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| year = 1999| date = October 25, 1999| url = http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1999/b3652114.arc.htm| accessdate = February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Mostel| first = Raphael| title = Pushing Foundations To Give Everything They Have
| year = 1999| date = October 25, 1999| url = http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1999/b3652114.arc.htm| accessdate = February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Mostel| first = Raphael| title = Pushing Foundations To Give Everything They Have
| newspaper = [[The Forward|The Daily Jewish Forward]]| year = 2004| date = November 12, 2004| url = http://www.forward.com/articles/4506/| accessdate =February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Planned Parenthood grant|url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/grants/grantdetails?grantid=73356|work=Grant database.|publisher=Ford Foundation|accessdate=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="turner funding">{{cite news|last=Leavitt|first=Paul|title=Bush debate material may have landed in Gore camp|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/60307222.html?dids=60307222:60307222&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+14,+2000&author=Paul+Leavitt;+Jim+Drinkard&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Bush+debate+material+may+have+landed+in+Gore+camp&pqatl=google|accessdate=February 12, 2011|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=September 14, 200|author2=Drinkard, Jim}}</ref> The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions.<ref name=bwdonations /> Some, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services.<ref name=bwdonations /> Pro-life groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood.<ref>{{cite news | last = Levin | first = Tamar| title = Anti-Abortion Group Urges Boycott of Planned Parenthood Donors | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | year = 1990 | date = August 8, 1990 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/08/us/anti-abortion-group-urges-boycott-of-planned-parenthood-donors.html?pagewanted=all | accessdate = February 7, 2011 | quote =}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/reproductive-health/050715/foes-keep-planned-parenthood-under-steady-attack|publisher=Womens Enews.org|accessdate=14Feb 2011|title=Foes Keep Planned Parenthood Under Steady Attack.|first=Cynthia|last=Cooper}}</ref>
| newspaper = [[The Forward|The Daily Jewish Forward]]| year = 2004| date = November 12, 2004| url = http://www.forward.com/articles/4506/| accessdate =February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Planned Parenthood grant|url=http://www.fordfoundation.org/grants/grantdetails?grantid=73356|work=Grant database.|publisher=Ford Foundation|accessdate=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="turner funding">{{cite news|last=Leavitt|first=Paul|title=Bush debate material may have landed in Gore camp|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/60307222.html?dids=60307222:60307222&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+14,+2000&author=Paul+Leavitt;+Jim+Drinkard&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Bush+debate+material+may+have+landed+in+Gore+camp&pqatl=google|accessdate=February 12, 2011|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=September 14, 200|author2=Drinkard, Jim}}</ref> The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions.<ref name=bwdonations /> Some, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services.<ref name=bwdonations /> Pro-life groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood.<ref>{{cite news | last = Levin | first = Tamar| title = Anti-Abortion Group Urges Boycott of Planned Parenthood Donors | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | year = 1990 | date = August 8, 1990 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/08/us/anti-abortion-group-urges-boycott-of-planned-parenthood-donors.html?pagewanted=all | accessdate = February 7, 2011 | quote =}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.womensenews.org/story/reproductive-health/050715/foes-keep-planned-parenthood-under-steady-attack|publisher=Womens Enews.org|accessdate=14Feb 2011|title=Foes Keep Planned Parenthood Under Steady Attack.|first=Cynthia|last=Cooper}}</ref>

Concerted efforts to defund Planned Parenthood at federal,<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-votes-strip-planned-parenthood-federal-funding/story?id=12951080</ref> state and local levels have gained both traction and momentum during 2010 and 2011, such that they have been placed on the defensive nationwide.<ref>http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/politics/entries/2011/02/23/planned_parenthood_on_defensiv.html</ref> In addition to Indiana and Texas,<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/28/texas-gop-defund-planned-parenthood_n_886227.html</ref> efforts to shift funds away from Planned Parenthood have been undertaken or have already taken place in New Hampshire,<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/2011/09/14/obama-forces-new-hampshire-to-fund-planned-parenthood/</ref> Montana, Kansas,<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/planned-parenthood-fights-defunding-laws/story?id=13971864</ref> Wisconsin,<ref>http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2011/June/Wisconsin-Budget-Defunds-Planned-Parenthood/</ref> North Carolina, Ohio, and Tennessee <ref>http://www.newschannel5.com/story/14885847/planned-parenthood-defunded-in-tennessee.</ref>


==Stand on political and legal issues==
==Stand on political and legal issues==

Revision as of 23:37, 20 September 2011

Planned Parenthood
AbbreviationPPFA
Formation1916 to 1942[note 1]
Legal statusFederation
PurposeReproductive health
Location
  • 820 locations[1]
Region served
United States
Membership
85 independent affiliates[1]
President
Cecile Richards
AffiliationsInternational Planned Parenthood Federation
Budget
$1.04 billion (as of 2008–09)[2]
WebsitePlannedParenthood.org

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), commonly shortened to Planned Parenthood, is the U.S. affiliate of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and one of its larger members. PPFA a non-profit organization providing reproductive health and maternal and child health services. The Planned Parenthood Action Fund, Inc. (PPAF) is a related organization which lobbies for pro-choice legislation, comprehensive sex education, and access to affordable health care in the United States.

Planned Parenthood is the largest provider of reproductive health services in the United States, which include contraceptives and abortions, among other services.[3][4] Contraception accounts for 35% of PPFA's total services and abortions account for 3%; roughly 10% of PPFA's clients obtain abortions.[5][6][7]

The organization has its roots in Brooklyn, New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the country's first birth-control clinic. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which in 1942 became part of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Since then, Planned Parenthood has grown to have over 820 clinic locations in the U.S., with a total budget of approximately US $1 billion. PPFA provides an array of services to over three million people in the United States, and supports services for over one million clients outside the United States.

History

Margaret Sanger (1922), the first president and founder of Planned Parenthood

The origins of Planned Parenthood date to 1916 when Margaret Sanger, her sister and a friend opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. in Brooklyn, New York.[8] It resulted in her being jailed.[9] In 1938, the clinic was organized into the American Birth Control League, which became part of the only national birth control organization in the US until the 1960s, but the title was found too offensive and "against families" so the League began discussions for a new name.[10] By 1941, the organization was operating 222 centers and had served 49,000 clients.[11] By 1942 [4] the League had become part of what became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.[10]

By 1960, the Federation's grassroots volunteers had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across the country.[11] Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the International Planned Parenthood Federation when it was launched at a conference in Bombay, India in 1952.[12][11]

Following Sanger, Alan Frank Guttmacher became president of Planned Parenthood and served from 1962 till 1974.[13] During his tenure, the Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of the original birth control pill, giving rise to new attitudes towards women's reproductive freedom.[11] Also during his presidency, Planned Parenthood convinced the federal government to fund domestic and international family planning programs.[11] The Center for Family Planning Program Development was also founded as a semi-autonomous division during this time.[14] The center became an independent organization and was renamed the Guttmacher Institute in 1977.[14]

Faye Wattleton was the first woman named president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978 and served till 1992.[15] She was the first African-American to serve as president, and the youngest president in Planned Parenthood's history.[16] During her term, Planned Parenthood grew to become the seventh largest charity in the country, providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates whose activities were spread across 50 states.[17]

A Planned Parenthood supporter participates in a demonstration in support of the organization.

From 1996 to 2006, Planned Parenthood was led by Gloria Feldt.[18][19] Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, the organization's political action committee, launching what was the most far reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history.[20] She also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda, a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent unwanted pregnancies, improve quality of reproductive care and ensure access to safe and legal abortions.[11] Another initiative was the commencement of a "Global Partnership Program" with the aim of building a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning.[11]

On February 15, 2006, Cecile Richards became president of the organization.[21]

Margaret Sanger Awards

In 1966, PPFA began awarding the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor, in their words, "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." In the first year, it was awarded to four men, Carl G. Hartman, William H. Draper, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and Martin Luther King.[22][23][24][25] Later recipients have included John D. Rockefeller III, Katharine Hepburn, Jane Fonda, Hillary Rodham Clinton, and Ted Turner.[26][27][28]

Services and facilities

Location in Houston, Texas

PPFA is a federation of 85 independent Planned Parenthood affiliates around the U.S.[1] These affiliates together operate more than 820 health centers in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.[1][29] The largest of these facilities, a $26 million, 78,000-square-foot (7,200 m2) structure was completed in Houston, Texas in May 2010.[30] This serves as a headquarters for 12 clinics in Texas and Louisiana.[30] Together, they are the largest family planning services provider in the U.S. with over four million activists, supporters and donors.[31][32][33] Planned Parenthood is staffed by 27,000 staff members and volunteers.[34]

They serve over five million clients a year, 26% of which are teenagers under the age of 19.[35] According to Planned Parenthood, 75% of their clients have incomes at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level.[34]

Services provided at locations include contraceptives (birth control); emergency contraception; screening for breast, cervical and testicular cancers; pregnancy testing and pregnancy options counseling; testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases; comprehensive sexuality education, menopause treatments; vasectomies, tubal ligations, and abortion.

In 2009, Planned Parenthood provided 4,009,549 contraceptive services (35% of total), 3,955,926 sexually transmitted disease services (35% of total), 1,830,811 cancer related services (16% of total), 1,178,369 pregnancy/prenatal/midlife services (10% of total), 332,278 abortion services (3% of total), and 76,977 other services (1% of total), for a toal of 11,383,900 services.[34][7][36][37][38][39] The organization also said its doctors and nurses annually conduct 1 million screenings for cervical cancer and 830,000 breast exams.

Funding

Planned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed into law the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act, amending the Public Health Service Act. Title X of that law provides funding for family planning services, including contraception and family planning information. The law enjoyed bipartisan support from liberals who saw contraception access as increasing families' control over their lives, and conservatives who saw it as a way to keep people off welfare. Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that "no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition."[40]

In the 2007–08 Annual Report, clinic income totaled $374.7 million and miscellaneous operating revenues $68.9 million.[41] Approximately two-thirds of the revenue is put towards the provision of health services, while non-medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 16%; management expenses, fundraising, and international family planning programs account for most of the rest.

Planned Parenthood headquarters on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C.

Planned Parenthood receives about a third of its money in government grants and contracts (about $360 million in 2009).[42] By law, federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions,[43] but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for the provision of other medical services "frees up" funds to be re-allocated for abortion.[44][45]

A coalition of national and local pro-life groups have lobbied federal and state government to stop funding Planned Parenthood, and as a result, Republican federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce the funding levels.[43][46] Numerous states gone ahead with such proposals, including Indiana, New Hampshire and Kansas.[44][47][48][49] The Indiana and Kansas decisions were reversed by federal courts,[50][49] and the New Hampshire defunding was effectively undone by Department of Health and Human Services.[48]

Planned Parenthood is also funded by private donors, with a membership base of over 700,000 active donors whose contributions account for approximately one quarter of the organization's revenue.[41] Large donors also contribute a substantial portion of the organization's budget; past donors have included the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Buffett Foundation, Ford Foundation, Turner Foundation, the Cullmans and others.[51][52][53][54] The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions.[51] Some, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services.[51] Pro-life groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood.[55][56]

Stand on political and legal issues

Planned Parenthood and its predecessor organizations have provided and advocated for access to birth control. The modern organization of Planned Parenthood America is also an advocate for reproductive rights.[57] This advocacy includes contributing to sponsorship of abortion rights and women's rights events[58] and assisting in the testing of new contraceptives.[59] The Federation opposes restrictions on women's reproductive health services, including parental consent laws. Planned Parenthood has cited the case of Becky Bell, who died of a back-alley abortion in 1988 due to parental consent laws, to justify their opposition.[60][61] Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an abortion is performed on a minor are unconstitutional on privacy grounds.[62] The organization also opposes laws requiring ultrasounds before abortions, stating that their only purpose is to make abortions more difficult to obtain.[63] Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions,[64] and bans on late-term abortions including intact dilation and extraction, which has been illegal in the U.S. since 2003.[65]

Planned Parenthood argues for the wide availability of emergency contraception (EC) measures.[66] It opposes refusal clauses, which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs. In support of their position, they have cited cases where pharmacists have refused to fill life saving drugs under the laws.[67] Planned Parenthood has also been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to EC for rape victims.[68] Planned Parenthood supports and provides FDA-approved abortifacients such as mifepristone.[69]

Citing the need for medically accurate information in sex education, Planned Parenthood opposes abstinence-only education in public schools. Instead, Planned Parenthood is a provider of, and endorses, comprehensive sex education, which includes discussion of both abstinence and birth control.[70]

Before the U.S. Supreme Court

Planned Parenthood President Gloria Feldt with Congressman Albert Wynn in front of the U.S. Supreme Court

Planned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in the American courts. A number of cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Notable among these cases is the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard. In this case, "Planned Parenthood" was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter, and "Casey" was Robert Casey, the governor of Pennsylvania. The ultimate ruling was split, and Roe v. Wade was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter. Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions. The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions, but found no "undue burden"—an alternative to strict scrutiny which tests the allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution—from the other statutory requirements. Dissenting were William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Byron White. Blackmun, Rehnquist, and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the High Court to rule on this case, and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on the original decision that legalized abortion.[71] Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v. Wade in its entirety.

Other related cases include:

  • Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, spousal consent, clinic bookkeeping and allowed abortion methods. Portions of the challenged law were held to be constitutional, others not.[72]
  • Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City v. Ashcroft (1983). Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent, clinic record keeping, and hospitalization requirements. Most of the challenged law was held to be constitutional.[73]
  • Planned Parenthood v. ACLA (2001). The American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA) released a flier and "Wanted" posters with complete personal information about doctors who performed abortions. A civil jury and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals both found that the material was indeed "true threats" and not protected speech.[74]
  • Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood (2003). Planned Parenthood sued Attorney General Gonzales for an injunction against the enforcement of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. Planned Parenthood argued the act was unconstitutional because it violated the Fifth Amendment, namely in that it was overly vague, violated women's constitutional right to have access to abortion, and did not include language for exceptions for the health of the mother. Both the district court and the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit agreed,[75][76] but that decision was overturned in a 5–4 ruling by the Supreme Court.[77]
  • Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (2006). Planned Parenthood et al. challenged the constitutionality of a New Hampshire parental notification law related to access to abortion.[78][79] In Sandra Day O'Connor's final decision before retirement, the Supreme Court sent the case back to lower courts with instructions to seek a remedy short of wholesale invalidation of the statute. New Hampshire ended up repealing the statute via the legislative process.[80]

Controversy and criticism

Abortion

Planned Parenthood has occupied a central position in the abortion debate in the U.S., and has been among the most prominent targets of U.S. pro-life activists for decades. Congressional Republicans have attempted since the 1980s to defund the organization, nearly leading to a government shutdown over the issue in 2011. The federal money received by Planned Parenthood is not used to fund abortion services, but pro-life activists have argued that the funding frees up other resources which are, in turn, used to provide abortions.[42]

Planned Parenthood is the largest provider of abortions in the U.S.[5] In 2009, Planned Parenthood performed 332,278 abortions, from which it derives about $164,154,000, or 15% of its annual revenue.[81] As a consequence, Planned Parenthood has been criticized by anti-abortion activists. According to PPFA's own estimates, its contraceptive services prevent approximately 612,000 unintended pregnancies and 291,000 abortions annually.[34][82] Planned Parenthood president Cecile Richards has argued that the organization's family planning services reduce the need for abortions.[83] Megan Crepeau of the Chicago Tribune said that, because of its birth control and family planning services, PPFA could be "characterized as America's largest abortion preventer."[84] Anti-abortion activists dispute the evidence that greater access to contraceptives reduces abortions.[85]

Margaret Sanger and eugenics

In the 1920s various theories of eugenics were popular among intellectuals in the United States. For example, 75% of colleges offered courses on eugenics.[86] Sanger, in her campaign to promote birth control, teamed with eugenics organizations such as the American Eugenics Society, although she argued against many of their positions.[87][88][89] She believed that birth control, sterilization and abortion should be voluntary and not based on race.[90] Sanger's connection with supporters of eugenics is often used by opponents of Planned Parenthood in an attempt to discredit the organization by associating it, and birth control, with the more negative modern view of eugenics.[91][92] Planned Parenthood has responded to this effort directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable, disabling, hereditary conditions, and limits on the immigration of the diseased. The leaflet also states that Planned Parenthood "finds these views objectionable and outmoded" but says that it was compelled to discuss the topic because "anti-family planning activists continue to attack Sanger . . . because she is an easier target" than Planned Parenthood.[93]

Recorded stings by pro-life activists

Planned Parenthood supporters in Columbus, OH

Pro-life activists have carried out actions against Planned Parenthood in attempts to substantiate claims that Planned Parenthood did not follow applicable state or federal laws. The groups have called or visit a Planned Parenthood health center posing as victims of statutory rape,[94] minors who would need parental notification for abortion,[95][96] racists seeking to earmark donations for abortions for black women to abort black babies,[97] or pimps who want abortions for child prostitutes.[98] Edited video and audio productions of these dialogues have seemed to show employees being sympathetic to potentially criminal acts, leading to allegations that the health centers in question are violating the law. An official federal inspection in 2005 by the Bush administration's Department of Health and Human Services "yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse, child molestation, sexual abuse, rape or incest."[95]

Most recently, in 2011, the organization Live Action released a series of videos that they said showed Planned Parenthood employees at multiple affiliates actively assisting or being complicit in aiding the underage prostitution ring of actors posing as a pimp and a prostitute. Planned Parenthood conducted a frame-by-frame analysis of the recordings, and said they found instances of "editing that dramatically alter[ed] the meaning of the recorded conversations."[99]

None of these stings have led to criminal conviction.[100] However, a small number of Planned Parenthood employees and volunteers were fired for not following procedure, and the organization committed to retraining its staff.[97][101]

State and local court cases against Planned Parenthood

In some states, medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood have been subpoenaed by state Attorneys General. Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records, citing medical privacy and concerns about the motivation for seeking the records.

In Kansas, Attorney General Phil Kline, a conservative Republican, made public some sealed medical records obtained from Planned Parenthood. His actions were described as "troubling" by the state supreme court, but ultimately Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved.[102] Kline's successor, Paul Morrison, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation. He said "an objective, unbiased and thorough examination" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the attorney general's office.[103]

In Indiana, Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records.[104] In October 2005, Planned Parenthood Minnesota/North Dakota/South Dakota was fined $50,000 for violating a Minnesota state parental consent law.[105]

Anti-abortion violence

Planned Parenthood clinics have been the target of many instances of anti-abortion violence, including (but not limited to) bombing, arson, and attacks with chemical weaponry.[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115] In 1994, John Salvi murdered Shannon Elizabeth Lowney, a receptionist at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Massachusetts.[116]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Planned Parenthood "dates its beginnings to 1916" but a predecessor, the American Birth Control League, was not founded until 1921 and the organization did not adopt its name until 1942.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Livio, Susan (January 16, 2011). "Planned Parenthood may double the number of N.J. abortion clinics while expanding nationwide". NJ.com. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  2. ^ "Planned Parenthood 2008–09 Annual Report" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. p. 29. Retrieved February 21, 2011. (For 2008–09, Planned Parenthood's total revenue was $1,100.8 million and their total expenses were $1,037.4 million.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ Largest provider of reproductive health services:
    • The Planned Parenthood women's health encyclopedia, p vii
    • Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: Sex and Intimacy, p 149
    • Maternal and child health: programs, problems, and policy in public health, p 104–105
    • Playing it safe: how the Supreme Court sidesteps hard cases, p 226
    • American journal of public health, Volume 83, Issues 7–12, p 1093
  4. ^ Number of abortions:
    PP affiliates: "Only 50 of its 178 affiliates perform abortions"; and PP affiliates performed "104,000 of the 1.6 million abortions in the United States."
  5. ^ a b "Planned Parenthood, abortion and the budget fight". Yahoo! News. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  6. ^ Conan, Neal (March 8, 2011). "Manning Up and Planned Parenthood". NPR. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
  7. ^ a b "Planned Parenthood Federation of America 2008–2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  8. ^ The Sanger Years Planned Parenthood. Accessed August 27, 2011.
  9. ^ McVeigh, Frank; Loreen, Wolfer (2004), Brief history of social problems: a critical thinking approach (Illustrated ed.), University Press of America, ISBN 0761828311
  10. ^ a b Gordon, Linda (2002), The moral property of women: a history of birth control politics in America (3rd ed.), University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252027647
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Balter, Lawrence (2000), Parenthood in America: an encyclopedia, vol. 1st (Illustrated ed.), ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1576072134
  12. ^ "Birth Control Organizations: International Planned Parenthood Federation". Margaret Sanger Papers. New York University. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  13. ^ "Alan Guttmacher", Toledo Blade, p. 28, March 19, 2974, retrieved February 9, 2011 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  14. ^ a b "The History of the Guttmacher Institute". Official Website. The Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
  15. ^ "The Trustees of Columbia University". Office of the Secretary of the University. Columbia University. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  16. ^ "About Faye". Faye Wattleton.
  17. ^ Marshall, Lauren (April 4, 2002), "Women's Rights Advocate Faye Wattleton Elected Newest Columbia Trustee", Columbia News, retrieved February 10, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ "Planned Parenthood Chooses New President", Ms. Magazine, January 12, 2006, retrieved February 10, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ^ "New President: Battle over abortion must be refought", Gadsden Times, pp. A5, April 10, 1996, retrieved February 10, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  20. ^ Lewin, Tamar (April 28, 1996), "Shifting gears as the world turns, Planned Parenthood will too under helm of new president", The Chicago Tribune, p. 9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ^ Johnson, Darragh (March 25, 2006). "Cecile Richards, Planned Parenthood's Choice Leader". Washington Post. pp. C01.
  22. ^ "Author Wins Sanger Prize". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 27, 1966.
  23. ^ "Population Planner Honored". Los Angeles Times. November 28, 1971.
  24. ^ "LBJ Birth Policy Cited". Associated Press via the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 11, 1966.
  25. ^ "Mrs. King receives award for husband". The Afro American. May 21, 1966.
  26. ^ "Rockefeller 3d Wins Sanger Award". New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  27. ^ "REMINDER/Planned Parenthood Salutes Visionary Leaders in the Fight for Reproductive Freedom." Business Wire 29 Mar. 2003: 5006. General OneFile. Web. 11 Feb. 2011.
  28. ^ Lozano, Juan (March 27, 2009). "Clinton champions women's rights worldwide". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  29. ^ Davis, Tom (2005). Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534933.
  30. ^ a b Planned Parenthood debuts new building Houston Chronicle May 20, 2010, 10:27PM retrieved June 28, 2010
  31. ^ Lerner, Sharon (January 18, 2011), "Does Contraception Count as Prevention?", The Nation, retrieved February 11, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ^ Grady, Denise (July 9, 2009), "Abortion Pill Study Suggests Way to Limit Infection", New York Times, retrieved February 11, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  33. ^ "Planned Parenthood ® by the Number" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  34. ^ a b c d Planned Parenthood Services Fact Sheet, Sept 2011
  35. ^ Richards, Thomas (2007). "Spotlight on: Planned Parenthood". Children's Legal Rights Journal. 27 (3): 57. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  36. ^ Planned Parenthood Services as of March 2011, Planned Parenthood,
  37. ^ Jon Kyl says abortion services are “well over 90 percent of what Planned Parenthood does”, PolitiFact.com at St. Petersburg Times, 8 April 2011
  38. ^ Colliver, Victoria (January 19, 2011). "Planned Parenthood reopens in S.F." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  39. ^ "Planned Parenthood Services" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  40. ^ Halloran, Liz (March 21, 2011). "Abortion Foes Target Family Planning Program". NPR.
  41. ^ a b "Planned Parenthood Federation of America 2006–2007 Annual Report" (PDF). Planned Parenthood. 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  42. ^ a b Rovner, Julie (April 13, 2011). "Planned Parenthood: A Thorn In Abortion Foes' Sides". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
  43. ^ a b "Groups unite vs. Planned Parenthood". Politico. February 2, 2011.
  44. ^ a b Eckholm, Erik (February 17, 2011). "Planned Parenthood Financing Is Caught in Budget Feud". New York Times.
  45. ^ Groppe, Maureen (February 1, 2011). "House votes to block funds to Planned Parenthood". The Arizona Republic.
  46. ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya; Rucker, Philip (April 8, 2011). "GOP's latest proposal for Planned Parenthood funding". Washington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
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