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|group = Indians in Japan<br/>在日インド人<br/>''Zainichi Indojin''
|group = Indians in Japan<br/>在日インド人<br/>''Zainichi Indojin''
|poptime = 22,335 (December 2008)<ref name="MOFA">{{citation|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/india/data.html|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publication-place=Tokyo, Japan|month=July|year=2009|chapter=インド基礎データ|title=各国・地域情勢|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>
|poptime = 22,335 (December 2008)<ref name="MOFA">{{citation|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/india/data.html|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|publication-place=Tokyo, Japan|month=July|year=2009|chapter=インド基礎データ|title=各国・地域情勢|accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>
|popplace = [[Tokyo]], [[Kobe]]<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=256}}</ref>
|popplace = [[Tokyo]], [[Kobe]]<ref name="Azuma">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=256}}</ref>
|langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and other [[languages of India]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=258}}; she lists the religions and languages in alphabetical order therein</ref>
|langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and other [[languages of India]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=258}}; she lists the religions and languages in alphabetical order therein</ref>
|rels=[[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258"/>
|rels=[[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]]<ref name="Azuma2008p258"/>
Line 11: Line 11:
==Migration history==
==Migration history==
[[file:Yasukuni Radha Binod Pal Commending Stele.jpg|thumb|Monument of Radha Binod Pal at [[Yasukuni shrine]].]]
[[file:Yasukuni Radha Binod Pal Commending Stele.jpg|thumb|Monument of Radha Binod Pal at [[Yasukuni shrine]].]]
The history of Indians in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1873, a few Indian businessmen and their families, primarily [[Parsi]]s and [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], had settled [[Yokohama]] as well as [[Okinawa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=283}}</ref> In 1891, [[Tata Group|Tata]], then a small trading firm, established a branch in [[Kobe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=5}}</ref> By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from [[British India]] living in Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=4}}</ref> Local statistics of the [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=6}}</ref> After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], the Indian traders there also migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of gravity of Japan's Indian community.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=15}}</ref>
The history of Indians in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1873, a few Indian businessmen and their families, primarily [[Parsi]]s and [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], had settled [[Yokohama]] as well as [[Okinawa]].<ref name="Singhvi">{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=283}}</ref> In 1891, [[Tata Group|Tata]], then a small trading firm, established a branch in [[Kobe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=5}}</ref> By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from [[British India]] living in Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=4}}</ref> Local statistics of the [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.<ref name="Minamino">{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=6}}</ref> After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], the Indian traders there also migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of gravity of Japan's Indian community.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=15}}</ref>


By 1939, on the eve of [[World War II]], the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining. Three years after the [[Partition of India]], their numbers had recovered somewhat to 255; there were also four [[Pakistanis in Japan|Pakistanis]].<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=7}}</ref> Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred around the city of [[Kobe]]. However, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase after then.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=256}}</ref> Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japanese car manufacturers]] which had set up factories in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=258}}</ref> IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]] and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]] wards.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=66}}</ref>
By 1939, on the eve of [[World War II]], the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining. Three years after the [[Partition of India]], their numbers had recovered somewhat to 255; there were also four [[Pakistanis in Japan|Pakistanis]].<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=7}}</ref> Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred around the city of [[Kobe]]. However, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase after then.<ref name="Azuma" /> Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japanese car manufacturers]] which had set up factories in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=258}}</ref> IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]] and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]] wards.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=66}}</ref>


==Business and employment==
==Business and employment==
Kenichi Yoshida, a director of Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with India."<ref>{{cite news |title=FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT |url=http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=469103 |newspaper=[[Kyodo News]] |location=[[Minato, Tokyo]] |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/06/indian-engineers-becoming-backbone-of-japan-it-industry.htm |newspaper=[[Rediff.com]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref> {{asof|2000}}, there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993. Another 870 Indians were employed as cooks.<ref>{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=284}}</ref> Others are engaged in trading, importing Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.<ref>{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=283}}</ref>
Kenichi Yoshida, a director of Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with India."<ref>{{cite news |title=FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT |url=http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=469103 |newspaper=[[Kyodo News]] |location=[[Minato, Tokyo]] |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/06/indian-engineers-becoming-backbone-of-japan-it-industry.htm |newspaper=[[Rediff.com]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=November 6, 2009}}</ref> {{asof|2000}}, there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993. Another 870 Indians were employed as cooks.<ref name="Singhvi_a">{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=284}}</ref> Others are engaged in trading, importing Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.<ref name="Singhvi" />


==Religion==
==Religion==
Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=259}}</ref> The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in [[Taitō, Tokyo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=262}}</ref> On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than does Kobe.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=19}}</ref>
Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=259}}</ref> The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in [[Taitō, Tokyo]].<ref name="Azuma_a">{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=262}}</ref> On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than does Kobe.<ref name="Sawa">{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=19}}</ref>


There are Sikh [[gurudwara]] in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=264}}</ref> Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises [[Sehajdhari|cut their hair short]] and remove [[dastar|their turbans]] in violation of the principle of ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'', because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and do not give them any latitude in their style of dress. They consider this just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|pp=263–264}}</ref>
There are Sikh [[gurudwara]] in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=264}}</ref> Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises [[Sehajdhari|cut their hair short]] and remove [[dastar|their turbans]] in violation of the principle of ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'', because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and do not give them any latitude in their style of dress. They consider this just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|pp=263–264}}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools. The first Indian-specific school was established in 2004 in Tokyo's [[Koto, Tokyo|Koto]] ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=21}}</ref> The Global Indian International School, a Singapore-based school, has operated a branch in [[Tokyo]] since 2006, and plans to open another in [[Yokohama]] in 2008.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=19}}</ref> They follow the Indian [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] curriculum. The schools are popular not just among Indian expatriates, but among some Japanese as well, due to a reputation for rigour in [[mathematics education]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20070422x2.html|periodical=Japan Times|date=2007-04-11|title=Indian schools make a mark|accessdate=2009-09-25|last=Hani|first=Yoko}}</ref> Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.<ref>{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=21}}</ref>
Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools. The first Indian-specific school was established in 2004 in Tokyo's [[Koto, Tokyo|Koto]] ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.<ref name="Sawa_a">{{harvnb|Sawa|Minamino|2007|p=21}}</ref> The Global Indian International School, a Singapore-based school, has operated a branch in [[Tokyo]] since 2006, and plans to open another in [[Yokohama]] in 2008.<ref name="Sawa" /> They follow the Indian [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] curriculum. The schools are popular not just among Indian expatriates, but among some Japanese as well, due to a reputation for rigour in [[mathematics education]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20070422x2.html|periodical=Japan Times|date=2007-04-11|title=Indian schools make a mark|accessdate=2009-09-25|last=Hani|first=Yoko}}</ref> Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.<ref name="Sawa_a" />


==Community organisations==
==Community organisations==
One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{harvnb|Minamino|Sawa|2005|p=6}}</ref> In 2000, Indian expatriates living in [[Edogawa, Tokyo]], an area with a high concentration of Indian IT engineers founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.<ref>{{harvnb|Azuma|2008|p=262}}</ref> Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose [[Diwali]] celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.<ref>{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=284}}</ref>
One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Minamino" /> In 2000, Indian expatriates living in [[Edogawa, Tokyo]], an area with a high concentration of Indian IT engineers founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.<ref name="Azuma_a" /> Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose [[Diwali]] celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.<ref name="Singhvi_a" />


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 47: Line 47:
==Sources==
==Sources==
*{{citation|last=Singhvi|first=L. M.|chapter=Asia-Pacific Region|pages=273–288|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|publication-place=New Delhi|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf|year=2000}}
*{{citation|last=Singhvi|first=L. M.|chapter=Asia-Pacific Region|pages=273–288|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|publication-place=New Delhi|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf|year=2000}}
*{{citation|title=在日インド人社会の変遷--定住地神戸を事例として/Changes in Indian society in Japan&mdash;focused on the case of Kobe residents|last=Minamino|first=Takeshi|last2=Sawa|first2=Munenori|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000944.pdf|accessdate=2009-09-25|pages=4–15|year=2005|journal=庫地理|volume=50}}
*{{citation|title=在日インド人社会の変遷--定住地神戸を事例として/Changes in Indian society in Japan&mdash;focused on the case of Kobe residents|last=Minamino|first=Takeshi|last2=Sawa|first2=Munenori|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000944.pdf|accessdate=2009-09-25|pages=4–15|year=2005|journal=Ņ�庫地理|volume=50}}
*{{citation|last=Sawa|first=Munenori|last2=Minamino|first2=Takeshi|title=Emerging of An Indian Community in Tokyo: A Case Study of Nishikasai|journal=The Indian Geographical Journal|volume=82|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=2007|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000733.pdf}}
*{{citation|last=Sawa|first=Munenori|last2=Minamino|first2=Takeshi|title=Emerging of An Indian Community in Tokyo: A Case Study of Nishikasai|journal=The Indian Geographical Journal|volume=82|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=2007|url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90000733.pdf}}
*{{citation|year=2008|chapter=Indians in Tokyo and its vicinity|last=Azuma|first=Masako|pages=255–269|title=Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia|editor-first=K.|editor-last=Kesavapany|editor2-first=A.|editor2-last=Mani|editor3-first=Palanisamy|editor3-last=Ramasamy|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812307996}}
*{{citation|year=2008|chapter=Indians in Tokyo and its vicinity|last=Azuma|first=Masako|pages=255–269|title=Rising India and Indian communities in East Asia|editor-first=K.|editor-last=Kesavapany|editor2-first=A.|editor2-last=Mani|editor3-first=Palanisamy|editor3-last=Ramasamy|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812307996}}

Revision as of 10:24, 8 March 2011

Indians in Japan
在日インド人
Zainichi Indojin
Regions with significant populations
Tokyo, Kobe[1]
Languages
Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and other languages of India[2]
Religion
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism[2]

Indians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. As of December 2008, there were 22,335 Indian nationals living in Japan.[3] Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families.[4]

Migration history

File:Yasukuni Radha Binod Pal Commending Stele.jpg
Monument of Radha Binod Pal at Yasukuni shrine.

The history of Indians in Japan goes back more than a century. As early as 1873, a few Indian businessmen and their families, primarily Parsis and Sindhis, had settled Yokohama as well as Okinawa.[5] In 1891, Tata, then a small trading firm, established a branch in Kobe.[6] By 1901, Japanese government statistics recorded 30 people from British India living in Japan.[7] Local statistics of the Hyōgo Prefecture government showed 59 Indians living in the prefecture in 1905, among whom all but one were men.[8] After the destruction wreaked on Yokohama in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the Indian traders there also migrated to Kobe; from then on, Kobe became the center of gravity of Japan's Indian community.[9]

By 1939, on the eve of World War II, the number of Indians in Hyōgo Prefecture had reached 632. However, due to British sanctions against Japan and the 1941 halt of shipping between Japan and their homeland, many closed their shops and left; by 1942, there were only 114 remaining. Three years after the Partition of India, their numbers had recovered somewhat to 255; there were also four Pakistanis.[10] Prior to 1990, the Indian community in Japan remained centred around the city of Kobe. However, the numbers in Tokyo began to show a sharp increase after then.[1] Migrants who arrived in the 1990s included industrial trainees sent by Japanese car manufacturers which had set up factories in India.[11] IT professionals and their families also came to Tokyo, settling primarily in Setagaya and Minato wards.[12]

Business and employment

Kenichi Yoshida, a director of Softbridge Solutions Japan Co., stated in late 2009 that Indian engineers are becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with India."[13][14] As of 2000, there were also around 800 Indians working in the IT industry in Japan, up from 120 in 1993. Another 870 Indians were employed as cooks.[15] Others are engaged in trading, importing Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery.[5]

Religion

Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry.[16] The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in Taitō, Tokyo.[17] On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than does Kobe.[18]

There are Sikh gurudwara in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been founded in 1999 in the basement of an office building.[19] Some Sikhs employed as unskilled labourers in small and medium enterprises cut their hair short and remove their turbans in violation of the principle of kesh, because their employers are unfamiliar with their customs and do not give them any latitude in their style of dress. They consider this just a temporary adaptation to Japanese society. However, this practise is not common among Sikhs in skilled professions such as IT.[20]

Education

Indians who send their children to school in Japan generally select English-medium schools. The first Indian-specific school was established in 2004 in Tokyo's Koto ward at the initiative of some of the old trading families based in Tokyo and Yokohama.[21] The Global Indian International School, a Singapore-based school, has operated a branch in Tokyo since 2006, and plans to open another in Yokohama in 2008.[18] They follow the Indian Central Board of Secondary Education curriculum. The schools are popular not just among Indian expatriates, but among some Japanese as well, due to a reputation for rigour in mathematics education.[22] Other migrants leave their children behind in their native states, either with grandparents or at boarding schools, in order to avoid interrupting their education.[21]

Community organisations

One of the earliest Indian community organisations, the Oriental Club, was established in 1904 in Kobe; it changed its name to The India Club in 1913, and continued operating up to the present day. More were founded in the 1930s, including the Indian-dominated Silk Merchants' Association, the Indian Social Society, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce.[8] In 2000, Indian expatriates living in Edogawa, Tokyo, an area with a high concentration of Indian IT engineers founded the Indian Community of Edogawa.[17] Others include the Indian Community Activities Tokyo, whose Diwali celebration draws 2,500 participants, as well as the Indian Merchants Association of Yokohama.[15]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Azuma 2008, p. 256
  2. ^ a b Azuma 2008, p. 258; she lists the religions and languages in alphabetical order therein
  3. ^ a b "インド基礎データ", 各国・地域情勢, Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2009, retrieved 2009-09-25 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Kondõ, Masanori (2008-03-10), "対インド関係 「頭脳大国」との視点を", Asahi Shimbun, retrieved 2009-09-25
  5. ^ a b Singhvi 2000, p. 283
  6. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 5
  7. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 4
  8. ^ a b Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 6
  9. ^ Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 15
  10. ^ Minamino & Sawa 2005, p. 7
  11. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 258
  12. ^ Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 66
  13. ^ "FOCUS: Indian engineers becoming backbone of Japan's IT". Kyodo News. Minato, Tokyo. November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  14. ^ "Backbone of Japan's IT industry? Indian engineers!". Rediff.com. Mumbai. November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  15. ^ a b Singhvi 2000, p. 284
  16. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 259
  17. ^ a b Azuma 2008, p. 262
  18. ^ a b Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 19
  19. ^ Azuma 2008, p. 264
  20. ^ Azuma 2008, pp. 263–264
  21. ^ a b Sawa & Minamino 2007, p. 21
  22. ^ Hani, Yoko (2007-04-11), "Indian schools make a mark", Japan Times, retrieved 2009-09-25

Sources

Further reading