Justin I
Justin I | |||||
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Emperor of the Byzantine Empire | |||||
File:JustinITremissis.jpg | |||||
Reign | 518 – August 1, 527 | ||||
Predecessor | Anastasius I | ||||
Successor | Justinian I | ||||
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Dynasty | Justinian Dynasty |
Justin I (Latin: Flavius Justinus; Greek: Ἰουστίνος; c. 450 – 1 August 527) was Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 518 to 527. He rose through the ranks of the Byzantine army and ultimately became its emperor, in spite of the fact he was illiterate[1] and almost 70 years old at the time of accession. His reign is significant for the founding of the Justinian Dynasty that included his eminent nephew Justinian I and for the enactment of laws that de-emphasized the influence of the old Byzantine nobility. His consort was Empress Euphemia.
Early career
Justin was a peasant and a swineherd by occupation[2] from the Latinophone region of Dardania, which is part of the Diocese of Illyricum.[3] He was born in a hamlet near Bederiana [4] in Naissus (modern Niš, South Serbia).[4][5] He was of Thraco-Roman stock[6][7][8][9][10], and bore, like his companions and members of his family (Zimarchus, Dityvistus, Boraides, Bigleniza, Sabatius, etc.) a Thracian name,[6][11] and who never learned to speak more than rudimentary Greek. His sister Vigilantia (b. ca 455) married Sabbatius and had two children: Vigilantia (b. ca 490), married to Dulcissimus and had Praejecta (b. ca 520), married to the senator Areobindus and Justin II (b. ca 520); Justinian I.
As a teenager, he and two companions fled from a barbaric invasion, taking refuge in Constantinople possessing nothing more than the ragged clothes on their backs and a sack of bread between them. Justin soon joined the army and, because of his ability, rose through the ranks to become a general and under the Emperor Anastasius I; by the time of Anastasius' death in 518, he held the influential position of comes excubitorum, commander of the palace guard.[12]
Emperor
Thanks to his position commanding the only troops in the city and making gifts of money, Justin was able to secure election as emperor in 518.
A career soldier with little knowledge of statecraft, Justin wisely surrounded himself with trusted advisors. The most prominent of these, of course, was his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, whom he adopted as his son and invested with the name Iustinianus (Justinian).
Relying upon the accounts of the historian Procopius, it often has been said that Justinian ruled the empire in his uncle's name during the reign of Justin, however, there is much evidence to the contrary. The information from the Secret History of Procopius was published posthumously. Critics of Procopius (whose work reveals a man seriously disillusioned with his rulers) have dismissed his work as a severely biased source, being vitriolic and pornographic, but without other sources, critics have been unable to discredit some of the assertions in the publication. However, contrary to the secret history, Justinian was not named as successor until less than a year before Justin's death and he spent 3,700 pounds of gold during a celebration in 520.[13]
In 525, Justin repealed a law that effectively prohibited a member of the senatorial class from marrying a woman from a lower class of society, including the theatre, which was considered scandalous at the time. This edict paved the way for Justinian to marry Theodora, a former mime actress, and eventually resulted in a major change to the old class distinctions at the Imperial court. She became an equal to Justinian, participating in the governance with significant influence.
Later years
The latter years of the reign of Justin were marked by strife among the empire, the Ostrogoths, and the Persians. In 526, Justin's health began to decline and he formally named Justinian as co-emperor and, on April 1, 527 as his successor. On August 1 of that year, Justin died and was succeeded by Justinian.
Legacy
The town of Anazarbus was re-named Justinopolis in 525, in honour of Justin I.[citation needed]
Notes
- ^ H. John Chapman (1971). Studies on the Early Papacy. Kennikat Press, University of Michigan. p. 210. ISBN 0804611394.
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History By Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cambridge University Press [1]
- ^ Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631 By John Binns [2]
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History By Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, Cambridge University Press [3]
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana by Grolier Incorporated
- ^ a b Ion I. Russu, Elementele traco-getice în Imperiul Roman și în Byzantium (veacurile III-VII), Editura Academiei R. S. România, 1976, pag.95
- ^ Velizar Iv Velkov, Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (studies and Materials), University of Michigan, 1977, pag.47
- ^ Robert Browning, Justinian and Theodora, Gorgias Press LLC, 2003, ISBN 1593330537, pag.23
- ^ Scott Fitzgerald Johnson, Greek Literature in Late Antiquity, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2006, ISBN 0754656837, pag.166
- ^ John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium, Vintage Books, 1997, ISBN 0679772693, pag.59
- ^ James Allan Stewart Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0415237262, pag. 96
- ^ Jones, A.H.M. (1986). The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 658. ISBN 0801833531.
- ^ J. Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, 189
References
External links
Media related to Justin I at Wikimedia Commons
- Bury, John Bagnall, History of the Later Roman Empire, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1923
- Evans, James Allan, "Justin I (518–527 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis, 1998
- Gibbon, Edward, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4, chapter xl.
- Smith, "Justinus I.", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, v. 2, p. 677
- Encyclopædia Britannica Justin I