Wikipedia:Article titles

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This naming conventions page sets out Wikipedia's policy on how to name articles. It is supplemented by guidelines that explain the naming conventions further and advise on managing conflicts between them. The naming conventions should be interpreted in conjunction with other policies, particularly the three core content policies: Verifiability, No original research and Neutral point of view.

Articles titles should name or describe the subject of the article, and make Wikipedia easy to use. Article titles do this if they are:

• Recognizable – Good article titles will convey to English speakers what the subject of the article is. This is often cited as the "Principle of Least Astonishment". Article names should be optimized for readers over editors, and for a general audience over specialists.
• Easy to find – Good article titles use the term by which readers are most likely to look for the article and to which editors will most naturally link from other articles. In determining what this term is, we follow the usage of reliable sources. As part of this, the name chosen for an article, while in common use, should be neither vulgar nor pedantic; readers will not expect such names.
• Precise. Good article titles are only as precise as necessary to indicate the name of the topic unambiguously. The scope of articles does change; sometimes article titles must be updated accordingly.
• Concise – Good article titles are short; this makes editing, typing, and searching for articles easier. This principle limits the extent to which precision is desirable; this is also one reason we use names (where they exist) in preference to descriptions.
• Consistent – Similar articles are generally given similar titles. This also falls under the Principle of Least Astonishment: readers should not wonder why one article of a class or category has a different format from the others – unless the difference is beneficial to the encyclopedia. Consistency is often achieved by specific naming conventions for specific types of articles.

In addition, titles are constrained by unavoidable technical restrictions, including the necessity that titles be:

• Unique – Wikipedia's software does not allow two distinct articles to have exactly the same title.

Most articles will have a simple and obvious name that satisfies all of these; this page is intended for editors with more difficult problems. Since these are distinct principles, they can conflict with one another; in such cases, article names are determined by consensus. Consensus on naming in specific fields, or with respect to particular problems, are stated and explained in the guidelines below. When no consensus exists, it is established through discussion, always with the above principles in mind.

For information on the procedure for renaming an article, see Help:Moving a page and Wikipedia:Requested moves.

Redirects should be created to articles that may reasonably be searched for or linked to under two or more names (such as different spellings or former names). Conversely, a name that could refer to several different articles may require a disambiguation page.

General conventions and guidelines

Use common names

Convention: A good title will name the article with what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize and associate with the topic in question; we generally follow the most commonly used name verifiably used in reliable sources in English.

The names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors, and for a general audience over specialists.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names).

Be precise when necessary

Convention: Articles are named as precisely as is necessary to indicate accurately their topical scope, while avoiding over-precision. Readers should not have to read into the article to find which of several meanings of the title is the actual subject, but there is no virtue in excess. When (as with Paris), the unmodified term has an overwhelmingly predominant meaning, we use the simple term for that article; see WP:PRIMARYUSAGE.

All articles must, by the design of Wikipedia, have a unique name. If there are several articles with the same name, it may be that one concerns the primary topic for that name; if so, that one keeps the common name, and the others must be disambiguated. It may be that using an alternative common name for a topic is the simplest way to disambiguate; if not, add a disambiguator in parentheses. The articles should be linked, to help readers get where they want to go, either to each other or to a disambiguation page, normally called topic or topic (disambiguation).

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (precision) and Wikipedia:Disambiguation.

Use English words

Convention: Articles are named in English unless the foreign form of a name has greater recognition by English-speaking readers. The choice between anglicized and local spellings should follow English usage (e.g., Besançon, Søren Kierkegaard and Göttingen, but Nuremberg, delicatessen and Florence). Other significant forms of the name should be given in the first line of the article. Sometimes the usual English version will be the same as the local form, as in Madrid; sometimes it will differ somewhat, as in Franz Josef Strauss; and rarely, as with Mount Everest, it will be completely different.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English).

National varieties of English

Convention: All national varieties of English spelling are acceptable in article names; Wikipedia does not prefer any national variety over any other. American spellings should not be respelled to British standards, and vice versa, unless there is some other advantage to the encyclopedia; for example, both color and colour are acceptable and both spellings are found in article titles (such as color gel and colour state). However, an article title on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the variety of English appropriate for that nation.

See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style, National varieties of English

Use standard English for titles even if trademarks encourage otherwise

Convention: Article titles follow standard English text formatting in the case of trademarks, unless the trademarked spelling is demonstrably most common usage in sources independent of the owner of the trademark. Items in full or partial uppercase (such as Invader ZIM) should have standard capitalization (Invader Zim); however, if the name is ambiguous, and one meaning is usually capitalized, this is one possible method of disambiguation.

Exceptions include article titles with the first letter lowercase and the second letter uppercase, such as iPod and eBay. For these, see the technical restrictions guideline.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Manual of Style (trademarks).

Controversial names

See also: Wikipedia:Naming conflict

The purpose of an article's title is to enable that article to be found by interested readers, and nothing more. In particular, the choice of title is not influenced by disputes about whether a name is "right" in a moral sense. Note also that the use of one name as an article title does not preclude the use of alternative names in appropriate contexts in the text of articles.

Nor does the use of one name for one article require that all related articles use the same name. The advantages of consistency and of common usage should be considered; there is often some reason, such as anachronism, for inconsistencies in common usage. For example, Wikipedia has articles on both Volgograd and the Battle of Stalingrad.

Editing for the sole purpose of changing one controversial name to another is strongly discouraged. If an article name has been stable for a long time, and there is no good reason to change it, it should not be changed. If it is unclear whether an article's name has been stable for a long time, defer to the name used by the first major contributor after the article ceased to be a stub.

Any potentially controversial proposal to change a name should be discussed before any change is made. However, debating controversial names is often unproductive, and there are many other ways to help improve Wikipedia.

Where articles have descriptive names, they are neutrally worded. A specific example is that the term allegation should be avoided in a title unless the article concerns charges in a legal case or accusations of illegality under civil, criminal or international law which have not yet been proven in a court of law. ble version.

Name construction

Lowercase second and subsequent words in titles

Convention: Do not capitalize the second and subsequent words in a title, unless the title is almost always capitalized in English (for example, as in proper names and book titles). Thus, capitalize the second word in John Wayne and Art Nouveau, but not in Video game.

The first letter of a title is always capitalized (apart from exceptional cases such as eBay, as described under technical restrictions), but it is not necessary to capitalize the first letter when linking (for example, video game directs the reader to Video game).

However, the normal usage in some fields differs; see Animals, plants, and other organisms below

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization).

Prefer singular nouns

Convention: Article titles are generally singular in form. Exceptions include nouns that are always in a plural form in English (scissors or trousers), and names of classes of objects (Arabic numerals or Bantu languages) that require a plural.

Category names follow different pluralization, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (categories).

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals).

Prefer spelled-out phrases to abbreviations

Convention: Avoid the use of abbreviations, including acronyms, in page naming unless the term you are naming is almost exclusively known by its abbreviation. NATO, NASA, laser, radar, and scuba are good examples of acronyms that are commonly thought of as words. On the other hand, abbreviations like Assn and UK should not be used, although UK (for United Kingdom) is acceptable for use in disambiguation.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (abbreviations).

Avoid definite and indefinite articles at the start of names

Convention: Include the definite article ("the") or indefinite article ("a"/"an") at the beginning of the title only if the definite or indefinite article is part of a proper name or otherwise changes the substantive meaning of the title (e.g., crown and the Crown); in general, this means including a or the if they would be capitalized in running text, as would be the case for the title of a work of literature, such as a novel, or the name of an organization.

Examples: Netherlands not The Netherlands; but The Gambia, The Hague, The Old Man and the Sea and The Times.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name).

Use of "and"

Sometimes two or more closely related or complementary concepts are most sensibly discussed on a common page rather than a page each. Where possible, use a name covering all cases: for example, Endianness covers Big-endian and Little-endian, both of which are disambiguation pages that direct to it. Where an overarching name is not practicable, use each individual name in the article title, joined by "and". Examples: Acronym and initialism, Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9, Promotion and relegation. Each word should redirect (or be linked from a disambiguation page) to the combined name, e.g., Pioneer 8. If there is no obvious ordering, place the more commonly encountered word first where applicable. If one is not commonly encountered first place the words alphabetically. Either way, the reverse-ordered name should exist as a redirect (e.g., Initialism and acronym).

Avoid use of "and" in ways that appear biased. For example, the article is Islamic terrorism; Islam and terrorism is a redirect to it.

Redirect adjectives to nouns

Convention: Adjectives (such as democratic) should redirect to nouns (in this case, democracy).

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (adjectives).

Use gerund of verbs

Convention: Use the gerund of verbs (the -ing form in English) unless there is a more common form for a certain verb; for example, cooking.

Rationale and specifics: See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (verbs).

Special characters

See also: Avoid non alpha-numeric characters used only for emphasis

For technical reasons, the characters # < > [ ] | { } cannot be used in page titles. There are also certain restrictions on titles containing colons, periods and certain other characters. For details and workarounds, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions).

Separate accent-like and/or quote-like characters (including, but not limited to

ʻ, ʾ, ʿ, ᾿, ῾, ‘, “, ’, ”, ^c, combining diacritical marks combined with a "space" character) should be avoided in page names. A common exception is the apostrophe ' character (e.g., Anthony d'Offay), which should, however, be used sparingly (e.g., Shia instead of Shi'a).

Non-language characters such as "♥", "★", and "*", sometimes found in advertisements or logos, are not the common English usage. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names) and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English).

For words containing letters with diacritics (accent marks), see Naming conventions (use English). If dashes are used in page names, a redirect using hyphens must be provided (see also Manual of Style (dashes)).

Avoid non-alphanumeric characters used only for emphasis

To maintain the functionality of alphabetical indexing, article titles should not begin with non-alphanumeric (i.e. anything other than A–Z or 0–9) characters if possible. For example, if an article title is a quote, do not enclose it in quotation marks.

Example: To be, or not to be is the article, "To be, or not to be" is a redirect to that article.

Non-alphanumeric characters may still be appropriate if a common term for the article is generally expressed as a non-alphanumeric phrase.

Example: *-algebra

Disambiguation

See the sections of the disambiguation guideline dealing with naming the disambiguation page and naming the specific topic articles.

Subsidiary articles

Do not use an article name that suggests a hierarchy of articles. For example, an article on transportation in Azerbaijan might be considered a subsidiary article of the main article Azerbaijan, but it should not be given a name like "Azerbaijan/Transport" or "Azerbaijan (transport)" – use Transport in Azerbaijan. (Forward slashes are nonetheless used to create subpages in non-article namespaces. See also the technical restrictions on their use.)

Occasionally, subsidiary articles may have more complex names than normal, especially if they are only intended to be accessed by a link from the main article. For example, Isaac Newton has the subsidiary article Isaac Newton's early life and achievements. However, if a common name for such a topic is available, that is always preferred.

For how to link between main and subsidiary articles, see Wikipedia:Summary style. It is also important to avoid content forks.

Specific conventions and guidelines

Animals, plants, and other organisms

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (birds)

Note that common (vernacular) names of flora and fauna are generally written in lower case (except for the first letter, and except where a name contains a proper noun, as in Allyn Smith's banded snail). However, official common names of birds normally have each word capitalized, as in Bald Eagle (but lower case is used after hyphens, as in Red-winged Blackbird). Redirects are created from alternative capitalizations; in rare cases where these have different meanings, suitable links or disambiguation should be used (see the guidance on minor spelling variations).

Books, films and other works

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (films), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (manuscript names)

Books: to disambiguate, add the type of literary work in parentheses, such as "(novel)", "(novella)", "(short story)", etc. You may use "(book)" to disambiguate a non-fiction book. If further disambiguation is needed, add the author's surname inside the parentheses: "(Orwell novel)", "(Asimov short story)", etc.

Comics: In the first instance, use "(comics)" for disambiguation.

Films: when disambiguating a film from something else, use "(film)" in the title when only one film had that name, and "(YEAR film)" in the title when there are two or more films by that name, as in Titanic (1997 film).

Broadcasting (radio and television)

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (broadcasting) and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (television).

Events

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (events). For elections, see Politics below.

Languages (including programming)

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)

Human languages which share their names with some other thing should be suffixed with "language". If the language's name is unique, there is no need for any suffix. For example, English language, but Esperanto.

Language families and groups of languages are pluralized. Thus, Niger-Congo languages rather than 'Niger-Congo language', and Sino-Tibetan languages rather than 'Sino-Tibetan language'.

Programming languages should be disambiguated with the suffix "(programming language)" if the name is not unique enough. For example, VBScript, but Python (programming language).

Language-specific and country-specific topics

Articles and categories relating to some aspect of a specific country should generally be named "(item) of (country)" (as in History of France). See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (country-specific topics).

The following pages contain naming guidelines for articles relating to particular countries or languages:

• Armenian: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Armenian)
• Burmese: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)
• Chinese: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)
• Ireland and Irish names: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)
• Japanese: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Japan-related articles)
• Korean: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Korean)
• Mongolian: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)
• Old Norse: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Norse mythology)

When one particular Anglicized form for a name is overwhelmingly most common and well known to the average English speaking person, it is used for the article title, e.g., Odin, Thor. When no particular Anglicized form can be said to be in common use in everyday English and English speaking scholars use the standardized Old Norse spelling, use the standardized Old Norse spelling except replace the o-ogonek character (

ǫ) with the character 'ö'. Every variant of Anglicized spelling should appear somewhere within the article, in the first paragraph when that is practical.

• Poland: Wikipedia:WikiProject Poland/Conventions
• Russian: some Russian names have a common English spelling. For others, use Wikipedia's modified BGN/PCGN romanization, documented at Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian.

For proposed naming conventions and guidelines relating to certain other countries and languages, see Proposed naming conventions and guidelines.

Lists, categories and stub templates

See: Wikipedia:Lists (stand-alone lists)#Naming conventions

Title a list of Xs as list of Xs, rather than Xs, famous Xs, listing of important Xs, list of noted Xs, list of all Xs, etc.

If a list becomes so long as to necessitate a split, follow the guidance at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists), where the preferred style given is for List of foos: A, and for ranges: List of foos: W-X-Y-Z.

For categories and stub templates, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (categories), Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Naming conventions.

In general, stub templates use nouns in lower case letters except where proper names are involved. Abbreviations are allowed but only when completely unambiguous (or one of a small set of commonly used abbreviations such as geo, bio, hist for geography, biography and history), and are otherwise discouraged. Hyphens, rather than spaces, are used, though words may be run together if they form part of a compound noun. Thus, for example, {{France-bio-stub}} for French people, but {{FrenchPolynesia-geo-stub}} for the geography of French Polynesia.

Stub categories are also only capitalised for proper nouns, and use noun forms. Thus there is a Category:Biology stubs, rather than Category:Biological stubs or Category:Biology Stubs.

Music

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (pieces of music), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (operas)

For musical works, name the article in its most common form, adding the composer's surname in parentheses after it if more than one piece has that title. For example, War Requiem, Violin Concerto (Berg), Symphony No. 6 (Mahler).

Bands, albums and songs

Convention: In band names and titles of songs or albums, capitalize words that are not coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), prepositions (in, to, over), articles (an, a, the), or the word to when used to form an infinitive. Note that short verbs (Is, Are, and Do) and pronouns (Me, It, and His) are capitalized. Do not replicate stylized typography in logos and album art, though a redirect may be appropriate (for example, KoЯn redirects to Korn).

When necessary, disambiguation should be done using (band), (album), or (song) (such as Anthrax (band) or Off the Wall (album)); use further disambiguation only when needed (for example X (U.S. band), X (Australian band)). Unless multiple albums of the same name exist (such as Down to Earth), they do not need to be disambiguated any further. For example, Down to Earth (Ozzy Osbourne album) is fine, but Off the Wall (Michael Jackson album) is unnecessary. Disambiguate albums and songs by artist and not by year unless the artist releases multiple albums with the same name. When a track is not strictly a song (in other words a composition without lyrics, or an instrumental that is not a cover of a song), disambiguation should be done using (composition) or (instrumental).

Numbers and dates

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates). That guideline covers titles for articles on numbers, dates and time periods, as well as other titles containing numbers, dates or other time indicators.

Articles about numbers and related meanings are at N (number) without commas, for example 1729 (number), not Seventeen hundred twenty-nine nor One thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine nor Number 1729 nor 1,729. The name 1729 itself is for the year 1729 AD. So use the name Form 1040, not 1040 (the year Macbeth became King of Scotland), and Intel 80386, not 386 (the year the Northern Wei Dynasty began to rule China).

Organizations, companies and trademarks

For articles on organizations the general principle applies: name pages with the English translation and place the original native name on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English media than the English form. Examples of the last are names of organizations in India, Ireland, Israel, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Quebec, Sri Lanka (English is or was an official language in most of these countries, which led to the general use of the native name), etc.

See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (political parties)

For companies, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies).

The legal status of the company (such as Inc., plc or LLC), is not normally included (for example, Microsoft Corporation, Aflac Incorporated, and GMAC LLC). When disambiguation is needed, the legal status, main company interest, or the suffix "(company)" can be used to disambiguate (for example, Target Corporation, BT Group, Converse (company), or Be Inc.). As a rule, common usage is frequently preferred (such as with The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. or simply DuPont for E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company).

See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (trademarks)

People

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people).

The guideline starts from the idea that names in the format <First name> <Last name> are usually the least problematic as page name for an article on a single person.

The guideline concentrates on these cases where this format is not the most obvious, for example, how to deal with middle names, with Iberian naming customs, with names of people from countries where the surname comes first, with disambiguation (when several people share the same name), etc.

For more specific classes of people, see:

• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (names and titles) – for most Western royalty and nobility
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy) – includes popes, bishops, etc.
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ancient Romans)
• Wikipedia:Naming conventions (baseball players)

Places

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)

Politics

For elections, use the format "Demonym type election, date", for example "Canadian federal election, 1867". For future elections of uncertain date one can use the Next Irish general election format; for special elections or elections of subnational parliaments, use the Scottish Parliament election, 2007 and Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2007 format.

For government departments, ministers etc., see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (government departments and ministers). For parties, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (political parties)

Legislation in the United Kingdom

Acts should be titled with the short name form and then the year, without any comma between them (i.e., [[Foo Bar Act 1234]]). There should be a redirect from [[Foo Bar Act]] if the act is uniquely named.

If several acts have the same short name, [[Foo Bar Act]] should

• redirect to the most commonly-used act of the series if one exists (e.g., the Data Protection Acts) or
• serve as a disambiguation page (e.g., Representation of the People Acts) or
• redirect to [[Foo Bar Acts]] (plural) which should be an article about the series of acts.

If two acts are passed with the same name and year in two parliaments as different enactments of the same piece of legislation, then have just one article (e.g. the Act of Union 1707); but if the two acts are different pieces of legislation, use parenthetical disambiguation based on jurisdiction or entity (e.g. [[European Communities Act 1972 (UK)]] and [[European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland)]]).

Religion

For issues relating to the Latter Day Saints movement (Mormonism), see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Latter Day Saints).

Schools

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (schools)

For disambiguation when schools share the same name, use the most general locale of a school in parentheses.

Science, medicine and astronomy

See: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (medicine-related articles)#Naming conventions, Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)

Isotopes and nuclides: isotopes when written out are common nouns, and should begin with the uncapitalized element name, followed by a hyphen (not an em dash or en dash) and then the mass number. Examples are carbon-14 and uranium-235. The uncapitalized name of elements when written out (but not in symbol form) follows IUPAC convention for chemical elements, and is not changed when the isotope is written out. See IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2004) (online draft of an updated version of the "Red Book")

Aircraft and ships

See: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (aircraft), Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)

Articles about ships that have standard prefixes should include them in the article title; for example, HMS Ark Royal, USS Enterprise. Note that although in text the name but not the prefix is italicized, this is not indicated in the article name, so pipe links are used, for example for the above [[HMS Ark Royal|HMS ''Ark Royal'']], [[USS Enterprise|USS ''Enterprise'']]. Articles about ships that do not have standard prefixes should be titled as (Nationality) (type) (Name); for example, Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov ([[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Russian aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'']]).

Sports teams

See: Wikipedia:Centralized discussion/Naming convention for sports teams

(1) In cases where there is no ambiguity whatsoever as to the official spelling of a club's name in English, the official name should be used.

(2) In cases where there is some ambiguity as to the official spelling of a club's name in English, the name most commonly used by the English-language media should be used (as determined using the number of hits at Google News).

• Tests for "no ambiguity": the club's official web site has an English-language section; and that name has been adopted at least by a significant section of the English-language media; and it is recognizable; and it is not easily confused with other clubs' names.

• Tests for "ambiguity": the club's official web site does not have an English-language section; or it is not broadly recognizable; or it is easily confused with other clubs' names.

Where an article is clearly about a particular sport you do not need to put a prefix or suffix like 'RLFC', 'CCC' or 'FK' throughout the article text, merely in the title. For example, FC Barcelona is the category name but throughout the body Barcelona is sufficient. However, for cross-sport references it may be appropriate, ie "St Helens share Knowsley Road stadium with St Helens FC". Do not extend this to nicknames as they may confuse unfamiliar users.

For North American teams, use both place and nicknames; ie Detroit Red Wings rather than Detroit or Red Wings, as non-Americans may not know who the Bears or the Falcons are and it aids cross-referencing. Furthermore, where there is more than one team from a city – New York Giants and New York Jets, for example – this specificity is essential.

Proposed naming conventions and guidelines

Main page: Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines § Proposing guidelines and policies

Proposals for new naming conventions and guidelines should be advertised at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions, at Requests for comment, the Village Pump, and any related pages. Once a strong consensus has formed, the proposal can be adopted and listed on this page.

New naming conventions for specific categories of articles often arise from WikiProjects.

For a list of current and former proposals, see Proposed naming conventions and guidelines.