Seacology: Difference between revisions

Seacology
	File:Seacology logo.gif
Founded	1991
Founder	Paul Alan Cox; Ken Murdock; Bill Marré
Type	501(c)(3)
Tax ID no.	87-0495235
Focus	Island conservation
Location	1623 Solano Ave.; Berkeley, CA 94707; USA;
Area served	Global (islands)
Key people	Chairman Paul Alan Cox; Executive Director Duane Silverstein; President Ken Murdock
Revenue	Donations, Grants, and Royalties
Employees	6
Website	seacology.org

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Seacology, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) charitable organization headquartered in Berkeley, California, focuses on preserving preserving island ecosystems and cultures around the globe. Founded in 1991, its origins started with the work of ethnobotanist Paul Alan Cox, who researched tropical plants and their medicinal value in the village of Falealupo on the island of Savai'i in Samoa during the mid-1980s. When the villagers were pressured into selling logging rights to their rainforest in 1988 in order to build a new school, Cox and his wife offered to help secure funds for the new school in return for an agreement with the villagers to protect their forest. With the help of his friends and family, Cox secured the funds within six months, later earning him and the village chief, Fuiono Senio, the Goldman Environmental Prize for their efforts. Word spread throughout the islands, and with increasing demand for similar projects, Cox, along with Bill Marré and Ken Murdock, decided to form Seacology and expand their work internationally. For the first few years, the organization operated as a volunteer-based organization. Duane Silverstein became the first employee in 1999, and headquarters were relocated to Berkeley, not far from his residence.

Because of the high risk of extinction for island fauna and the decline in coral reef ecosystems, as well as the continual loss of unique island cultures, Seacology operates by focusing on projects that require local villages to sign contacts where they agree to help protect either terrestrial or marine habitat for a specified amount of time in return for new buildings or services that they need. The operations are low-cost, averaging around US$20,000 to US$25,000. Construction is done with local labor and without the use of machinery. Seacology selects its projects by reviewing the recommendations of its field representatives and its scientific advisory board.

By 2010, Seacology had initiated 200 projects globally, and helped preserve 957,852 acres (3,876 km²; 1,497 sq mi) or marine habitat and 852,651 acres (3,451 km²; 1,332 sq mi) of terrestrial habitat. At the same time, they had help construct 104 new facilities and provided 36 programs, which included educational materials, vital medical services, and environmental training. In addition to helping local people in island like Fiji, Kendhoo, and many others, their projects have helped protect mangrove forests, sea turtles, marine mammals called dugongs, and the rarest primate in the world: the Hainan black crested gibbon. Seacology also awards its annual Seacology Prize to indigenous islanders for their momentous efforts in conservation and cultural preservation. The organization helps support island communities by fostering ecotourism, and has helped raise emergency funds following destructive tsunamis. It performs all of these tasks on a modest budget, while also saving money by not compensating this board members. It has won awards from Yahoo! and Travel + Leisure magazine, and has been featured in the music video "What About Now" by the American rock band Daughtry.

History

Seacology was founded in 1991 by ethnobotanist Paul Alan Cox in Hawaii using prize money and consulting fees resulting from his efforts to preserve a 30,000 acres (120 km²; 47 sq mi) of rainforest outside the village of Falealupo on the island of Savai'i in Samoa, the events of which he later recorded in his book, Nafanua: Saving the Samoan Rain Forest.^[1]^[2] Cox began his work in Samoa in 1973 during his first Mormon missionary service, at which time he worked with the local people and learned about the medicinal properties of the local plants. After working with local communities in other rainforests, Cox returned to Samoa in 1984 with his family. His aim was to find a cure for cancer, which had claimed the life of his mother earlier that year.^[1] In return for the help of the local healers (called fofo), Cox offered a share of the revenue to the local villages. Over time, his research identified five new drugs, including the protein prostratin, a potential treatment for HIV.^[3]^[4] Prostratin was isolated in a concoction made from the bark of the local mamala tree (Homalanthus nutans) and shared with him by a healer named Epenesa Mauigoa, who used it to treat hepatitis.^[3] Cox set up royalty agreements to ensure that the Samoans will share in the revenue.^[1]

In 1988, his research was threatened when the Samoan government pressured the village of Falealupo to sell logging rights to a foreign-owned lumber company for the surrounding rainforest in order to pay for a new school. Without the new school, the government warned that they would withdraw the teachers in the village, leaving the children without an opportunity for education.^[1]^[3]^[5]^[6] Lacking a source of revenue, the villages sold the logging rights to the forest,^[5] but when Cox learned of the situation, he immediately sought an explanation from the village elders and then requested that they halt the logging so that he could raise money for the school. Despite initial skepticism, Cox convinced the high chief, Fuiono Senio, who then helped persuade the rest of the elders. Senio then drew his machete and raced 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to halt the logging.^[6] In February of 1989, Cox, along with the village chiefs (matai) signed the "The Falealupo Covenant," which legally protected the forest for 50 years in exchange for their help.^[2]^[3] The new school was built after Cox and his wife, Barbara, were able to raise the money in six months^[4]^[6] partly by mortgaging their house for US$85,000.^[1]^[7] Cox also got help from his family and friends. Verne and Marion Read took over payments on the mortgage for the school while Ken Murdock and Rex Maughan funded the construction of the school and repaid the loggers.^[5]

In 1992, Cox and his friends had finished helping the Samoan villagers at Falealupo, as well as nearby Tafua, which encountered the same problem.^[8] Prior to that, Murdock, who later became Seacology's President suggested continuing their work by seeking out more villages with which they could exchange projects for marine and forest reserves.^[5] As demand among island villages grew, Bill Marré, a business consultant and executive coach who later became a member of the Board of Trustees and the Chairman's Advisory Council, suggested that establishing a nonprofit organization to continue their work.^[8] He suggested the name "Seacology" to reflect the organization's focus on island conservation, and helped cofound the nonprofit in 1991, along with Cox and Murdock.^[5] Using his own funds, Marré paid the costs of starting the organization and covered its administrative costs for the first three years. Together with his assistant, Rita DeSpain, Marré helped advertised Seacology by giving lectures at schools and universities, visiting other island nations, and writing articles about the work for the local media.^[8]

In Falealupo, Seacology continued their work, funding projects with a total of US$485,000 as of 2005.^[3] When cyclone Ofa destroyed the primary school in 1990, Seacology helped raise funds to rebuild it. The school was completely rebuilt again in 1991 following Cyclone Val.^[9] Several years after completing the school, the organization helped establish trails and build a rainforest information center, followed in 1997 by an elevated canopy walkway as part of an ecotourism project to help generate income for the people^[2]^[9] and provide funds for a retirement system for the village elders.^[6] The walkway has since become one of Samoa's leading tourist attractions,^[3] and was yielding an average of US$1,000 each month for the community in 2001—bringing in more money than the villagers would have earned from selling their forest. Satisfied with the results, the villagers at Falealupo declared that they would honor the contract they had made with Cox to protect the forest forever, rather than just 50 years.^[6] Not long after the completion of the school, the chiefs held a tribal ceremony at which they proclaimed that Cox was a reincarnation of their god, Nafanua, because he had inadvertently fulfilled an ancient legend predicting that the land would be saved from destruction by a foreigner. The title bestowed upon him made Cox responsible for the well-being of the village and obligated that he return to visit.^[1] In 1997, both Cox and Senio, the village chief, shared shared the Goldman Environmental Prize for their work, which Cox later detailed in his book Nafanua: Saving the Samoan Rainforest.^[10]

For the first six years of its existence, Seacology operated as a volunteer organization with no employees.^[11] Four years after being founded, Seacology's administrative office moved Ken Murdok's office. The office moved again in 1999 to Berkeley, California^[8] after Cox offered a job to Duane Silverstein—then the Executive Director of the Goldman Fund, which had previously honored Cox with the Goldman Environmental Prize. Silverstein had been inspired by the work Cox had done in Samoa, and agreed to take the position of Executive Director of Seacology under the condition that the office be relocated to within walking distance of his house.^[12]^[13]

Activities

Seacology works to protect both terrestrial and marine habitats on islands around the world, including this mangrove forest in the Philippines (right), in return for services, such as this new community hall in Sanoa Village on the island of Vanuatu.

Seacology is a nonprofit organization that works to preserve both island habitats and cultures by exchanging services for local assistance and cooperation with conservation efforts.^[14] As of 2000, it was reported to be the only conservation organization to focus entirely on island preservation.^[15] Seacology has 501(c)(3) status (providing federal income tax deductions for some donors) because it is a charitable, non-profit organizations.^[8] According to its mission statement on its website, "Seacology searches for win-win situations where both the local environment is protected and islanders receive some tangible benefit for doing so."^[16] It's motto is: "Saving the world, one island village at a time."^[17]

Islands encompass a large porition of the world's surface. Combined, the largest 125 islands cover an area the size of Europe, and if the economic zones that include marine resources (found within a few miles of shore) are included, islands make up one-sixth of the Earth's surface area and hold half of all marine species.^[18] Scientific surveys have shown that coral reefs are declining rapidly due to climate change, dynamite and cyanide fishing, and marine pollution.^[19] According to evolutionary biologist E. O. Wilson, even bird species that are endemic islands face a greater risk of extinction—40 times greater than on the continents, including 90% of all bird extinctions between the 17th and 20th centuries. At least 2,000 bird species have been driven to extinction on 800 of the largest Pacific Islands. Threats to endemic wildlife include disease and invasive species.^[7]

In order to save island habitats around the world, Seacology staff initiate new projects by first holding meetings with local villagers to determine their needs.^[12] These needs often include schools, a community center, solar energy, or freshwater delivery. Once their needs are determined, Seacology makes a deal with the local community, offering to provide the needed service in return for a forest reserve or a no-take fishing area around a coral reef. Facilities such as schools and community centers are built using local labor, and Seacology provides approximately US$20,000 for supplies and to facilitate the construction.^[13] Seacology has field representatives stationed around the world who monitor and report the progress of the projects in their region, as well as seek new projects in their respective regions or islands. New project suggestions are reviewed by the Board of Directors.^[20] The Scientific Advisory Board provide additional recommendations, based on the latest research.^[21]

In addition to their projects, Seacology played an active role in the creation of the National Park of American Samoa through the work of their scientists and donors.^[22] In 2008, Seacology started it Carbon Offset Fund, where donations of US$40.00 went directly towards renewable energy and reforestation projects.^[23] That same year, they collaboratively funded the creation of a nursery run by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Azafady in Madagascar in order to raise 3,000 seedlings of the endangered palm Dypsis saintelucei.^[24] The two organizations have also collaborated to protect the Manafiafy Forest in southeastern Madagascar.^[25] In Bunaken and Manado, Seacology was involved in testing a new method of restoring coral reef, which involved planting white ceramic modules that were shaped like 3-dimensional snowflakes to maximize the surface area for corals to grow.^[26]^[27]

In 2007, Seacology became an international organization with greater visibility, despite their small staff. International affiliates program, such as Seacology Germany and Seacology Japan were created to help raise funds to support island projects. The following year, Seacology U.K. was created, followed by Seacology Scandinavia in 2009.^[11] For its global efforts, Seacology has received several awards, including the Global Vision Award in Travel + Leisure, the Blue Award in Islands Magazine, and Yahoo!'s Pick for Good in September 2006.^[28]^[29]

Projects

According to their 2010 Annual Report, Seacology has funded over 200 projects globally, and thereby preserving 957,852 acres (3,876 km²; 1,497 sq mi) or marine habitat and 852,651 acres (3,451 km²; 1,332 sq mi) of terrestrial habitat since it was founded. The island communities that have aided in these efforts have collectively received 104 facilities, including schools, community centers, and other important structures. In 36 programs, educational materials, vital medical services, and environmental training were provided.^[11]

When projects are agreed upon with an island community, local rituals are often coincide with the start of the project, particularly through the Pacific Islands. A common custom involves drinking kava, a mildly narcotic drink made from the ground-up root of a pepper plant. The ritual is hundreds of years old, and has been described by the Seacology staff as being relaxing especially because of the friendly environment. The Seacology staff often dress in the local attire, and try to treat to the local people as equals without being patronizing. The villagers perform dances, and the staff are invited to join in, often to the amusement of the local people.^[13]

When the projects begin, the work is done without machines, with supplies being shipped on small boats and then carried by hand from the beach.^[30] Project costs range between US$5,000 and US$150,000, although the average is between US$20,000 and US$25,000.^[31] The protected areas that result from these deals typically involve a 20– to 30–year commitment. Seacology hopes that during that time the local people grow to respect these resources and ideally progress to a point where they are less dependent on their natural resources. In a worst-case scenario, if the people violate the contract and destroy the habitat, Seacology will have still made a difference in the lives of the people through their low-cost investment, whereas larger conservation organizations might invest large sums of money and by not addressing the immediate needs of the people, walk away from a failed project without having helped the community.^[32]

Examples of Seacology's projects include cases where villagers in Fiji refused a US$700,000 offer by foreign businessmen to buy one of the islands in order to sign an agreement that prohibited development for 20 years and established a 10–year no–take fishing reserve that encompassed 80 square miles (210 km²) around the island.^[33] On the island of Kendhoo, part of the Baa Atoll in the Maldives, Seacology paid US$30,000 in 2003 to build a kindergarten in exchange for a ban on harvesting endangered sea turtle eggs, which the government did not prohibit.^[34]^[35] In the Trang Province of Thailand, another project helps protect the habitat of seagrass beds and mangrove forest for endangered marine mammals called dugongs (Dugong dugon).^[35] In 2003, Seacology and a Chinese organization worked together to form an agreement with the people of Hainan Island where in return for scholarships for nearly 200 middle-school children, the people would stop cutting down the trees around Bawangling Reserve, home to the rarest primate in the world, the Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus hainanus) and the nearly extinct subspecies of Eld's Deer (Panolia eldii) found on Hainan.^[36]^[37] In 1999, Seacology began work to establish a new national park around Mt. Angavokely, near Antananarivo in Madagascar. The mountain is home to 120 species of endangered orchids and several medicinal herbs, including Helichrysum gymnocephalum, which is used as a antiseptic and treatment for bronchitis; Secneicia faujasiodides, which is used for healing wounds; Psiadia altissima, which is used to treat eczema; Bryophyllum proliferum, which is used to treat coughing; and Brachylaena ramiflora, which is used to lower malarial fever.^[25]

Service awards

Created by cofounder Bill Marré in 1992 and underwritten by Ken Murdock in honor of his mother, the Seacology Prize is awarded each year to an indigenous islander based on achievements in island conservation and cultural preservation.^[8]^[38] The recipients of the award are often people who receive little or no public recognition for their work, and often risk their lives and wellbeing to preserve their culture and environment. The prize includes a reward of US$10,000.^[38]

In 2010, it was awarded to Rabary Desiré from Matsobe-Sud in Madagascar for his forest conservation efforts in Belaoka Marovato in northeastern Madagascar. Rabary, an ecotour guide and research guide, had created his own forest reserve, called Antanetiambo (meaning "on the high hill"), and planned to use his prize money to fund reforestation efforts, develop tourist facilities, and expand the size of Antanetiambo.^[39] Another winner of the Seacology Prize was the Icelandic filmmaker and former reporter for RÚV, Ómar Ragnarsson, who won the award in 2008 for his efforts in preserving the highlands of Iceland.^[40]

Ecotourism

In response to the growing demand for ecotourism, Seacology opened up its fundraising expeditions to the public in 2006. These trips include destinations like Fiji, and offer both unique travel opportunities and a means for helping improve the quality of life for the indigenous people.^[14] The experiences have been described as "moving" because of the close personal interactions with the local people. In some cases, the tour groups visit locations seldom visited by Westerners.^[13] On the tours, Seacology encourages its travelers to explore the culture and economy by trying local foods.^[41]

Following the 2002 Bali bombings, Silverstein reported that tourism fell by over 90 percent on the island of Bali, mostly due to sensational media reporting. Silverstein was in Bali a few day after the attack and reported that such reporting damaged the local economies, despite what he reported as little or no risk to tourists in the Muslim villages of region.^[42]

Tsunami relief funds

Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Seacology establish a tsunami relief fund to help four impacted communities with which the organization had previously completed projects.^[43] Following the model of their projects, the Seacology staff asked the local people what they needed to rebuild their local economy and infrastructure.^[12]^[44] In Kiralakele, Sri Lanka, the people requested fishing nets and boats so that they could resume their lifestyle. Goats and chickens were requested by the people of Kadachang Village in the Andaman Islands. On Kendhoo in the Maldives, the tsunami had destroyed the local plant life, so seedlings were needed to restore the environment. In Trang Province, Thailand, basic structural repair was requested. Seacology also emphasized that it would repair and replace the projects that had been damaged or destroyed in the tsunami.^[43]^[45]

As of late 2005, Seacology had raised US$261,716 for the relief work,^[12] with all of it going directly to fund the efforts.^[43] All donors received received details of how the money was spent, as well as photos of the work. The California Association of Nonprofits later honored Seacology with their Achievement in Innovation Award at their annual meeting in San Francisco for the relief work.^[12]

Previous work by Seacology in the region had helped minimize the damage caused by the tsunami. Seacology Prize recipient Anuradha Wickramasinghe from Sri Lanka noted that the mangrove forests that were preserved shielded their community, whereas nearby villages that cleared their mangroves to create industrial shrimp farms had not fared so well. Mangroves also buffered Kadachang Village in the hard-hit Andaman Islands, which suffered little loss of human life or structural damage compared to the nation's capital city of Port Blair.^[46]

Following the 2009 Samoa tsunami, Seacology once again started a tsunami relief effort. They helped Samoan villages by providing new water tanks and pipelines, and also helped to clean up mangroves and inshore coral reefs that were littered with debris from nearby motels.^[47]

Finances

Seacology is a small nonprofit, with only six full-time staff,^[11] and as a result has little overhead costs and low inefficiency with its modest budget.^[12]^[48] Its tax identification number is 87-0495235.^[49] According to Silverstein, its annual budget for all of its staff and office expenditures is significantly lower than the median compensation for business chief executive officers (CEOs) alone.^[50] Unlike many organizations, board members receive no compensation^[51] and are not reimbursed for the costs of attending board meetings.^[50] Unlike other environmental groups, Seacology does not offer memberships, which further reduces its expenditures.^[12]

In addition to its efficiency, the organization boasts a responsive and reliable staff, who answer the phone instead using automated answering services and do not miss appointments. Furthermore, Seacology respects donor privacy and is compliant with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).^[52]

In 2010, Seacology reported US$1,235,720 in donations and grants and a total of US$1,354,314 when other revenue was included. Its expenses that year totaled US$1,458,667, with US$226,619 going toward fundraising and US$188,157 supporting management and other general expenses.^[11] Financial support comes mostly from individuals, foundations, and companies such as Nu Skin Enterprises, which pays US$180,000 annually in royalties for the plant-based cosmetic formulas Cox developed for facial creams and other skincare products.^[2]^[6]^[31] Board members also contribute a sizable portion of the annual budget, donating a minimum of US$10,000 per year to the organization.^[2]

Leadership

Seacology is governed by its Board of Directors, which consists of corporate leaders who share an commitment to island conservation the preservation of island cultures.^[51]^[53] Paul Alan Cox is the Chairman of Seacology. He received his PhD from Harvard University, and served as a professor at Brigham Young University, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Uppsala University. Cox served as the Director of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) for seven years, and as of 2011, he is the Executive Director of the Institute for Ethnomedicine, which is affiliated with the NTBG. His research interests include island plant ecology and ethnobotany of island cultures, and he has published more than 150 scientific papers and reviews. For his research on new medicinal plants, he was named one of eleven "Heroes of Medicine" by Time magazine. Cox is an advocate of indigenous peoples, and has learned several of island languages.^[51]

The Executive Director of Seacology is Duane Silverstein, who for 18 years prior to joining the organization acted as the Executive Director of the Goldman Fund and headed the Goldman Environmental Prize. He has written articles that have appeared in Asian Geographic as well as various scuba diving magazines, and he is a National Fellow of The Explorers Club. Silverstein has met with heads of state around the world, including several presidents of the United States, as well as several Secretaries-General of the United Nations. In addition to having his work covered in newspapers and periodicals, including Time magazine, The Bangkok Post, the San Francisco Chronicle,^[54] he was also selected as an "All-Stars Among Us" in People magazine, for which he was honored at the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.^[54]^[55] In 2008, Silverstein and Seacology were briefly featured alongside several organizations in the music video for "What About Now" by the American rock band Daughtry.^[56] In 2010, Silverstein was awarded the one of the Jefferson Awards for Public Service and also was given the 2010 Coastal Hero Award by Sunset magazine.^[54]

The President of Seacology is Ken Murdock, who also founded the herbal company Nature's Way after his mother was cured of a serious illness with an herbal medicine. Murdock played a key role in the creation of Seacology, and Nature's Way covered Seacology's administrative costs for three years. Murdock has volunteered in Samoa, during which time he resided on Manu'a and learned the local language.^[51]

The Scientific Advisory Board of Seacology includes island biodiversity specialists,^[53] whose research focuses on the conservation of oceanic and terrestrial island ecosystems. The Scientific Advisory Board generates recommendations for new conservation projects based on the latest research available.^[21] Among the eleven members are researcher and Pulitzer Prize winner Jared Diamond, entomologist and evolutionary biologist E. O. Wilson, and oceanographer Sylvia Earle.^[12]^[21] As the founder of Seacology, Cox is also a member of the advisory board.^[12]

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^ Gladstone, L. (2007). "Community meets conservation with Seacology". Private Islands Online. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ Silverstein, D. (2003). "Report from Seacology expedition to Indonesia: "Bali shouldn't be terrifying"". Seacology Newsletter. 5 (1): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Seacology establishes a different kind of tsunami relief fund". Seacology Newsletter. 7 (1): 5. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ Silverstein, D. (2005). "Seacology Establishes a Different Kind of Tsunami Relief Fund". Environmental News Network. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ Silverstein, D. (6 January 2005). "Seacology establishes a different kind of tsunami relief fund". E-Wire. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
^ Kay, J. (17 January 2005). "Environmental organizations speak out online on critical environmental issues". E-Wire. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
^ "2009 Samoa tsunami relief projects". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ Gilliam, B. (2003). "Seacology, making a difference... Now!". Fathoms. 3 (3): 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "2010 Form 990". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b Silverstein, D. (2005). "The Myth of Nonprofit Inefficiency -- An ENN Commentary". Environmental News Network. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Seacology Board of Directors". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
^ "Privacy policy". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b "How Seacology works to preserve island environments and cultures". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Seacology Staff". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
^ "Seacology Executive Director is Oakland A's Everyday All-Star!". Seacology. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
^ "Seacology recognized in new Daughtry music video!". Seacology. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

External links

Seacology official website

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[Cox2000-9] Cox, P. A. (2000). "A tale of two villages: Cultures, conservation, and ecocolonialism in Samao". In Zerner, C. (ed.). People, Plants, and Justice: The Politics of Nature Conservation. Columbia University Press. pp. 336–337. ISBN 978-0-23-110811-9.

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[2010AnnualReport-11] "Seacology 2010 Annual Report". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

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[SFGate_13Apr2008-13] Whiting, S. (13 April 2008). "Seacology's Duane Silverstein woos contributors by taking them to the islands in need of help". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[NYTimes_17Dec2006-14] Tsui, B. (17 December 2006). "Ecotourism: Traveling the world to help save it". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[Science_2000-15] Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1126/science.287.5450.44, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1126/science.287.5450.44 instead.

[Seacology_About-16] "Seacology - About us". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

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[SFGate_30May2002-19] Martin, G. (30 May 2002). "The depths of destruction: Dynamite fishing ravages Philippines' precious coral reefs". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

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[Newsletter_Fall1997-22] "Seacology Helps Create 50th National Park". Seacology Newsletter. 1997. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Newsletter_Fall2008_COF-23] "Seacology Carbon Offset News!". Seacology Newsletter. 10 (2): 7. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Newsletter_Fall2008_MDG-24] "Seacology group visits Madagascar projects". Seacology Newsletter. 10 (2): 1 & 3. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Peterson2005-25] Peterson, K. (2005). "Seacology helps conserve medicinal plants in Madagascar". HerbalGram. 65: 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Salon.com_06Dec2005-26] Greenwald, J. (2005). "Saving the rain forests of the ocean". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[AsianGeo_2006-27] Meur, M. (2006). "Restoring coral reefs". Asian Geographic. 38 (5): 16–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[EarthFirst_2008-28] Rogers, S. (2008). "Featured change agent: Seacology aims to save islands around the world". Earth First. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[About.com_2006-29] Friedland, L. (2006). "Island expeditions with Seacology". About.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Scuba_2006-30] Silverstein, D. (2006). "Build a school, save a reef". ScubaDiver Australasia. 2 (1): 96–98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[HonoluluAd_30Sept2002-31] TenBruggencate, J. (2002). "Seacology conserves for a better world". The Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Salon.com_25Nov2005-32] Greenwald, J. (2005). "Saving the world by mutual back-scratching". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[CayCompass_31Jan2005-33] "Recyclers return from Fiji". Caymanian Compass. 31 January 2005. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[HaveeruDaily_26Oct2003-34] "American NGO makes environmental deal with Kendhoo island". Haveeru Daily. 26 October 2003. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[Purcell2005-35] Purcell, K. (2005). "Seacology establishes tsunami relief fund for island communities involved in environmental projects". HerbalGram. 66: 21–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[AsianGeo_2005-36] Silverstein, D. (2005). "Journey's end: Saving the Hainan gibbon". Asian Geographic. 30 (3): 76–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[ZooView_Apr2005-37] Posada, B. (2005). "Island biomes: Paradise in peril". Zoo View Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Seacology_Prize-38] "Seacology Prize". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[SeacologyNews_2010Prize-39] "Forest conservationist from Madagascar to receive 2010 Seacology prize". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[IcelandReview_11Aug2008-40] "Icelandic environmentalist receives Seacology prize". Iceland Review Online. 11 August 2008. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[PIO_2007-41] Gladstone, L. (2007). "Community meets conservation with Seacology". Private Islands Online. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Newsletter_Spring2003-42] Silverstein, D. (2003). "Report from Seacology expedition to Indonesia: "Bali shouldn't be terrifying"". Seacology Newsletter. 5 (1): 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Newsletter_Spring2005-43] "Seacology establishes a different kind of tsunami relief fund". Seacology Newsletter. 7 (1): 5. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[ENN_06Jan2005-44] Silverstein, D. (2005). "Seacology Establishes a Different Kind of Tsunami Relief Fund". Environmental News Network. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[E-Wire_06Jan2005-45] Silverstein, D. (6 January 2005). "Seacology establishes a different kind of tsunami relief fund". E-Wire. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[E-Wire_17Jan2005-46] Kay, J. (17 January 2005). "Environmental organizations speak out online on critical environmental issues". E-Wire. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.

[Seacology_2009TsunamiRelief-47] "2009 Samoa tsunami relief projects". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Gilliam2003-48] Gilliam, B. (2003). "Seacology, making a difference... Now!". Fathoms. 3 (3): 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Seacology_2010Form990-49] "2010 Form 990". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[ENN_28Mar2005-50] Silverstein, D. (2005). "The Myth of Nonprofit Inefficiency -- An ENN Commentary". Environmental News Network. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Seacology_BoD-51] "Seacology Board of Directors". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[Seacology_Privacy-52] "Privacy policy". Seacology. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[Seacology_How-53] "How Seacology works to preserve island environments and cultures". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[Seacology_Staff-54] "Seacology Staff". Seacology. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[Seacology_News_2Jul2009-55] "Seacology Executive Director is Oakland A's Everyday All-Star!". Seacology. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

[Seacology_News_23Jul2008-56] "Seacology recognized in new Daughtry music video!". Seacology. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.

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