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At [[E3]] 1999, [[Bungie]] unveiled a [[real-time strategy]] game called ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved|Halo]]''; the following E3 (2000), an overhauled [[3rd person shooter]] version of the game was displayed. After Bungie was bought by [[Microsoft]], later in 2000, the game was again revamped and released as a first person shooter, one of the [[Launch game|launch titles]] for Microsoft's [[Xbox]] console. ''Halo'' was a runaway critical and commercial success and is considered a premier console first person shooter. It featured narrative and level design inspired by ''Half-Life'' and also received acclaim for its characters, both the protagonist, [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] and its [[Covenant (Halo)|alien antagonists]]. Its sequel, ''[[Halo 2]]'' (2004), brought the popularity of online-gaming to the console market through the medium of [[Xbox Live]], on which it was the most played game for nearly 2 years.<ref name="guidetofps" /> ''Metroid Prime,'' released in 2002 for the [[Nintendo GameCube]], was another highly acclaimed console first person shooter, which incorporated [[Action-adventure game|action adventure]] elements such as [[jumping puzzle]]s.<ref name="guidetofps"/>
At [[E3]] 1999, [[Bungie]] unveiled a [[real-time strategy]] game called ''[[Halo: Combat Evolved|Halo]]''; the following E3 (2000), an overhauled [[3rd person shooter]] version of the game was displayed. After Bungie was bought by [[Microsoft]], later in 2000, the game was again revamped and released as a first person shooter, one of the [[Launch game|launch titles]] for Microsoft's [[Xbox]] console. ''Halo'' was a runaway critical and commercial success and is considered a premier console first person shooter. It featured narrative and level design inspired by ''Half-Life'' and also received acclaim for its characters, both the protagonist, [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] and its [[Covenant (Halo)|alien antagonists]]. Its sequel, ''[[Halo 2]]'' (2004), brought the popularity of online-gaming to the console market through the medium of [[Xbox Live]], on which it was the most played game for nearly 2 years.<ref name="guidetofps" /> ''Metroid Prime,'' released in 2002 for the [[Nintendo GameCube]], was another highly acclaimed console first person shooter, which incorporated [[Action-adventure game|action adventure]] elements such as [[jumping puzzle]]s.<ref name="guidetofps"/>


''[[Battlefield 1942]]'', a World War II shooter released in 2002, featured large scale battles and allowed players to use vehicles such as airplanes and tanks.<ref name= "guidetofps"/> Released the following year, ''[[Planetside]]'' allowed hundreds of players at once to compete in a [[persistent world]] and was promoted as the world's first massively multiplayer online first person shooter.<ref>[http://uk.games.ign.com/articles/400/400835p1.html The Worlds First MMOFPS is nearly complete], ''IGN'', May 20, 2003, Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref> ''[[Doom III]]'', released in 2004, placed a greater emphasis on horror themes and frightening the player than previous games in the series. The game was a critically acclaimed best seller,<ref>[http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/doom-3/ Doom 3 (PC)], ''GameSpy'', Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref><ref>Fahey, Rob, [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/ukcharts_170804 UK Charts: Doom 3 scores first 2004 No.1 for PC platform], ''EuroGamer'', Aug 17, 2004, Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref> though some commentators felt the game lacked gameplay substance and innovation and instead put too much emphasis on impressive graphics.<ref name="levine"/> In 2005, a [[film]] based on the ''Doom'' games was released featuring a scene emulating the viewpoint and action of a first person shooter game; it was however critically derided as deliberately unintelligent and gratuitously violent.<ref>Lyttle, John, [http://www.newstatesman.com/200512050036 John Lyttle - Shoot 'em up], ''New Statesman'', Dec 5, 2005, Accessed Mar 7, 2009</ref> ''[[Bioshock]]'' was acclaimed by some commentators as the best game of 2007 for its artistry, narrative and innovation.<ref>Fitzpatrick, Paul, "Bioshock", ''PlayStation Official Magazine UK'', Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 90-91</ref><ref>Cowen, Nick, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3355401/The-top-10-video-games-of-2007.html The top 10 video games of 2007], ''The Telegraph'', Dec 6, 2007, Accessed Mar 8, 2009</ref><ref>Hoggins, Tom, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3358016/Why-videogamers-are-artists-at-heart.html Why videogamers are artists at heart], ''The Telegraph'', Nov 10, 2008, Accessed Mar 8, 2009</ref> Games such as ''[[Crysis]]'' (2007) and ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' (2008) broke new ground in terms of graphics and large, open-ended level design.<ref name="guidetofps"/><ref>Hurley, Leon, "Far Cry 2", ''PlayStation Official Magazine UK'', Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 98-100</ref> As of 2006, in terms of revenue for publishers, the first person shooter was one of the biggest and fastest growing video game genres.<ref>Cifaldi, Frank, [http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8241 Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers], ''GamaSutra,'' Feb 21, 2006, Accessed Feb 23, 2009</ref>
''[[Battlefield 1942]]'', a World War II shooter released in 2002, featured large scale battles and allowed players to use vehicles such as airplanes and tanks.<ref name= "guidetofps"/> Released the following year, ''[[Planetside]]'' allowed hundreds of players at once to compete in a [[persistent world]] and was promoted as the world's first massively multiplayer online first person shooter.<ref>[http://uk.games.ign.com/articles/400/400835p1.html The Worlds First MMOFPS is nearly complete], ''IGN'', May 20, 2003, Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref> ''[[Doom III]]'', released in 2004, placed a greater emphasis on horror themes and frightening the player than previous games in the series. The game was a critically acclaimed best seller,<ref>[http://uk.pc.gamespy.com/pc/doom-3/ Doom 3 (PC)], ''GameSpy'', Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref><ref>Fahey, Rob, [http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/ukcharts_170804 UK Charts: Doom 3 scores first 2004 No.1 for PC platform], ''EuroGamer'', Aug 17, 2004, Accessed Mar 9, 2009</ref> though some commentators felt the game lacked gameplay substance and innovation and instead put too much emphasis on impressive graphics.<ref name="levine"/> In 2005, a [[film]] based on the ''Doom'' games was released featuring a scene emulating the viewpoint and action of a first person shooter game; it was however critically derided as deliberately unintelligent and gratuitously violent.<ref>Lyttle, John, [http://www.newstatesman.com/200512050036 John Lyttle - Shoot 'em up], ''New Statesman'', Dec 5, 2005, Accessed Mar 7, 2009</ref> ''[[Bioshock]]'' was acclaimed by some commentators as the best game of 2007 for its artistry, narrative and innovation.<ref>Fitzpatrick, Paul, "Bioshock", ''PlayStation Official Magazine UK'', Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 90-91</ref><ref>Cowen, Nick, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3355401/The-top-10-video-games-of-2007.html The top 10 video games of 2007], ''The Telegraph'', Dec 6, 2007, Accessed Mar 8, 2009</ref><ref>Hoggins, Tom, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3358016/Why-videogamers-are-artists-at-heart.html Why videogamers are artists at heart], ''The Telegraph'', Nov 10, 2008, Accessed Mar 8, 2009</ref> Games such as ''[[Crysis]]'' (2007) and ''[[Far Cry 2]]'' (2008) broke new ground in terms of graphics and large, open-ended level design,<ref name="guidetofps"/><ref>Hurley, Leon, "Far Cry 2", ''PlayStation Official Magazine UK'', Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 98-100</ref> whereas games such as ''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]'' (2007), ''[[Resistance: Fall of Man]]'' (2006), its sequel ''[[Resistance 2]]'' (2008) presented increasingly refined linear levels and narratives.<ref>Ditum, Nathan, "Resistance 2", ''PlayStation Official Magazine UK'', Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 79-82</ref> As of 2006, in terms of revenue for publishers, the first person shooter was one of the biggest and fastest growing video game genres.<ref>Cifaldi, Frank, [http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8241 Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers], ''GamaSutra,'' Feb 21, 2006, Accessed Feb 23, 2009</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:00, 9 March 2009

A video game in the style of Doom, displaying the typical perspective of a first-person shooter.

First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game genre, featuring a first person perspective, with which the player views the action as if through the eyes of the protagonist and in which the primary element is combat based around shooting. The genre can also fall under the wider definition of shooter game, which in turn falls under action game. First person shooters employ both science fiction and real world settings and may feature realistic design or more stylised gameplay. From the genre's inception, advanced design elements such as 3D graphics have been utilized, and from the release of Doom onward, multiplayer gaming has been integral.

Though the first person shooter game has since been traced as far back as Maze War (development of which began in 1973 with an unknown completion date) and Spasim (completed in 1974), 1992s Wolfenstein 3D is generally credited with inventing the genre proper and is the basic template on which subsequent first person shooters are based. Doom, released the following year, was the progenitor of the genre's wider popularity and was perhaps the most important and influential first person shooter, particularly with regards to multiplayer. Half-Life, released in 1998, greatly widened the first person shooter's scope with regards to narrative and puzzles and along with its sequel (Half-Life 2, released in 2004), is one the genre's highest points to date.[1][2] 1997s GoldenEye 007 was the first landmark first person shooter for home consoles, with the Halo series becoming the most popular and critically acclaimed console titles. In the new millennium, the first person shooter is one of the most popular and fastest growing video game genres.

Definition

First-person shooters are a type of 3D shooter game,[3] featuring a first person point of view where the player sees the action as if through the eyes of the player character. The primary design element of first person shooters is combat, mainly involving firearms.[4] First person shooter may be considered a distinct genre in itself, or a type of shooter game, in turn a subgenre of the wider action game genre.[5] Subsequent to the release of the influential Doom, games in this style were commonly termed "Doom clones";[6][7] in time this term was largely replaced by "first person shooter".[7] Wolfenstein 3D, released in 1992, the year before Doom, is generally credited with inventing the genre. However, critics have since identified similar though less advanced games completed as far back as 1974.[4] There is sometimes confusion regarding exactly what design elements constitute a first person shooter. For example, games such as Deus Ex or Metroid Prime, which borrow extensively from role playing games and action adventure games respectively, are variously considered first person shooters or defined differently.[8] Some commentators may extend the definition to obliquely include games featuring combat flight simulators, as opposed to characters on foot.[4][1]

Gameplay

First person shooters often feature graphic, gory violence.

Like all shooter games, first person shooters involve an avatar, one or more ranged weapons, and a varying number of enemies.[5] However, because they take place in a 3D environment, these games tend to be somewhat more realistic than 2D shooter games, and have more accurate representations of gravity, lighting, sound, and collisions.[3] First person shooters played on personal computers use a combination of a keyboard and mouse. This system is generally considered superior to those found in console games,[9][10] which are based around two analog sticks, one used for running and sidestepping, the other for looking and aiming.[11] While first person shooters are viewed through the eyes of the protagonist, it is standard for the game to display the character's hands and weaponry on-screen.[12]

Combat and power-ups

First person shooters often focus on action gameplay, with fast-paced and bloody firefights, though some games place a greater emphasis on narrative and problem-solving puzzles.[13] In addition to shooting, melee combat may still be used extensively. In some games, melee weapons are especially powerful, a reward for the risk the player must take in maneuvering his character into close proximity to the enemy.[14] Other first-person shooters may be classified as "tactical shooters," which are more realistic, and require teamwork and strategy to succeed.[11] Tactical shooters often allow the player to command a squad of characters, which may be controlled by the game or by human teammates.[15]

These games typically give players a choice of weapons, which have a large impact on how the player will play the game.[3] Some first-person shooters have highly realistic models of real weapons, including their rate of fire, size of ammunition, and accuracy. However, they may allow players to carry many of them at the same time, with no reduction in speed or mobility. Thus, the standards of realism in first-person shooters vary between design elements.[3] The protagonist can generally be healed and re-armed by means of items such as first aid kits, simply by walking over them.[16] Some games allow players to accumulate experience points similar to those found in role-playing games, which can unlock new weapons and abilities.[17]

Level design

First person shooters may be structurally comprised of levels, or use the technique of a continuous narrative in which the game never leaves the first person perspective of the protagonist.[1] Others may feature large sandbox environments, which are not divided into levels and which player can explore freely.[18] In first person shooters, protagonists interact with the environment to varying degrees, from basics such as using doors, to problem solving puzzles based on a variety of interactive objects.[1] Environments can be damaged, also to varying degrees: one common device is the use of barrels containing explosive material, which the player can shoot, destroying them and in turn harming nearby enemies.[16] Other games feature environments which are extensively destructible, allowing for additional visual effects.[19] The game world will often make use of science fiction, historic (particularly World War II) or modern military themes, with such antagonists as aliens, monsters, terrorists and soldiers of various types.[20]

Multiplayer

First person shooters may feature a multiplayer mode, taking place on specialized levels. Some games are designed especially for multiplayer gaming in which the player competes against game-controlled characters termed "bots", and have very limited single player modes.[21] Massively multiplayer online first-person shooters allow thousands of players to compete at once.[22] Large scale multiplayer games may allow multiple squads, with leaders issuing commands along with a commander controlling the team's overall strategy.[21]

History

Early first person shooters

Later first person shooters utilize the internet for multiplayer features, but local area networks were more commonly used in early games.

The two earliest documented first person shooters were Maze War and Spasim. Maze War was the most similar to modern first person shooters, as it featured characters fighting on foot. Development of the game began some time in 1973 and was likely completed before Spasim, however its exact date of completion is unknown. Spasim had a documented debut at the University of Illinois in 1974. The game was a rudimentary space flight simulator, which featured a first-person perspective.[4] Spasim led to more detailed flight combat simulators and eventually a tank simulator, developed for the U.S. army, in the later 1970s. These games were not available to consumers however and it was not until 1980 that a tank game, Battlezone, was released in arcades. A version was released in 1983 for home computers, the first successful mass-market game featuring a first person viewpoint and some form of 3D graphics.[23]

Id Software released Hovertank 3D in 1991, a game which pioneered ray casting technology in an attempt to enable much faster gameplay than had been seen in 1980s vehicle simulation games. Afterwards, the developer was inspired to add texture mapping to their formula by then-unreleased Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss (by Looking Glass Technologies), a role-playing game featuring a first person viewpoint and an advanced graphical engine. The result was Catacomb 3-D which was ultimately released in late 1991, whereas Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss was not released until 1992. Catacomb 3-D, another first-person game, introduced the device of displaying the protagonist's hand and weapon on screen, albeit his weapons were magical spells.[23]

Popularization and standardization

Wolfenstein 3D (created by id Software and released in 1992) was an instant success and is generally credited with inventing the first person shooter genre proper.[4][1] Wolfenstein 3D used the ray casting technology pioneered in earlier games to create a revolutionary template for shooter game design, which first person shooters are still based upon today.[4][1][13] Despite its violence, Wolfenstein 3D largely escaped the controversy generated by the later Doom, although the game was banned in Germany due to its use of Nazi iconography;[24] the Nintendo version also replaced the enemy attack dogs with giant rats.[25] Apogee Software, the publisher of Wolfenstein 3D, followed up its success with Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold in 1993. The game was initially well received but sales rapidly declined in the wake of the success of id's Doom, released a week after Apogee's game.[26]

Doom, released as shareware in 1993,[13] refined Wolfenstein 3D's template by adding improved textures, variations in height (such as stairs the player's character could climb) and lighting effects such as flickering lights or patches of total darkness, creating a more believable 3D environment than Wolfensteins 3D's repetitive levels.[27] Furthermore, Doom allowed competitive matches between multiple players. These were termed "deathmatches" and the game was responsible for the word's subsequent entry into video gaming lexicon.[27] The game was wildly popular, with its multiplayer features causing problems for companies whose networks were used to play the game.[27][13] Doom is perhaps the most important first person shooter ever made: it was highly influential not only on subsequent shooter games but on video gaming in general.[27] Multiplayer gaming, which is now integral to the first person shooter genre, was first achieved successfully on a large scale with Doom.[27][1] The game has been made available on almost every video gaming system since.[13] While Doom's combination of gory violence, dark humor and hellish imagery garnered acclaim from critics,[27][28] these attributes also generated controversy from religious groups, with other commentators labelling the game a "murder simulator."[29] The game drew further controversy after it emerged the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre were fans of the game; the families of several victims later unsuccessfully attempted to sue id Software, among numerous other video game companies, for in their view inspiring the massacre.[24]

Star Wars: Dark Forces was released in 1995 after LucasArts decided Star Wars would make appropriate material for a game in the style of Doom; however, Star Wars: Dark Forces added several technical features that Doom lacked, such as the ability to crouch or look up and down.[13][6][30] Descent, (released by Parallax Software in 1995) a game in which the player pilots a spacecraft around caves and factory ducts, was the first truly three dimensional first person shooter. The game abandoned sprites and ray casting and introduced polygons and six degrees of freedom.[1][13] Apogee's Duke Nukem 3D, released in 1996, was the last successful sprite-based first person shooter. The game won acclaim for its humor, based around the stylised machismo of its protagonist, as well as its gameplay; some however found the game's (and later that of the series as a whole) treatment of women derogatory and tasteless.[13][31][24]

Polygons and Half-Life

File:AlienArena20081.jpg
Science fiction settings with alien antagonists are common themes in first person shooters; this game features superior 3D graphics to the sprites found in earlier games, such as Doom.

Shortly after the release of Duke Nukem 3D, id Software released their much anticipated game Quake, which used 3D polygons. Like Doom, Quake was an influential and genre-defining game, featuring fast paced, gory gameplay. It was centered particularly around online gaming and featured multiple match types still found in first person shooter games today; the game was also the first to have a following of gaming clans. In addition, the game attracted increased modification as well as expanding the market for video card hardware.[1][13][32]

The first passable console first person shooters were released in 1995, for Sony's Playstation. However, it was not until 1997 that the first landmark console game in the genre was released, Rare's GoldenEye 007, based on the James Bond film GoldenEye and released on the Nintendo 64. The game was highly acclaimed for its atmospheric single-player levels and well designed multiplayer maps. The game also featured the ability to aim at a precise spot on the screen, in addition to a sniper rifle and the ability to perform headshots.[1][13][33][34]

Released in 1998, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six started a popular trend of "tactical" first person shooters, though it was not the first game of its kind. The game featured a team-based, realistic design and themes based around counter-terrorism, requiring missions to be planned before execution and in which a single hit was enough to kill a character.[35][15] 1999s well designed Medal of Honor started a long running proliferation of first person shooters set during World War II.[13]

Valve's Half-Life was released in 1998. While the game was initially met with only mild anticipation, it eventually went on to become an unprecedented commercial success.[36][13] While previous first person shooters had focused on visceral gameplay with comparatively weak plots, Half-Life had a strong narrative; the game featured no cut scenes but remained in the first person perspective at all times. The game also featured innovations such as non-enemy characters and a lack of power-ups.[1] Half-Life was also acclaimed for its artificial intelligence, set of weapons and attention to detail and along with its sequel Half-Life 2 (released in 2004), is considered one of the best games in the genre.[37]

Large scale multiplayer

Starsiege: Tribes, also released in 1998, was a multiplayer online shooter allowing more than 32 players to play in a single match. The game feature team-based gameplay with a variety of specialized roles for players, as well as an unusual jet pack feature. The game was highly popular and later imitated by games such as the Battlefield series.[1][2] Id's Quake III Arena and Epic's Unreal Tournament, both released in 1999, were popular for their frenetic and accessible online multiplayer modes; both games featured very limited single player gameplay.[13] Counter-Strike was also released in 1999, a Half-Life modification with a counter-terrorism theme. The game and later updated versions of it (the latest of which is Counter Strike: Source, released in 2004) went on to become by far the most popular multiplayer first person shooters.[13] Deus Ex, released by Ion Storm in 2000, featured a levelling system similar to that found in role-playing games; it also featured multiple narratives depending on how the player completed missions and won acclaim for its serious, artistic style.[13]

At E3 1999, Bungie unveiled a real-time strategy game called Halo; the following E3 (2000), an overhauled 3rd person shooter version of the game was displayed. After Bungie was bought by Microsoft, later in 2000, the game was again revamped and released as a first person shooter, one of the launch titles for Microsoft's Xbox console. Halo was a runaway critical and commercial success and is considered a premier console first person shooter. It featured narrative and level design inspired by Half-Life and also received acclaim for its characters, both the protagonist, Master Chief and its alien antagonists. Its sequel, Halo 2 (2004), brought the popularity of online-gaming to the console market through the medium of Xbox Live, on which it was the most played game for nearly 2 years.[13] Metroid Prime, released in 2002 for the Nintendo GameCube, was another highly acclaimed console first person shooter, which incorporated action adventure elements such as jumping puzzles.[13]

Battlefield 1942, a World War II shooter released in 2002, featured large scale battles and allowed players to use vehicles such as airplanes and tanks.[13] Released the following year, Planetside allowed hundreds of players at once to compete in a persistent world and was promoted as the world's first massively multiplayer online first person shooter.[38] Doom III, released in 2004, placed a greater emphasis on horror themes and frightening the player than previous games in the series. The game was a critically acclaimed best seller,[39][40] though some commentators felt the game lacked gameplay substance and innovation and instead put too much emphasis on impressive graphics.[8] In 2005, a film based on the Doom games was released featuring a scene emulating the viewpoint and action of a first person shooter game; it was however critically derided as deliberately unintelligent and gratuitously violent.[41] Bioshock was acclaimed by some commentators as the best game of 2007 for its artistry, narrative and innovation.[42][43][44] Games such as Crysis (2007) and Far Cry 2 (2008) broke new ground in terms of graphics and large, open-ended level design,[13][45] whereas games such as Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (2007), Resistance: Fall of Man (2006), its sequel Resistance 2 (2008) presented increasingly refined linear levels and narratives.[46] As of 2006, in terms of revenue for publishers, the first person shooter was one of the biggest and fastest growing video game genres.[47]

See also

References

Template:Reflist-2

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  2. ^ a b IGN's Top 100 Games, IGN, July 25, 2005, Accessed Feb 19, 2009
  3. ^ a b c d Rollings, Andrew (2006). Fundamentals of Game Design. Prentice Hall. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "fundamentals" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f Garmon, Jay, Geek Trivia: First shots fired, TechRepublic, May 24, 2005, Accessed Feb 16, 2009
  5. ^ a b Rollings, Andrew (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders Publishing. pp. 290–296. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Turner, Benjamin & Bowen, Kevin, Bringin' in the DOOM Clones, GameSpy, Dec 11, 2003, Accessed Feb 19, 2009
  7. ^ a b Doom, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed Feb 25, 2009
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  12. ^ Lahti, Martti, "As We Become Machines: Corporealized Pleasures in Video Games", Wolf, Mark J. P. & Perron, Bernard (eds.), The Video Game Theory Reader, Routledge, p. 161
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  18. ^ Biessener, Adam, S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, Game Informer, Accessed Feb 23, 2009
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  22. ^ The Worlds First MMOFPS is nearly complete, IGN, May 5, 2003, Accessed Feb 23, 2009
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  42. ^ Fitzpatrick, Paul, "Bioshock", PlayStation Official Magazine UK, Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 90-91
  43. ^ Cowen, Nick, The top 10 video games of 2007, The Telegraph, Dec 6, 2007, Accessed Mar 8, 2009
  44. ^ Hoggins, Tom, Why videogamers are artists at heart, The Telegraph, Nov 10, 2008, Accessed Mar 8, 2009
  45. ^ Hurley, Leon, "Far Cry 2", PlayStation Official Magazine UK, Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 98-100
  46. ^ Ditum, Nathan, "Resistance 2", PlayStation Official Magazine UK, Dec 2008 (issue 25), pp. 79-82
  47. ^ Cifaldi, Frank, Analysts: FPS 'Most Attractive' Genre for Publishers, GamaSutra, Feb 21, 2006, Accessed Feb 23, 2009