|Galician]], is commonly presented as: Cailleach > Cale / Callaeci / Callaecia > Gallaecia > Galécia > Galicia / Galiza (both Galicia and Galiza are used). The transformation of ''C'' into ''G'' is due to the characteristics of the Latin introduced in the area and how it mixed with the pre-existing languages, a combination which would eventually give place to the [[Galician-Portuguese]] language.<ref name="Freire"/><ref>[http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/gramhist/fonetica.html "Fonética Histórica"], in ''História da Língua Portuguesa'', maintained by Instituto Camões. Access date 17-11-2008</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 00:28, 15 August 2009

Ceann na Cailleach ('Hag's Head'), the southernmost tip of the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare. One of many locations named for the Cailleach.[1]

In Irish and Scottish mythology, the Cailleach (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkalʲəx], Irish plural [cailleacha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkalʲəxə], Scottish Gaelic plural [cailleachan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) /kaʎəxən/), also known as the Cailleach Bheur, is a divine hag, a creatrix, and possibly an ancestral deity or deified ancestor. The word simply means 'old woman' in modern Scottish Gaelic,[2] and has been applied to numerous mythological figures in Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man.[3]

Legends

Ben Cruachan, highest point in Argyll and Bute, home of the Cailleach nan Cruachan

In Scotland, where she was described by D A MacKenzie in 1917 as Beira, Queen of Winter, she is credited with making numerous mountains and large hills, which are said to have been formed when she was striding across the land and accidentally dropped rocks from her apron. In other cases she is said to have built the mountains intentionally, to serve as her stepping stones. She carries a hammer for shaping the hills and valleys, and is said to be the mother of all the goddesses and gods.[4]

The Cailleach evinces many traits fitting for the personified Winter: she herds deer, she fights Spring, and her staff freezes the ground.[5]

In partnership with the goddess Brìghde, the Cailleach is seen as a seasonal deity or spirit, ruling the winter months between Samhuinn (November 1) and Bealltainn (May 1), while Brìghde rules the summer months between Bealltainn and Samhuinn.[6] Some interpretations have the Cailleach and Brìghde as two faces of the same goddess,[6] while others describe the Cailleach as turning to stone on Bealltainn and reverting back to humanoid form on Samhuinn in time to rule over the winter months. Depending on local climate, the transfer of power between the winter goddess and the summer goddess is celebrated any time between Là Fhèill Brìghde (February 1) at the earliest, Latha na Cailliche (March 25), or Bealltainn (May 1) at the latest, and the local festivals marking the arrival of the first signs of spring may be named after either the Cailleach or Brìghde.[6]

Là Fhèill Brìghde is also the day the Cailleach gathers her firewood for the rest of the winter. Legend has it that if she intends to make the winter last a good while longer, she will make sure the weather on February 1 is bright and sunny, so she can gather plenty of firewood to keep herself warm in the coming months.[3] As a result, people are generally relieved if February 1 is a day of foul weather, as it means the Cailleach is asleep, will soon run out of firewood, and therefore winter is almost over.[3] On the Isle of Man, where She is known as Caillagh ny Groamagh, the Cailleach is said to have been seen on St. Bride's day in the form of a gigantic bird, carrying sticks in her beak.[3]

In Scotland, The Cailleachan (lit. 'old women') are also known as The Storm Hags, and seen as personifications of the elemental powers of nature, especially in a destructive aspect. They are said to be particularly active in raising the windstorms of spring, during the period known as A' Chailleach.[6][7]

The Corryvreckan whirpool (Scottish Gaelic: Coirebhreacain - 'cauldron of the plaid') washtub of the Cailleach

On the west coast of Scotland, the Cailleach ushers in winter by washing her great plaid in the Whirlpool of Coire Bhreacain. This process is said to take three days, during which the roar of the coming tempest is heard as far away as twenty miles (32 km) inland. When she is finished, her plaid is pure white and snow covers the land.[6]

In Scotland and Ireland, the first farmer to finish the grain harvest made a corn dolly, representing The Cailleach (also called "the Carlin or Carline"[8]), from the last sheaf of the crop. The figure would then be tossed into the field of a neighbor who had not yet finished bringing in their grain. The last farmer to finish had the responsibility to take in and care for the corn dolly for the next year, with the implication they'd have to feed and house the hag all winter. Competition was fierce to avoid having to take in the Old Woman.[9]

Some scholars believe the Old Irish poem, 'The Lament of the Old Woman of Beare' is about the Cailleach; Kuno Meyer states, '...she had fifty foster-children in Beare. She had seven periods of youth one after another, so that every man who had lived with her came to die of old age, and her grandsons and great-grandsons were tribes and races.'[10][11]

Etymology

The word cailleach (in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, 'old woman')[2][12] comes from the Old Irish caillech ('veiled one'), which probably has the same origin as the Latin pallium ('cloak').[13] The word is found as a component in terms like the Gaelic cailleach-dhubh ('nun') and cailleach-oidhche ('owl'),[2] as well as the Irish cailleach feasa ('wise woman', 'fortune-teller') and cailleach phiseogach ('sorceress', 'charm-worker').

Related words include the Gaelic caileag ('young woman', 'girl')[2] and the Lowland Scots carline/carlin ('old woman', 'witch').[14] A more obscure word that is sometimes interpreted as 'hag' is the Irish síle, which has led some to speculate on a connection between the Cailleach and the stonecarvings of Sheela na Gigs.[14][15]

Locations associated with the Cailleach

Loch Awe (Scottish Gaelic, Loch Obha), created by Cailleach nan Cruachan

The Cailleach is prominent in the landscape of Argyll and Bute, Scotland. In later tales she is known as the Cailleach nan Cruachan ("the witch of Ben Cruachan"). Ben Cruachan is the tallest mountain in the region. Tea-towels and postcards of her are sold in the visitor shop for the Hollow Mountain, which also features a mural depicting her accidental creation of Loch Awe.[16]

Legend has it that the Cailleach was tired from a long day herding deer. Atop Ben Cruachan she fell asleep on her watch and a well she was tending overflowed, running down from the highlands and flooding the valleys below, forming first a river and then the loch.[16][17] The overflowing well is a common motif in local Gaelic creation tales - as seen in the goddess Boann's similar creation of the River Boyne in Ireland.[18] Other connections to the region include her above-mentioned strong ties with the fierce whirlpool in the Gulf of Corryvreckan.[6]

Beinn na Caillich on the Isle of Skye is one of her haunts, as are other mountains which are prominent in the landscape, and from which fierce storms of sleet and rain descend, wreaking havoc and destruction upon the lands below.[6]

In Ireland she is also associated with craggy, prominent mountains and outcroppings, such as Hag's Head (Irish: Ceann na Cailleach) the southernmost tip of the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare.[1] The megalithic tombs at Loughcrew, which predate the arrival of the Gaelic language to Ireland, are situated atop Slieve na Calliagh (the "hag's hill").

Galicia

Some believe that present day Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, receives its name from the Cailleach.[19][20][21] According to the chronicles, the first Celtic tribe to battle the invading Romans were called Callaeci - believed by some to be a Latin adaptation of "the worshippers of Cailleach",[22] and implying that the ancient inhabitants of Galicia considered the Cailleach a goddess.[20][23]

The reason why the Romans decided to name the entire province Callaecia / Gallaecia, the "land of the Callaeci", remains unknown. After all the Callaeci were just one specific tribe in that area. Some authors entertain the idea that the name may have been taken from the Greek term used for these "worshippers of Cailleach", Kallaikoi (καλλαικoι), as Greek traders allegedly arrived to the southern Galician coasts before the Romans.[24]

The evolution of the word from Celtic to Latin, and later to Galician, is commonly presented as: Cailleach > Cale / Callaeci / Callaecia > Gallaecia > Galécia > Galicia / Galiza (both Galicia and Galiza are used). The transformation of C into G is due to the characteristics of the Latin introduced in the area and how it mixed with the pre-existing languages, a combination which would eventually give place to the Galician-Portuguese language.[25][26]

See also

References and footnotes

General references
  • Carmichael, Alexander (1992). Carmina Gadelica. Lindisfarne Press. ISBN 0-940262-50-9
  • Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-207-7
  • Danaher, Kevin (1962). The Year in Ireland. Irish Books & Media. ISBN 0-937702-13-7
  • Hull, Eleanor. "Legends and Traditions of the Cailleach Bheara or Old Woman (Hag) of Beare" in Folklore, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Sep. 30, 1927), pp. 225–254
  • MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1
  • McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol. 1 -4. William MacLellan, Glasgow
  • Ó Crualaoich, Gearóid (2003). The Book of the Cailleach: Stories of the Wise-Woman Healer. Cork University Press. ISBN 1-85918-372-7
Specific references and notes
  1. ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia (2004) The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit. New World Library. ISBN 1577314581 p.23: "We see her silhouette on Ceann na Cailleach, "Hag's Head", the most southerly of the Cliffs of Moher"
  2. ^ a b c d Robertson, Boyd (2004). Gaelic Dictionary. Hodder Education, Teach Yourself Series. p. 24-25. ISBN 0-07-142667-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Briggs, Katharine (1976) An Encyclopedia of Fairies. New York, Pantheon Books. pp. 57-60
  4. ^ Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1917). "Beira, Queen of Winter" in Wonder Tales from Scottish Myth and Legend"
  5. ^ Briggs, K. M. (1967). The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature. London: University of Chicago Press. p. 40. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.2: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Candlemas to Harvest Home. Glasgow: William MacLellan. pp. 20–1. ISBN 0-85335-162-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  7. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.1: Scottish Folklore and Folk-Belief. Glasgow: William MacLellan. p. 119. ISBN 0-85335-161-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  8. ^ Frazer, The Golden Bough 1922, ch. 45.
  9. ^ McNeill, Vol.2 (1959) pp.119-124
  10. ^ Meyer, Kuno (1994 (orig. 1913)). Ancient Irish Poetry. London: Constable and Co. pp. 90–3. ISBN 0094733805. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  11. ^ Ó Crualaoich, Gearóid (2003). The Book of the Cailleach: Stories of the Wise-Woman Healer. Cork: Cork University Press. pp. 48–52. ISBN 1-85918-372-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  12. ^ Ó Dónaill, Niall (1992). Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla. Éireann: Mount Salus Press. p. 172. ISBN 1-85791-037-0.
  13. ^ Macbain, Alexander (1998) Etymological Dictionary Of Scottish-Gaelic. New York, Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0632-1 p.63
  14. ^ a b Ross, Davie (1999). Scots-English English-Scots Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Pres. p. 21. ISBN 0-7818-0779-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |co-authors= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "Ross" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Freitag, Dr Barbara (2004) Sheela-na-gigs: Unravelling an Enigma. Routledge ISBN 0415345537
  16. ^ a b 'The Legend of Cruachan', from the Ben Cruachan visitor's website. Access date 21-11-2007
  17. ^ 'Cailleach Bheur' from the Mysterious Britain website. Access date 21-11-2007
  18. ^ MacKillop, James (1998) Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1 p.45
  19. ^ Murguía, Manuel (1968): "Etimología del nombre de Galicia", in Irmandade, no. 32, p. 8
  20. ^ a b Alberro, Manuel (2004): Os Celtas da antiga Gallaecia. Toxosoutos, Noia, A Coruña
  21. ^ Magarinhos, Luis (2005) "Sobre a origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza", from the journal Portugaliza. Access date 17-11-2008
  22. ^ Luján, Eugenio R. (2000): "Ptolemy's 'Callaecia' and the language(s) of the 'Callaeci', in Ptolemy: towards a linguistic atlas of the earliest Celtic place-names of Europe : papers from a workshop sponsored by the British Academy, Dept. of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11-12 April 1999, pp. 55-72.Parsons and Patrick Sims-Williams editors.
  23. ^ Paredes, Xoán (2000): "Curiosities across the Atlantic: a brief summary of some of the Irish-Galician classical folkloric similarities nowadays. Galician singularities for the Irish", in Chimera, Dept. of Geography, University College Cork, Ireland
  24. ^ Ireland in Galicia, by the Amergin University Institute of Research in Irish Studies, University of A Coruña. Access date 17-11-2008
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Freire was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ "Fonética Histórica", in História da Língua Portuguesa, maintained by Instituto Camões. Access date 17-11-2008

External links

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