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* [[Subtle body]] - the [[Etheric Body]] and [[Astral Body]] in [[Theosophy]]
* [[Subtle body]] - the [[Etheric Body]] and [[Astral Body]] in [[Theosophy]]


===Spiritual Healing===
===Spiritual or Faith Healing===
{{main|Faith healing}}
Spiritual healing is based on the belief that a healer is able to channel ''healing energy'' into the person seeking help by different methods.<ref name=macmillan/> This may sometimes be perceived as a feeling of [[heat]]<ref name=Times>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/alternative_medicine/article4317985.ece|author=Jules Evans | title=Spiritual healing on the NHS? | publisher=The Times|date=July 14 2008}}</ref> but this sensation could also derive from the heat radiating from the healers' body. While healing techniques may improve survival rates, this could be ascribed to many factors that do not require the existence of any "energy" or "spirit". A 2008 paper defined "spiritual healing" as possibly involving an "as yet unrecognized" form of energy and concluded that it may be cost-effective and indicated a need for further research.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=88|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | year=1995 | pages=203–207 | title=Is spiritual healing a valid and effective therapy? | author=Hodges, RD and Scofield, AM | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1295164/}}</ref> Further research in the form of a randomized clinical trial investigated the efficacy of healing (both at a distance and face-to-face) on the treatment of chronic pain in 120 patients. Healers were observed by "simulated healers" who then mimiced the healers movements on a control group while silently counting backwards in fives. The study found a decrease in pain in all patient groups but "no statistically significant differences between healing and control groups ... it was concluded that a specific effect of face-to-face or distant healing on chronic pain could not be demonstrated."<ref name=Abbot>{{cite journal|title=Spiritual healing as a therapy for chronic pain: a randomized, clinical trial|authors=Abbot, NC, Harkness, EF, Stevinson, C, Marshall, FP, Conn, DA and Ernst, E. | journal=Pain | volume=91 | issue=1-2 | year=2001 | pages=79-89}}</ref>

[[Shamanism]] can be considered an early form of Spiritual Healing in that a belief in spirits was incorporated into healing practices, by people now known as ''[[witchdoctor]]s''. By the Middle Ages, healing had become associated with witchcraft, the punishment for which included burning at the stake. During the course of 600 years from approximately 1200 A.D., at least 4 million women were killed.<ref>{{Cite book| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XLQ8X67PozAC&lpg=PA20&dq=history%20of%20%22spiritual%20healing%22&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20%22spiritual%20healing%22&f=false |title=The Complete Idiots guide to spiritual healing|author=Susan Gregg}}</ref>

Spiritual Healing is listed on the website of the charity [[Macmillan Cancer Support]], where it is classified as a "mind therapy". Macmillan say that healing "may be able to help people feel better and reduce symptoms or emotional distress ... or ... reduce side effects caused by cancer treatment.<ref name="macmillan">[http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertreatment/Complementarytherapies/Typesoftherapies/Mindtherapies.aspx Mind Therapies] Macmillan Cancer Support</ref> Unlike [[faith healing]], the religion of the patient or healer is not considered relevant.<ref name=Times/>


==Other systems==
==Other systems==

Revision as of 10:41, 15 September 2010

"Subtle energy" redirects here. For For the mystical concept of psychospiritual bodies overlaying the physical body, see Subtle body, see Subtle energy (disambiguation).
File:Respiracao.jpg
Spiritual practices and ideas often equate life-energy with the breath

Energy is the only life and is from the Body and Reason is the bound or outward circumference of Energy. Energy is Eternal Delight.

William Blake (1793), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

The term energy has been widely used by writers and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine[1][2] to refer to a variety of phenomena, sometimes supposed to be directly perceptible to some observers, who have usually undergone some form of training or initiation.[citation needed] This 'energy' is sometimes conceived of as a universal life force running within and between all things, and in other cases it is seen as a more localized phenomenon, such as in vitalism, subtle bodies, or somatic energies such as qi, prana, or kundalini.[3] Spiritual energy is often closely associated with the metaphor of life as breath - the words 'qi', 'prana', and 'spirit', for instance, are all related in their respective languages to the verb 'to breathe'. It is also often seen as a continuum that unites body and mind.

The experience of spiritual energy is described differently depending on the tradition or practice in question. Sometimes it is described as a physical sensation similar to the movement of breath in the body, sometimes as visible "auras", "rays", or "fields", sometimes as audible or tactile "vibrations".[4] As a rule, these experiences are held to be available to anyone, but only after proper training or sensitization through practices which vary widely across different belief systems. Spiritual energy is also usually associated with feelings of bliss or contentment, as in the pleasurable sensations of kundalini, the ecstatic states of certain forms of meditation, and the 'oceanic feeling' discussed by western scholars such as Freud and Rolland. There is no scientific evidence of physical energies of this type.[5]

History and metaphysics

Esoteric energies have been postulated in a broad range of cultural and religious beliefs, usually as a type of Élan vital, an essence the differentiates living from non-living objects. In its most ancient forms this kind of energy is usually associated with breath, such as qi in Taoist philosophy, prana in Hindu belief, the 'breath of life' given from God to Adam in the Abrahamic creation story, and to this extent it was closely associated with conceptions of animating spirits or the human soul. This is most evident in spiritual traditions that hold beliefs about reincarnation or an afterlife. Some spiritual practices, such as Qi Gong or traditional yoga are designed to open or increase this innate energy, and the philosophy behind certain martial arts implies that these energies can be developed and focused.

In modern usage, esoteric energy has been taken up by a number of New Age spiritual practices and alternative medicine modalities. These usages often lack the more spiritual or mystical elements of traditional beliefs. Instead, they focus on the perception and manipulation of subtle experiences in the body, usually in the belief that conscious attention to the body's state will draw vital energy to the body, producing physical, psychological, and in some cases spiritual benefits.

Energy in alternative medicine

Main article: Energy medicine

The approaches known collectively as "energy therapies" vary widely in philosophy, approach, and origin. The ways in which this energy is used, modified, or manipulated to effect healing also vary. For example, acupressure involves manual stimulation of pressure-points, while some forms of yoga rely on breathing exercises. Many therapies, in regards to the given explanation for their supposed efficacy, are predicated on some form of energy unknown to current science. In this case, the given energy is sometimes referred to as putative energy.[1]

However "subtle energy" is often equated with empirically understood forces, for example, some equate the aura with electromagnetism. Such energies are termed "veritable" as opposed to "putative". Some alternative therapies, such as electromagnetic therapy, use veritable energy, though they may still make claims that are not supported by evidence. Many claims have been made by associating "spirit" with forms of energy poorly understood at the time. In the 1800s, electricity and magnetism were in the "borderlands" of science and electrical quackery was rife. In the 2000s, quantum mechanics and grand unification theory provide similar opportunities.

Insofar as the proposed properties of "subtle energy" are not those of physical energy, there can be no physical scientific evidence for the existence of such "energy".[2][6] Therapies that purport to use, modify, or manipulate unknown energies are therefore among the most controversial of all complementary and alternative medicines.[1]

Theories of spiritual energy not validated by the scientific method are usually termed non-empirical beliefs by the scientific community. Claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence.[6][7][8]

Some acupuncturists say that acupuncture's mode of action is by virtue of manipulating the natural flow of energy through hypothesized meridians. Scientists argue that any palliative effects are obtained physiologically by blocking or stimulating nerve cells and causing changes in the perception of pain in the brain.[9] However, this theory fails to account for the specificity of the locus of successful intervention.[citation needed] The gap between the empirically proven efficacy of some therapies and the lack of empirical physical evidence for the belief-systems that surround them is at present a battleground between skeptics and believers.

Vitalism and spirituality in the age of electricity

Electro-metabograph machine

The successes of the era of the Enlightenment in the treatment of energy in natural science was intimately bound up with attempts to study the energies of life, as when Luigi Galvani's neurological investigations led to the development of the Voltaic cell. Many scientists continued to think that living organisms must be constituted of special materials subject to special forces - a view which became known as vitalism. Mesmer, for example, sought an animal magnetism that was unique to life.

As microbiologists studied embryology and developmental biology, particularly before the discovery of the genes, a variety of organisational forces were posited to account for the observations. From the time of Driesch, however, the importance of "energy-fields" began to wane and the proposed forces became more mind-like.[10] Sometimes, however, as in the work of Harold Saxton Burr, the electromagnetic fields of organisms have been studied precisely as the hypothetical medium of such organisational "forces".[11]

The attempt to associate additional energetic properties with life has been all but abandoned in modern research science,[12] but, despite this, spiritual writers and thinkers have maintained connections to these ideas and continue to promote them either as useful allegories or as fact.[13]

Some early advocates of these ideas were particularly attracted to the history of the unification of electromagnetism and its implications for the storage, transference, and conversion of physical energy through electric and magnetic fields. Potentials and fields were viewed after the work of James Clerk Maxwell as physical phenomena rather than mathematical abstractions. Aware of this history, spiritual writers positivistically adopted much of the language of physical science, speaking of "force fields" and "biological energy". Concepts such as the "life force", "physiological gradient", and "élan vital" that emerged from the spiritualist movement would inspire later thinkers in the modern New Age movement.[14]

Modern western psychotherapies

See also: Psychodynamics and Energy (psychological)

These are therapeutic approaches that depend on the idea of "energy". The following are mostly neo-Reichian therapies that aim to release emotional tension from the body;

Parapsychology

These pages do not cover all of parapsychology, but only those that are concerned with some "energy". Some effects studied in that discipline, such as telepathy and dowsing at a distance, are by nature attempting to go beyond normal time-space, so these are excluded.

Chinese vitalism

The traditional explanation of acupuncture states that it works by manipulating the circulation of qi energy through a network of meridians. There is no scientific evidence for these so, to the extent that acupuncture is regarded as efficacious in western medicine, its effects are usually described as palliative and obtained physiologically by blocking or stimulating nerve cells and causing changes in the perception of pain in the brain.[9] However the idea of qi is not confined to medicine, as it appears throughout traditional east Asian culture, for example, in the art of Feng Shui, in Chinese martial arts and spiritual tracts.

Indian vitalism

Spiritual or Faith Healing

Main article: Faith healing

Other systems

Dowsing and "Earth energy"

Some dowsers talk about "earth rays".

Movies and entertainment

Scientific references

The activity of biological and astronomical systems inevitably generates magnetic and electrical fields, which can be measured with sensitive instruments and which have at times been suggested as a basis for "esoteric" ideas of energy, an idea already found, for example, in the use of the magnetic compass in Feng shui.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c The 'National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2006-10-13). "Energy Medicine Overview".
  2. ^ a b Kimball C. Atwood (2003). "Ongoing Problem with the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine". Skeptical Inquirer magazine. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ energy
  4. ^ e.g. Playfair G.L. and Hill S., "The Cycles of Heaven", Pan Books 1978 p.12 "We discuss the fascinating new concept of man's "energy body" and its radiations, and how it may be interacting with its energetic surroundings.." See also ibid. Ch12 passim.
  5. ^ Victor Stenger (2001). "The Breath of God: Identifying Spiritual Energy" (PDF). Skeptical Odysseys. Prometheus Books: 363–74.
  6. ^ a b Robert Todd Carroll. "Skeptic's Dictionary: Energy". Skepdic.
  7. ^ Stephen Barrett (February 15, 2002). "Some Notes on Wilhelm Reich, M.D". Quackwatch.
  8. ^ William T. Jarvis (1999). "Reiki". The National Council Against Health Fraud.
  9. ^ a b "Get the Facts, Acupuncture". National Institute of Health. 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2006. Cite error: The named reference "NCCAM2006-Acupuncture" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ Lois N. Magner, A history of the life sciences: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, CRC Press, 2002
  11. ^ Blueprint for Immortality The Electric Patterns of Life, H.S.Burr, Neville Spearman, London, 1972. Foreword.
  12. ^ Vitalism. Bechtel W, Richardson RC (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. E. Craig (Ed.), London: Routledge.
  13. ^ Jonas, WB; Crawford, CC (2003 Mar-April). "Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality". Altern-Ther-Health-Med. 9 (2): Jonas,-W-B; Crawford,-C-C. PMID 12652884. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  14. ^ Bruce Clarke. (November 8, 2001). Energy Forms: Allegory and Science in the Era of Classical Thermodynamics. University of Michigan Press. p. Clarke, Bruce. ISBN 0472111744.
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