Pandora (moon)

Pandora
	View of Pandora's western hemisphere.
Discovery
Discovered by	Stewart A. Collins; D. Carlson; Voyager 1
Discovery date	October, 1980
Designations
Designation	Saturn XVII
Pronunciation	/pænˈdɔːrə/
Named after	Πανδώρα Pandōra
Adjectives	Pandoran
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch December 31, 2003 (JD 2453005.5)
Semi-major axis	141720±10 km
Eccentricity	0.0042
Orbital period (sidereal)	0.628504213 d
Inclination	0.050°±0.004° to Saturn's equator
Satellite of	Saturn
Group	Possible outer shepherd moon of the F Ring
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	103.0 × 79.0 × 63.0 km; (± 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.4 km)
Mean diameter	80.0±0.6 km
Volume	268990±860 km3
Mass	(1.357±0.002)×1017 kg
Mean density	0.5045±0.0017 g/cm3
Surface gravity	0.0022–0.0061 m/s2
Escape velocity	0.019 km/s at longest axis; to 0.024 km/s at poles
Synodic rotation period	synchronous
Axial tilt	zero
Albedo	0.6
Temperature	≈ 78 K

Pandora is an inner satellite of Saturn. It was discovered in 1980 from photos taken by the Voyager 1 probe and was provisionally designated S/1980 S 26.^[5] In late 1985, it was officially named after Pandora from Greek mythology.^[6] It is also designated as Saturn XVII.^[7]

Pandora was thought to be an outer shepherd satellite of the F Ring. However, recent studies indicate that it does not play such a role, and that only Prometheus, the inner shepherd, contributes to the confinement of the narrow ring.^[8]^[9] It is more heavily cratered than nearby Prometheus and has at least two large craters 30 kilometres (19 mi) in diameter. The majority of craters on Pandora are shallow as a result of being filled with debris. Ridges and grooves are also present on the moon's surface.^[10]

The orbit of Pandora appears to be chaotic as a consequence of a series of four 118:121 mean-motion resonances with Prometheus.^[11] The most appreciable changes in their orbits occur approximately every 6.2 years,^[2] when the periapsis of Pandora lines up with the apoapsis of Prometheus and the moons approach to within about 1,400 kilometres (870 mi). Pandora also has a 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Mimas.^[2]

From its very low density and relatively high albedo, it seems likely that Pandora is a very porous icy body. However, there is much uncertainty in these values, so this remains to be confirmed.

Gallery[edit]

View of the moon, taken during Cassini's September 2005 flyby.
Pandora as seen from the Cassini probe in 2005; the rings of Saturn are in the background.
Cassini captured this close view of Saturn's moon Pandora during the spacecraft's flyby on June 3, 2010.
Voyager 2 image of Pandora (August 1981).

References[edit]

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This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 10 January 2010, and does not reflect subsequent edits.

Notes[edit]

^ This view was taken by Cassini, during the spacecraft's close flyby on December 18, 2016. The image was taken from a distance of 40,500 kilometres (25,200 miles); the closest approach by the spacecraft during its 14-year tenure in the Saturn system.
^ Calculated from the standard gravitational parameter GM = (9.058±0.011)×10⁻³ km³·s^–2 given by Lainey et al. (2023), divided by the gravitational constant G = 6.6743×10⁻² km³·kg^–1·s^–2.^[4]

Citations[edit]

^ Robert Kolvoord (1990) Saturn's F ring: imaging and simulation, p. 104
^ ^a ^b ^c Spitale Jacobson et al. 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thomas & Helfenstein 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lainey et al. 2023.
^ IAUC 3532.
^ IAUC 4157.
^ USGS: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.
^ Lakdawalla, E. (2014-07-05). "On the masses and motions of mini-moons: Pandora's not a "shepherd," but Prometheus still is". Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
^ Cuzzi, J. N.; Whizin, A. D.; Hogan, R. C.; Dobrovolskis, A. R.; Dones, L.; Showalter, M. R.; Colwell, J. E.; Scargle, J. D. (April 2014). "Saturn's F Ring core: Calm in the midst of chaos". Icarus. 232: 157–175. Bibcode:2014Icar..232..157C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.12.027. ISSN 0019-1035.
^ Solar System, NASA: Pandora.
^ Renner et al. 2005.

Sources[edit]

Marsden, Brian G. (October 31, 1980). "Satellites of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular. 3532. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Marsden, Brian G. (January 3, 1986). "Satellites of Saturn and Pluto" (naming the moon). IAU Circular. 4157. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Renner, Stéfan F.; Sicardy, Bruno; French, Richard G. (March 2005). "Prometheus and Pandora: Masses and orbital positions during the Cassini tour". Icarus. 174 (1): 230–240. Bibcode:2005Icar..174..230R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.09.005.
"Saturn: Moons: Pandora". Solar System Exploration: Planets. NASA. 4 Apr 2011. Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Spitale, J. N.; Jacobson, R. A.; Porco, C. C.; Owen, W. M. Jr. (2006). "The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (2): 692–710. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..692S. doi:10.1086/505206.
Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" (PDF). Icarus. 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025.
USGS/IAU (July 21, 2006). "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Thomas, P. C.; Helfenstein, P. (July 2020). "The small inner satellites of Saturn: Shapes, structures and some implications". Icarus. 344: 20. Bibcode:2020Icar..34413355T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.016. S2CID 197474587. 113355.
Lainey, V.; Rambaux, N.; Cooper, N.; Dahoumane, R.; Zhang, Q. (February 2023). "Characterising the interior of five inner Saturnian moons using Cassini ISS data". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 670: 6. Bibcode:2023A&A...670L..25L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244757. L25.

External links[edit]

Pandora at NASA's Solar System Exploration
Pandora at The Planetary Society

[1] This view was taken by Cassini, during the spacecraft's close flyby on December 18, 2016. The image was taken from a distance of 40,500 kilometres (25,200 miles); the closest approach by the spacecraft during its 14-year tenure in the Saturn system.

[6] Calculated from the standard gravitational parameter GM = (9.058±0.011)×10⁻³ km³·s^–2 given by Lainey et al. (2023), divided by the gravitational constant G = 6.6743×10⁻² km³·kg^–1·s^–2.^[4]

[2] Robert Kolvoord (1990) Saturn's F ring: imaging and simulation, p. 104

[FOOTNOTESpitale_Jacobson_et_al.2006-3] Spitale Jacobson et al. 2006.

[FOOTNOTEThomas_&_Helfenstein2020-4] Thomas & Helfenstein 2020.

[FOOTNOTELainey_et_al.2023-5] Lainey et al. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEIAUC_3532-7] IAUC 3532.

[FOOTNOTEIAUC_4157-8] IAUC 4157.

[FOOTNOTEUSGS:_Planet_and_Satellite_Names_and_Discoverers-9] USGS: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.

[LakdawallaE2014-10] Lakdawalla, E. (2014-07-05). "On the masses and motions of mini-moons: Pandora's not a "shepherd," but Prometheus still is". Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-04-17.

[Cuzzi2014-11] Cuzzi, J. N.; Whizin, A. D.; Hogan, R. C.; Dobrovolskis, A. R.; Dones, L.; Showalter, M. R.; Colwell, J. E.; Scargle, J. D. (April 2014). "Saturn's F Ring core: Calm in the midst of chaos". Icarus. 232: 157–175. Bibcode:2014Icar..232..157C. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.12.027. ISSN 0019-1035.

[FOOTNOTESolar_System,_NASA:_Pandora-12] Solar System, NASA: Pandora.

[FOOTNOTERenner_et_al._2005-13] Renner et al. 2005.

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v t e Saturn
Outline
Geography	Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings
Moons	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Paaliaq Siarnaq Gallic group Albiorix Norse group Phoebe
Astronomy	Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets
Exploration	Cassini–Huygens (Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Related	Fiction The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)
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