Ozone therapy

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Ozone in the stratosphere deflects harmful solar radiation, but ground level ozone has well-studied and cumulative deleterious health effects.[1][2] The use of ozone therapy is advocated as a form of alternative medicine but there is no scientific evidence supporting its use in treatmetn of specific diseases.[3][4][5][6][7] After a review of extant science, the EPA has sharply questioned the effectiveness or safety of ozone generators sold as air cleaners.[8] Ozone has a capacity to oxidize organic compounds,[9] and has well-known toxic effects on the respiratory tract when present in smog.[10][11]

Historical origins

In 1856, just 16 years after its discovery, ozone was first used in a health care setting to disinfect operating rooms and sterilize surgical instruments.[12] By the end of the 19th century the use of ozone to disinfect drinking water of bacteria and viruses was well established in mainland Europe.[12][13] In 1892 The Lancet published an article describing the administration of ozone for treatment of tuberculosis.[14] In 1902 another article was published claiming success in treating chronic middle ear deafness with ozone.[15] Ozone was used during the First World War to disinfect wounds.[16]

Uses

Some marketers of ozone generators make fantastic promotional claims that ozone is a miraculous cure for all disease including cancer and AIDS, but these claims remain unproven. Ozone can disinfect surfaces and water if it is administered for at least two hours at a concentration of 1200 parts per million. It has been proposed as a treatment for AIDS and though it does deactivate the viral particles outside the body, there is no evidence of benefits to living patients.[17]

Summarizing the substantial and growing body of study results showing deleterious health effects, in 1976, and reiterated in 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reflects the scientific consensus that ozone is a toxic gas which has, as yet, no demonstrated safe medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. One possible reason, noted by the FDA, is that in order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than can be safely tolerated by man or other animals.[18]

Safety

Much of the concern related to ozone therapy revolves around the safety of blood ozonation. It is well established that when inhaled by mammals, ozone reacts with compounds in tissues lining the lungs and triggers a cascade of pathological effects. Saul Green has argued that since ozone has the capacity to oxidize organic compounds in an atmospheric environment, it should also logically oxidize blood components and endogenous human tissues.[19] When infused into human blood, ozone produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals,[20] an over-abundance of which is known to cause oxidative stress and cell damage, and is implicated in the progression of some degenerative diseases. High levels of inhaled ozone is known to be toxic, though single-dose inhalation of lower levels is not and may be beneficial in the treatment of certain diseases.[21]

Physiology of ozone

Studies by Dr. Paul Wentworth Jr and colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute USA have led them to believe ozone is naturally created by human neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the context of immune system function.[22][23] The same researchers have also discovered evidence that ozone may be produced in atherosclerotic arteries as a by-product of inflammation.[24] Others have argued that the Scripps studies are inconclusive, since the biomarkers used to determine the production and reaction of ozone could also be evident with non ozone dependent reactions.[25][26] So to date it is uncertain whether ozone has a natural physiological role. If ozone is indeed produced endogenously by the human immune system, even skeptics have conceded this would be of great significance and give merit to the concept of ozone as a medicine. A number of other gas molecules have been confirmed as having essential biological functions including cell signaling.[27]

Countries and states where ozone therapy is practiced

Ozone therapy is a well established alternative and complementary therapy in most mainland European countries where health authorities have tolerated its practice. The European Cooperation of Medical Ozone Societies, founded in 1972, publishes guidelines on medical indications and contraindications of ozone and hosts training seminars.[28] In the early 1980s, a German survey and investigation into ozone therapy by the University Klinikum in Giessen and the Institute for Medical Statistics, published in the Empirical Medical Acts revealed over 5 million ozone treatments had been delivered to some 350,000 patients, by more than 1000 therapists, of this number about half were medical doctors.[29] Although ozone is used in a complementary capacity by a significant number of doctors in Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, it has still not gained popular support with mainstream industry policy makers in those countries, it is not covered by health insurance, nor is it part of the curriculum at most esteemed medical schools. Proposals to include ozone therapy in German health insurance schemes invoked hostile objections from pharmaceutical researchers who question its evidence base.[30] In general, countries with more socialist-style health systems seem to have had less difficulty in accepting ozone as a medicine.[31][32] No prohibition of ozone therapy is evident in Barbados, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czech Republic, France,Georgia(www.aino.ge), Germany, Greece,India(Dr Kares Hospital,Gurgaon) Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Ukraine. In the USA, recently passed Alternative Therapy Legislation has made ozone therapy an option for patients in some states. In Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, and Washington, physicians can legally use ozone treatments in their practice without fear of prosecution.

Methods of administration

Ozone application for dental care

Traditional ozone therapies include: intravenous autohaemotransfusion - also known as ozone autohemotherapy (O3-AHT),[33] intramuscular (O3-AHT), intra-articular & intradiscal O2/O3 gas injections,[34] rectal and vaginal insufflation,[35][36] transdermal ozone gas sauna,[citation needed][37] limb bagging or booting,[citation needed] ozonated oil (such as avocado, olive, hempseed, canola or sunflower) liniments & poultices,[38] drinking ozonated water,[citation needed] dental applications.[39][40]

Contra Applications of ozone, the European Cooperation of Medical Ozone Societies, warns that direct intravenous injections of ozone/oxygen gas[41] should not be practiced due to the possible risk of air embolism; at least one death in the USA has been attributed to such an embolism occurring during autohemotransfusion (O3-AHT) for psoriasis.[42] Therapists also take all precautions to avoid the patient and themselves inhaling concentrated ozone gas.[citation needed]

More modern applications of medical ozone that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials include; Healozone,[43] OzonyTron[44] Medizone, Celacade, Lipidvirotech's d-OSAB and Extra-Corporeal Blood Oxygenation & Ozonation EBOO a unique hemofiltration and blood purification procedure now practiced routinely at the University of Siena in Italy.[45]

Ozone therapy in cancer treatment

The American Cancer Foundation has advised cancer patients against using ozone therapy.[46][47] Other industry opinion leaders in the UK and Australia as recently as 2001 also suggest that knowledge regarding the potential benefit and harm of ozone in cancer patients is insufficient. Therefore such therapy can’t be recommended as an alternative form of treatment for cancer patients.[48]

With regards to the small amount of research of ozone in the treatment of cancer that has been done. In 1980 laboratory studies by main stream cancer researchers at Washington University discovered ozone inhibited growth of lung, breast and uterine cancer cells in a dose dependent manner while healthy tissues were not damaged by ozone.[49] Although these very encouraging preliminary findings have long been argued justified funding for further research it should not be assumed that ozone would be similarly effective in vivo and could cure cancer.

In 1990 pre-clinical French studies reported ozone enhanced the treatment of chemo resistant tumors and seemed to act adjunctively to chemotherapy in tumors derived from the colon and breast.[50]

Although the Warburg hypothesis is not considered the cause of cancer, tumor hypoxia or oxygen deficiency is still implicated by modern cancer researchers in the growth of tumors and is a known adverse factor in the effectiveness of conventional radiation and chemotherapy.[51][52]

Unlike oxygenation and hydrogen peroxide,[53] recent research by radiation and oncology researchers has shown ozone therapy can improve oxygenation in hypoxic tumors.[54][55][56]

In 2004 Oxford University reported of a Spanish cancer research institute's human trial of ozone therapy. Involving 19 patients with incurable head and neck tumors receiving radiotherapy and tegafur, plus either chemotherapy (12 patients) or ozone therapy (7 patients). Those receiving ozone intravenously during radiotherapy were on average 10 years older, and their tumors significantly more abundant and progressed than the chemotherapy group. But on average the ozone group survived slightly longer than those receiving chemotherapy. They conclude these results warrant further researcher of ozone as a treatment for cancer.[57]

There are reports that ozone may be useful in treating the debilitating side effects of orthodox cancer treatment. Radiation-induced injuries have been successfully treated with ozone application.[58] Recent Cuban experiments on rats have shown that ozone treatment can alleviate the adverse effects of Cisplatin, a popular modern anticancer drug, that has been well documented to induce extreme toxicity and acute damage in the kidneys of animals and humans.[59][60][61]

Human trials at the Department of Oncology, Nizhni Novgorod State Medical in Russia also report benefits of complimentary ozone treatment with regards to drug complications.[62][63] Female researchers at the same institute also report “We have followed up on 52 women with breast cancer, 32 patients along with cytostatic therapy have undergone a course of ozone therapy. 20 women were on only conventional polychemotherapy. The groups were compatible according to age, stage of the disease and accompanying pathology. Involvement of ozone therapy diminished the incidence and degree of cytostatics toxical side effects, improve their life quality and immunological parameters and significally increase the activity of antioxidant defence system”.[64]

Ozone in the treatment of Viral Diseases

Japanese,[65] Russian,[66] and Scandinavian[67] medical journals report benefits of blood ozonation in the treatment Hepatitis C. In 2002, actions by the New York State Department of Health are claimed to have stopped a clinical trial evaluating the safety and effectiveness of blood ozonation in the treatment of Hepatitis C.[68]

Clinical Trials

The study to evaluate effect of bimosiamose on O3 -induced sputum neutrophilia: Biomosiamose is an anti-inflammatory glycomimetic and selectin inhibitor. It is found effective against disease states involving inflammatory cells like for example for asthma. This drug, as per last updation, was in phase 2 trials and being evaluated for its efficacy and safety in treating chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD), the study is sponsored by Revotar Biopharmaceuticals AG and was carried out by NCT00962481 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).

Evaluate the effects of the drug (SB-656933-AAA) on the body after a single dose in subjects who have inhaled O 3 : Drug SB-656933-AAA was developed by GlaxoSmithKline which was found to exhibit good activity in treating COPD as well as cystic fibrosis. This action was found to be enhanced by administration of a single dose of O 3 before administration of the aforementioned drug. This drug until latest updated data was in phase 1 stage, study was carried out by NCT00551811.

Intraarticular O3 therapy for pain control in osteoarthritis of the knee: Ozone is being currently tested for its effectiveness in relieving the pain in patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee. The current status of the study is phase 2 which is sponsored by Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the study being conducted by NCT00832312.

The Effect of Ozone Therapy for Lumbar-Herniated Disc: Ozone is also being evaluated for its efficacy infiltration and its effectiveness in comparison with microdiscectomy in the treatment of lumbar-herniated disc with criteria for surgery. The study is currently in its phase 2 studies, which is sponsored by Kovacs Foundation and trials being carried out by NCT00566007. The study also evaluates the efficacy of infiltration in presence of corticoids, anesthetics, which is being compared by replacing O 3 by oxygen.[69]

See also

References

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External links

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