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{{Sexual orientation}}
{{Sexual orientation}}
'''Homosexual transsexual''' is a controversial term used by some [[psychology|psychologists]] and [[sexology|sexologists]] to describe [[transwoman|male-to-female]] [[transsexual]] women who are exclusively or predominantly attracted to [[male]]s.<ref name="lawrence2005">{{Citation
'''Homosexual transsexual''' is the controversial term introduced by sexologist Ray Blanchard to describe [[transwoman|male-to-female]] [[transsexual]]s who are exclusively attracted to males.<ref name="lawrence2005">Lawrence, A. A., & Latty, E. M. (2005). Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,'' 135-145.</ref><ref name = leavitt1990>Leavitt, F., & Berger, J. C. (1990). Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 491-505.</ref> Key characteristics of these pesons include conspicuous cross-gender behavior in childhood. ''Homosexual transsexual'' is less frequently used to describe [[transman|female-to-male]] transsexuals who are exclusively attracted to [[female]]s.<ref name="chivers2000">Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: a comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 2000 Jun;29(3):259-78.</ref>
| last = Lawrence

| first = Anne
Blanchard used the collective term ''non-homosexual transsexuals'' to refer to male-to-female transsexuals who are sexually attracted to women, to both men and women, or to neither men nor women. Non-homosexual transsexual lack obvious cross-gender behavior in childhood, but often recall feeling different from their childhood peers.
| author-link = www.annelawrence.com

| last2 = Latty
Both terms are disliked by some male-to-female transsexuals.
| first2 = Elizabeth M
| author2-link =
| title = Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography.
| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 135-145
| date = April
| year = 2005
| url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4169645/Measurement-of-sexual-arousal-in.html
| doi = 10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z
| id = 1573-2800 }}</ref><ref name="leavitt1990">{{Citation
| last = Leavitt
| first = Frank
| author-link =
| last2 = Berger
| first2 = Jack C.
| author2-link =
| title = Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males
| journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior
| volume = 19
| issue = 5
| pages = 491-505
| date = October
| year = 1990
| url = http://www.susans.org/reference/tserotic.html
| doi = 10.1007/BF02442350
| id = 1573-2800 }}</ref> It is less frequently used by proponents to describe [[transman|female-to-male]] transsexual men who are exclusively attracted to [[female]]s.<ref name="chivers2000">Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: a comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. 2000 Jun;29(3):259-78.</ref>


Psychologists and sexologists define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="classicBlanchard">{{cite journal
Proponents of the term define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable.<ref name="lawrence2005"/><ref name="leavitt1990"/><ref name="classicBlanchard">{{cite journal
| last =Blanchard
| last =Blanchard
| first =Ray
| first =Ray
Line 22: Line 50:
| doi =
| doi =
| id = 1573-2800
| id = 1573-2800
| accessdate = }}</ref> Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in [[differential diagnosis|differential diagnoses]].<ref name="benjamin1966types">{{cite web|author=Benjamin H|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_04.htm#Three%20different%20types%20of%20transsexuals|title="Three different types of transsexual" ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.''|publisher=Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> If one did not fit this category they would often be screened out as candidates for surgery.<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr ([[1978]]). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. 7: 273-282.</ref> Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories to get treatment and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis.<ref name="classicBlanchard"/> Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their [[gender identity]].<ref name="leiblum2000">''cf.'' Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6</ref>
| accessdate = }}</ref> Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in [[differential diagnosis|differential diagnoses]].<ref name="benjamin1966types">{{cite web|author=Benjamin H|date=1966|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/benjamin/chap_04.htm#Three%20different%20types%20of%20transsexuals|title="Three different types of transsexual" ''The Transsexual Phenomenon.''|publisher=Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76}}</ref> Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery <ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr ([[1978]]). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. 7: 273-282.</ref> and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "[[homosexual]]" [[sexual orientation]]. The term is also part of a two-type [[taxonomy]] in which non-homosexual transsexual women have a condition called [[autogynephilia]] and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women.<ref name="blanchard1987"/>

One author who has used the term in papers notes, "Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage."<ref name="leavitt1990"/> Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is "[[heterosexism|heterosexist]] "<ref name="bagemihl">Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In ''Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality''. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714</ref>, "archaic" <ref name="wahng">Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in ''Trappings of Transhood''. in Aldama AJ (ed.) ''Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X</ref> and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their [[gender identity]].<ref name="leiblum2000">''cf.'' Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). ''Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy'', Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6</ref>


==History of the term==
==History of the term==
Line 90: Line 120:
| id =
| id =
| accessdate =2008-02-26}}</ref> Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower [[IQ]] and [[social class]], [[immigration|immigrant]] status, non-intact family, non-[[Caucasian race]], and childhood [[Anti-social behaviour|behavior problems]]<ref name="zucker22002"/> D.F. MacFarlane
| accessdate =2008-02-26}}</ref> Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower [[IQ]] and [[social class]], [[immigration|immigrant]] status, non-intact family, non-[[Caucasian race]], and childhood [[Anti-social behaviour|behavior problems]]<ref name="zucker22002"/> D.F. MacFarlane
studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were [[Māori]],<ref name="MacFarlane"/> an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> In ''[[The Man Who Would Be Queen]] [[J. Michael Bailey]] notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were [[Latina]] or black;<ref name="bailey2003"/> in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.<ref name="bailey2003"/> He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.<ref name="bailey2003"/> Bailey reported the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.<ref name="bailey2003"/> MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.<ref name="MacFarlane"/>
studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were [[Māori]],<ref name="MacFarlane"/> an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.<ref name="MacFarlane"/> In ''[[The Man Who Would Be Queen]]'', [[J. Michael Bailey]] notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were [[Latina]] or black;<ref name="bailey2003"/> in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.<ref name="bailey2003"/> He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.<ref name="bailey2003"/> Bailey reported the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.<ref name="bailey2003"/> MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.<ref name="MacFarlane"/>

==Controversy and criticism==

Author [[Bruce Bagemihl]] summarized why critics take issue with the term:

<blockquote>A particularly revealing example of the heterosexist and generally biased reasoning of medical professionals can be found in the language used to categorize and pathologize transsexuality. Clinical studies and definitions have traditionally employed a confusing terminology in which, for example, a female-to-male transsexual how is attracted to women is labeled a "homosexual transsexual," while a female-to-male transsexual who is attracted to men is labeled a "heterosexual transsexual." In other words, the point of reference for "heterosexual" or "homosexual" orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex ''prior'' to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987<ref name="blanchard87">Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' 16:139-151</ref>, Coleman and Bockting, 1988<ref name="coleman88">Coleman E, Bockting W (1988). "Heterosexual" prior to sex reassignment, "homosexual" afterwards: A case study of a female-to-male transsexual. ''Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality'' 1, no. 2:69-82</ref>, Blanchard, 1989<ref name="blanchard89">Blanchard R (1989). The classification and labeling of nonhomosexiual gender dysphorias. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' 18:315-334</ref>). These labels thereby ignore the individual’s personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around. With this clinical terminology, people can be conveniently described as "escaping" a stigmatized homosexual identity when they become involved with members of the opposite sex following reassignment (erroneously assumed to be “the norm”). The myth of the heterosexual imperative and the primacy of biology is thereby reasserted and rebuttressed, while the transgressive status of all transsexuals is trivialized.<ref name="bagemihl"/></blockquote>

In his 1966 classic ''The Transsexual Phenomenon'', [[Harry Benjamin]] writes:

<blockquote>The term "homosexuality" has never impressed me as very fortunate. It indicates an exclusiveness and a finality that exists in only a relatively small group of men, those who are entirely homosexual. According to Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, this group (the 6 on their rating scale) applies to not more than 4 per cent of the total male population.

<nowiki>[...]</nowiki> If we allow ourselves the use of the term "bisexuality" in this 46 per cent, it is evident that the term homosexuality is applied much too often. The reason is that even one homosexual contact in a man's life, if it becomes known, all too often stamps him forever as a homosexual which, of course, he is not.

Furthermore, homosexual orientation may be a symptom, as are transvestism and transsexualism, with a variety of possible causes and inceptions. These causes and inceptions may be anchored in an inherited or congenital (constitutional) predisposition or they may be an acquired condition. <ref name="benjamin1966"/></blockquote>

Leavitt and Berger note:

<blockquote>The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment. Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage (Morgan, 1978)<ref name="morgan1978">Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''. 7: 273-282.</ref>. As a rule, they are highly invested in a heterosexual life-style and are repulsed by notions of homosexual relations with males. Attention from males often serves to validate their feminine status. For many biological male transsexuals, acts of intimacy with women are truncated, because sexual attraction and relations with women pose the homosexual issue.<ref name="leavitt1990"/></blockquote>

==Related controversies==


==Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy==
{{main|Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy}}
{{main|Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy}}

The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy"<ref name="james2004">{{Citation| last = James
The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy"<ref name="james2004">{{Citation| last = James


Line 131: Line 181:
| accessdate =2008-03-17]}}</ref>
| accessdate =2008-03-17]}}</ref>


Some scientific concerns have also been raised; a purported transgendered psychologist writing under the pen name of Madeline Wyndzen identified four possible scientific concerns with Blanchard's model which center around lack of control groups, independent verification, statistical analysis, and supposing causation from non time sensitive observation.<ref name="wyndzen2004">{{cite web|author=Wyndzen MH|date=2004|url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/DIV44/APA-DIV44%20Spring-04%20Article.htm|title=A Personal & Scientific look at a Mental Illness Model of transsexualism|work=Division 44 Newsletter, v.20(1), 3|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref> Wyndzen is concerned that Blanchard's research promotes the politically and socially dangerous idea that transsexual people are mentally defective: "Rather than asking the scientifically neutral question, “What is transgenderism?” Blanchard (1991) asks, "What kind of defect in a male's capacity for sexual learning could produce&nbsp;… autogynephilia, transvestitism …?" (p. 246)."<ref name="wyndzen2004"/>
In a study conducted in 2005 in the Netherlands, Yolanda Smith<ref name="psychology Research"/> found that Blanchards observations were replicated in her sample. Smith found that homosexual transsexuals differed from non-homosexual transsexuals in terms of reported gender non conformity and fewer had been married.<ref name="psychology Research"/> She did not find the difference in height,weight, and height weight ratio that Blanchard reported.<ref name="psychology Research"/>

On the other hand in a study conducted in 2005 in the Netherlands Yolanda Smith conducted a study which addressed many of Wyndzen's criticisms.<ref name="psychology Research"/> She found that Blanchards observations were replicated in her sample. Smith found that homosexual transsexuals differed from non-homosexual transsexuals in terms of reported gender non conformity and fewer had been married.<ref name="psychology Research"/> She did not find the difference in height,weight, and height weight ratio that Blanchard reported.<ref name="psychology Research"/>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 20:11, 7 June 2008

Homosexual transsexual is a controversial term used by some psychologists and sexologists to describe male-to-female transsexual women who are exclusively or predominantly attracted to males.[1][2] It is less frequently used by proponents to describe female-to-male transsexual men who are exclusively attracted to females.[3]

Proponents of the term define this category based on testing or self-report, noting that self-report is not always reliable.[1][2][4] Previous taxonomies used the terms "classic transsexual" or "true transsexual," terms once used in differential diagnoses.[5] Proponents have stated that many "non-homosexual" transsexuals systematically distort their life stories because "non-homosexuals" were often screened out as candidates for surgery [6] and because some see "homosexual transsexual" as a more socially desirable diagnosis. Key characteristics include conspicuous cross-gender behavior from childhood through adulthood, and a "homosexual" sexual orientation. The term is also part of a two-type taxonomy in which non-homosexual transsexual women have a condition called autogynephilia and are aroused by the idea or image of themselves as women.[7]

One author who has used the term in papers notes, "Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage."[2] Critics claim the term "homosexual transsexual" is "heterosexist "[8], "archaic" [9] and demeaning because it labels people by sex assigned at birth instead of their gender identity.[10]

History of the term

Richard Green states that since the term "transsexual" is very new, it is necessary to examine historical specifics to identify transsexuality in history, and distinguish it from other roles that are described as "change of sex", such as homosexuality and heterosexual cross-dressing customs.[11] Green describes the cultural roles of groups such as the Two-Spirit, Hijra, Kathoey and Khanith, stating that these people are mentally indistinguishable from modern western transsexuals.[11] In part, because of this history, past researchers have referred to the "homosexual" category as being the "classic", "primary" or "true" transsexual.[4] At one time due to the heteronormative bias of many psychologists, transsexual people who did not fit into this category were often screened from receiving hormones and sex reassignment surgery.[4][6]

Description by western science

The concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1923,[12] and codified by Harry Benjamin in the Benjamin Scale.[13] Kurt Freund proposed two types of cross-gender identity, based on his observation that gender identity disorder is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males.[14] Published reports measure a "homosexual transsexual" at a Kinsey Scale 5-6 or a Modified Androphilia Scale 9.86±2.37.[1][2] Ray Blanchard saw that homosexual transsexuals were younger when applying for sex reassignment, reported a stronger cross-gender identity in childhood, had a more convincing cross-gender appearance, and functioned psychologically better than "non-homosexual" transsexuals.[7] Blanchard found them comparatively short and light in proportion to their height than non-homosexuals.[15] Independent research done by Smith confirmed most of Blanchards findings, except for the difference in height-weight ratio.[16] Dorner found that when injected with Premarin (for the treatment of mild to severe vasomotor symptoms of menopause), homosexual transsexual men showed an increased luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone response compared to heterosexual or bisexual transsexual men.[17]

Sexual activity

Leavitt and Berger further categorized homosexual transsexuals by three patterns of sexual activity:

  • Inactive group (44%): sexually inactive
  • Avoidant group (19%): sexually active but avoided using their penis
  • Pleasure group (37%): sexually active and derived pleasure from their penis

Each group showed varying levels of masculinity and emotional disturbance in development.[2]

In The Man Who Would Be Queen, J. Michael Bailey saw that the homosexual transsexuals he described were comfortable with prostitution,[18] and that they had a masculine sexual appetite and simply lusted after men.[18]

Studies have variously found that between 10% and 36% of homosexual transsexuals report a history of sexual arousal to crossdressing. Bentler found 23%, while Freund reported 31%;[19][14] Leavitt and Berger reported 36% among all homosexual transsexuals, and 24% of the sexually active subjects;[2] Blanchard found significantly lower numbers than his peers: 15% in his first study on the topic, and 10% in a paper two years later.[20][7] Blanchard saw autogynephilia in lower levels when comparing homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals, with levels of anatomic autogynephilia among some of the 117 androphilic subjects.[21] A lower percentage of the homosexual transsexuals reported being (or having been) married and sexually aroused while cross-dressing.[16]

Socioeconomic factors

Researchers have found several demographic features that homosexual transsexuals tend to have in common.[22][23] Ken Zucker found that homosexual transsexuals are of lower IQ and social class, immigrant status, non-intact family, non-Caucasian race, and childhood behavior problems[22] D.F. MacFarlane studied transsexuals in Australia and New Zealand.[23] MacFarlane found that in New Zealand that 90% of the homosexual transsexual prostitutes were Māori,[23] an ethnic group who are only 9% of the overall population.[23] In The Man Who Would Be Queen, J. Michael Bailey notes that about 60% of homosexual transsexuals he studied in Chicago were Latina or black;[18] in his studies of gay males only 20% were non-white.[18] He saw that most homosexual transsexuals learn to live on the streets, resorting to prostitution, or shoplifting.[18] Bailey reported the opinions of two of his subjects who attributed the difference to genetics, or inflexible gender roles in their respective cultures.[18] MacFarlane similarly concluded that culture influenced the number of Māori homosexual transsexuals he observed.[23]

Controversy and criticism

Author Bruce Bagemihl summarized why critics take issue with the term:

A particularly revealing example of the heterosexist and generally biased reasoning of medical professionals can be found in the language used to categorize and pathologize transsexuality. Clinical studies and definitions have traditionally employed a confusing terminology in which, for example, a female-to-male transsexual how is attracted to women is labeled a "homosexual transsexual," while a female-to-male transsexual who is attracted to men is labeled a "heterosexual transsexual." In other words, the point of reference for "heterosexual" or "homosexual" orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987[24], Coleman and Bockting, 1988[25], Blanchard, 1989[26]). These labels thereby ignore the individual’s personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around. With this clinical terminology, people can be conveniently described as "escaping" a stigmatized homosexual identity when they become involved with members of the opposite sex following reassignment (erroneously assumed to be “the norm”). The myth of the heterosexual imperative and the primacy of biology is thereby reasserted and rebuttressed, while the transgressive status of all transsexuals is trivialized.[8]

In his 1966 classic The Transsexual Phenomenon, Harry Benjamin writes:

The term "homosexuality" has never impressed me as very fortunate. It indicates an exclusiveness and a finality that exists in only a relatively small group of men, those who are entirely homosexual. According to Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, this group (the 6 on their rating scale) applies to not more than 4 per cent of the total male population.

[...] If we allow ourselves the use of the term "bisexuality" in this 46 per cent, it is evident that the term homosexuality is applied much too often. The reason is that even one homosexual contact in a man's life, if it becomes known, all too often stamps him forever as a homosexual which, of course, he is not.

Furthermore, homosexual orientation may be a symptom, as are transvestism and transsexualism, with a variety of possible causes and inceptions. These causes and inceptions may be anchored in an inherited or congenital (constitutional) predisposition or they may be an acquired condition. [13]

Leavitt and Berger note:

The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment. Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage (Morgan, 1978)[6]. As a rule, they are highly invested in a heterosexual life-style and are repulsed by notions of homosexual relations with males. Attention from males often serves to validate their feminine status. For many biological male transsexuals, acts of intimacy with women are truncated, because sexual attraction and relations with women pose the homosexual issue.[2]

Related controversies

The "BBL Controversy" also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy"[27] is an ongoing line of discussion in the transgendered community. The concept had not received much attention outside of sexology until sexologist Anne Lawrence, who self-identifies as an autogynephile, published a series of web articles about the concept in the late 1990s.[28] Lynn Conway and Andrea James responded to Lawrence's essay. In 2003, J. Michael Bailey's book "The Man Who Would Be Queen" was published. Lynn Conway started an investigation into the publication of Bailey's book by the United States National Academy of Sciences. One who was referred to in the book as "Juanita" claimed that Bailey made inappropriate sexual advances towards her.[29] Northwestern University investigated Bailey, but did not reveal the findings of that investigation and did not comment on whether or not Bailey had been punished.[30] According to a paper by, Bioethicist and intersex specialist Prof. Alice Dreger, Ph.D. two of the four transwomen who accused Bailey of misusing their stories were not mentioned anywhere in "The Man Who Would Be Queen".[31][32]

Some scientific concerns have also been raised; a purported transgendered psychologist writing under the pen name of Madeline Wyndzen identified four possible scientific concerns with Blanchard's model which center around lack of control groups, independent verification, statistical analysis, and supposing causation from non time sensitive observation.[33] Wyndzen is concerned that Blanchard's research promotes the politically and socially dangerous idea that transsexual people are mentally defective: "Rather than asking the scientifically neutral question, “What is transgenderism?” Blanchard (1991) asks, "What kind of defect in a male's capacity for sexual learning could produce … autogynephilia, transvestitism …?" (p. 246)."[33]

On the other hand in a study conducted in 2005 in the Netherlands Yolanda Smith conducted a study which addressed many of Wyndzen's criticisms.[16] She found that Blanchards observations were replicated in her sample. Smith found that homosexual transsexuals differed from non-homosexual transsexuals in terms of reported gender non conformity and fewer had been married.[16] She did not find the difference in height,weight, and height weight ratio that Blanchard reported.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lawrence, Anne; Latty, Elizabeth M (April), "Measurement of sexual arousal in postoperative male-to-female transsexuals using vaginal photoplethysmography.", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34 (2): 135–145, doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1792-z, 1573-2800 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Leavitt, Frank; Berger, Jack C. (October), "Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males", Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19 (5): 491–505, doi:10.1007/BF02442350, 1573-2800 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  3. ^ Chivers ML, Bailey JM (2000). Sexual orientation of female-to-male transsexuals: a comparison of homosexual and non-homosexual types. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2000 Jun;29(3):259-78.
  4. ^ a b c Blanchard, Ray (December 1985). "Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 14 (6). Netherlands: Springer. 1573-2800. {{cite journal}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); External link in |authorlink= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Benjamin H (1966). ""Three different types of transsexual" The Transsexual Phenomenon.". Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76.
  6. ^ a b c Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7: 273-282. Cite error: The named reference "morgan1978" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 16, Number 2 / April, 1987
  8. ^ a b Bagemihl B. Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. In Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia, Kira Hall (eds.) pp. 380 ff. Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714
  9. ^ Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transamasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed.) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X
  10. ^ cf. Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6
  11. ^ a b Green R (1966). "Transsexualism: Mythological, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Aspects". Benjamin H, The Transsexual Phenomenon. Julian Press ASIN B0007HXA76. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ Hirschfeld M (1923). Die intersexuelle Konstitution. Jarhbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen. 1923: 3-27
  13. ^ a b Benjamin H (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76
  14. ^ a b Freund K, Steiner BW, Chan S (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1982 Feb;11(1):49-63. Cite error: The named reference "freund1982" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Blanchard R, Dickey R, Jones CL. Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus non-homosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior 1995 Oct;24(5):543-54.
  16. ^ a b c d e Smith, Yolanda L.S. (2005-12-15). "Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance" (PDF). Psychiatry Research. 137 (3). Elsevier: 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008. Retrieved 2007-06-26. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Dorner G, Rohde W, Schott G, Schnabl C (1983). On the LH response to oestrogen and LH-RH in transsexual men. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology. [[1983 Nov;82(3):257-67.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Bailey JM (2003). "The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism". Women Who Once Were Boys Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0-309-08418-0.
  19. ^ Bentler P M (1976). A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data. Archives of Sexual Behavior 5: 567-584.
  20. ^ Blanchard R (1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 247-261.
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Further reading

External links